白内障术前角膜散光检查的新进展

随着人们生活水平的不断提高和生活方式的多样化发展,获得更好的视觉质量已成为现阶段手术治疗白内障的新目标。角膜散光直接影响白内障手术功能性人工晶状体(IOL)种类的选择和患者术后视功能的恢复,角膜散光检查的种类不再局限于单一的散光数值,而是细分成角膜前表面散光、后表面散光、全角膜散光以及高阶角膜散光等,相应的检查设备及技术也有较多更新。临床医生可根据不同设备特点及应用范围,选择适合的检查设备评估术前角膜散光情况,为制定更精准的屈光性白内障手术规划提供参考,对散光型IOL的定位、度数计算以及多焦点类IOL的选择有重要意义。本文将对白内障术前角膜散光检查种类和检查设备新进展进行综述。     

角膜屈光手术后患者的白内障手术治疗

角膜屈光手术后年龄相关性白内障以及并发性白内障患者白内障手术治疗时与正常白内障患者有许多不同,术前屈光状态的检查使用IOLMaster能采集更准确的数据,术中无晶状体状态下使用波前像差仪计算精确的人工晶状体度数,同时选择合适的非球面和多焦点等高端人工晶状体来提高视觉质量,以及采用新型的光调节人工晶状体在白内障术后可以无创地调节术后屈光状态,获得最精准的屈光度数,最终使角膜屈光手术后白内障患者在白内障术后达到满意的视觉效果.     

飞秒激光辅助屈光性白内障手术效果的初步观察

目的：比较飞秒激光辅助屈光性白内障手术与常规屈光性白内障手术术后视力及角膜散光的差异。

方法：将老年性白内障合并角膜散光患者60例60眼,按随机自愿原则分为飞秒组及常规组。飞秒组将患者术前角膜散光陡峭轴、平坦轴轴向及屈光度数输入在线矢量计算器,得出相关切口位置、切口宽度后,利用飞秒激光做角膜松解切口、主切口及辅助切口,再按常规行白内障超声乳化+非球面多焦点人工晶状体(multifocal intraocular lenses,IOL)植入术。常规组利用角膜穿刺刀于角膜散光陡峭轴向上做角膜全层松解切口、辅助切口,然后行白内障超声乳化+非球面多焦点IOL植入术。分别于术后1d,1wk,1mo观察两组术眼的角膜散光情况及裸眼远视力(uncorrected distance visual acuity,UCDVA)、裸眼近视力(uncorrected near visual acuity,UCNVA),并进行统计分析。

结果：飞秒组和常规组术后裸眼视力均较术前提高,且飞秒组远、近视力均高于常规组; 而各时期角膜散光飞秒组均低于常规组。

结论：飞秒激光辅助下屈光性白内障手术较传统白内障手术术后角膜散光更小、视力更好,能给患者带来更好的视觉质量。     

Effect of lens style on postoperative refractive astigmatism after small incision cataract surgery

Purpose : To evaluate the astigmatic results of two popular foldable intraocular lenses when standard surgical approaches are used in rural private practice in Australia. Methods : Four hundred consecutive cataract operations were followed in a prospective study. The refractive results of patients receiving the Alcon Acrysof MA30 lens were compared to those receiving the Allergan silicone SI40 lens. All patients were over 60 years of age and had no intercurrent ocular disease. Refractive and keratometric astigmatism was analysed both by vector analysis and as an absolute measure. Results and conclusion : The Acrysof lens is associated with less postoperative astigmatism (P = 0.01), than the Silicone SI40 lenses.     

应用角膜地形图设计个性化白内障手术方案

目的：探讨如何在角膜地形图的指导下,设计个性化白内障手术方案,实现利用手术性散光矫正术前角膜散光,提高术后视觉质量,降低治疗费用的目的。

方法：将202例226眼白内障患者分成随机治疗组和个性化治疗组,在随机治疗组再按手术切口的类型和位置的不同分成8组,观察术前、术后角膜散光,通过矢量分析法计算出不同手术切口的手术性散光值。个性化治疗组的手术设计以随机治疗组的各手术性散光值为参考,并以术前角膜散光与手术性散光最接近的原则选择手术切口类型,切口位置在最陡子午线上,并观察个性化治疗组术后角膜散光。

结果：个性化治疗组术后角膜散光低于随机治疗组中3.0mm透明角膜隧道切口组,差异有统计学意义,与3.0mm巩膜隧道组无统计学差异,利用个性化手术方案55.8%患者可采用费用较为低廉的白内障囊外摘除加硬性人工晶状体植入术,可以降低人均治疗费用。

结论：应用角膜地形图设计个性化白内障手术方案可以矫正术前角膜散光,提高视觉质量,降低治疗费用。     

白内障术后屈光状态的影响因素

白内障术后的屈光状态及其稳定性是保证良好术后视觉质量的重要环节,术后屈光状态受生物测量的准确性（包括角膜屈光力、眼轴长度、前房深度、人工晶状体计算公式等）、角膜屈光状态（如角膜散光、圆锥角膜及角膜屈光手术史等）、人工晶状体有效位置及晶状体囊膜等因素影响。眼科医师应重视这些因素,在制定手术方案、实施手术过程中认真对待。这对促使我国白内障手术水平向屈光手术标准迈进具有重要意义。（眼科, 2013, 22: 73-76）     

The 100 most influential papers about cataract surgery: a bibliometric analysis

AIM: To identify the 100 most cited papers in cataract surgery, we performed a comprehensive bibliometric analysis basing on the literature search on the Thomson Reuters Web of Knowledge. METHODS: The number of citations, including the total citations, latest 5y citations and average citation number per year (ACY), authorship, year of publication, major topics, journal of publication, country and institution of origin of each paper were recorded and then analyzed. Pearson’s correlation analysis was conducted to evaluate the correlation between the published year and the number of citations. The correlation between journal’s impact factor (IF) and number of citations was assessed as well. RESULTS: The most cited paper was the classic paper done by the European Society of Cataract & Refractive Surgeons (ESCRS) group. This paper focused on the topic of endophthalmitis. Not only the most cited papers originated from the USA, but also some American institutions like Johns Hopkins University, Harvard Medical School, etc. had the most citations. Pearson’s correlation analysis indicated that the latest 5y citations and ACY were significantly related with the published year (5y citations: r=0.615, P<0.001; ACY: r=0.657, P<0.001), whereas no association between the total number of citations and published year was found (r=0.045). Moreover, the IFs of journals were found to have no significant effect on the number of total citations. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the first study on the most influential papers in cataract surgery after a comprehensive research of relevant literatures. The present work may provide us concise information concerning the development history of cataract surgery over the past 66y.     

基于Web of Science ISI数据库白内障手术麻醉研究文献计量学分析

目的：从文献计量学的角度分析2001/2011年间白内障手术麻醉研究文献状况。

方法：利用Web of Science(科学网)为统计源,检索2001/2011年白内障手术麻醉研究文献,利用文献计量学方法,对“年出版文章数量、作者、来源出版物、学科类别、文献类型、文献语种、机构、国家/地区”方面进行统计分析。探讨研究趋势、文献分布等。

结果：统计Web of Science数据库中白内障手术麻醉文献量年度间变化呈波状趋势,发表以论著形式为主,约翰霍普金斯大学是主要研究机构,文献主要由眼科学人员报告,《白内障和屈光手术杂志》是主要文献来源。

结论：随着白内障手术的普及,手术麻醉的研究显得越来越重要,探索安全有效的麻醉方式具有重要的临床应用意义。     

小切口白内障术后的早期角膜地形图分析

目的：研究白内障小切口术后角膜形态变化特点。方法：用角膜地形图对27例（34眼）白内障小切口手术患者进行检查,分析其术前,术后1周、1月、3月的角膜地表图变化。结果：术后1周仅产生手术源性散光0.52D,术后1月角膜散光及CIM值（角膜不规则系数）趋向稳定,裸眼视力≥0.5占26眼（76.42%）,SF值（角膜形状系数）术前术后无明显变化。结论：小切口具有早期角膜形态变化小、散光稳定、视力恢复快等优点,角膜地形图可准确全面反映白内障术后角膜形态变化。     

超声乳化术与小切口非超声乳化术治疗白内障疗效比较

目的：比较超声乳化术与小切口非超声乳化术治疗老年性白内障的临床疗效。

方法：白内障患者355例393眼分成A、B两组,其中A组180例193眼施行小切口非超声乳化白内障手术,B组175例200眼施行超声乳化白内障手术。术后观察视力、角膜散光、角膜内皮细胞计数情况。

结果：术后1d,患者视力恢复情况超声乳化手术组明显优于小切口非超声乳化手术组,但术后7d和30d两组无显著差异。术后7d,小切口非超声乳化组角膜散光度明显高于超声乳化组,但术后30d无显著性差异。对核硬度在Ⅳ～Ⅴ级的患者,超声乳化术后角膜内皮细胞计数少于小切口非超声乳化组,统计学分析有显著差异。

结论：应针对老年性白内障患者核硬度的具体情况,选择合适的手术方式进行治疗。     

白内障手术同时矫正散光的方法研究进展

目前,散光矫正已成为屈光性白内障手术的重要内容,白内障手术同时矫正散光的方法主要包括:利用角膜切口、松解性角膜切开、植入散光型人工晶状体和飞秒激光白内障手术.散光矫正效果受多种因素影响,这些方法各有其适应证及优缺点.术后残余散光将会不断减小,白内障术后获得更为完美的屈光状态必将成为现实.本文就以上内容对白内障手术同时矫正术前散光方面的研究进展作一综述.     

[In Press] The 100 most influential papers about cataract surgery: a bibliometric analysis

AIM: To identify the 100 most cited papers in cataract surgery, we performed a comprehensive bibliometric analysis basing on the literature search on the Thomson Reuters Web of Knowledge. METHODS: The number of citations, including the total citations, latest 5y citations and average citation number per year (ACY), authorship, year of publication, major topics, journal of publication, country and institution of origin of each paper were recorded and then analyzed. Pearson''s correlation analysis was conducted to evaluate the correlation between the published year and the number of citations. The correlation between journal''s impact factor and number of citations was assessed as well. RESULTS: The most cited paper was the classic paper done by the European Society of Cataract & Refractive Surgeons (ESCRS) group. This paper focused on the topic of endophthalmitis. Not only the most cited papers originated from the USA, but also some American institutions like Johns Hopkins University, Harvard Medical School etc. had the most citations. Pearson’s correlation analysis indicated that the latest 5y citations and ACY were significantly related with the published year (5y citations: r=0.615, P<0.001; ACY: r=0.657, P<0.001), whereas no association between the total number of citations and published year was found (r=0.045). Moreover, the impact factors (IF) of journals were found to have no significant effect on the number of total citations. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the first study on the most influential papers in cataract surgery after a comprehensive research of relevant literatures. The present work may provide us concise information concerning the development history of cataract surgery over the past 66y.     

角膜屈光手术后人工晶状体屈光力的计算

目的探讨角膜屈光手术后不同人工晶状体（IOL）屈光力计算公式的准确性及Orbscan对角膜屈光力测量准确性和对IOL屈光力计算准确性的影响。方法以OrbscanⅡZ对18例角膜屈光手术后白内障患者的角膜屈光力进行检查,分析角膜中央直径3min区域的角膜总体屈光力（KbackH）与角膜地形图屈光力（Kback）;根据高斯光学理论推导优化的IOL屈光力计算公式,应用SRK／T、HofferQ、Holladay、Holladay2与本公式分别计算IOL屈光力和IOL植入眼屈光状态的预测值（REpackt）,以IOL植入眼的实际屈光状态（REpact）为标准,REpcediet与REpost的差异为预测误差（PE）,PE的绝对值为绝对预测误差（AE）,比较不同计算公式的PE与AE的差异;将REpost分别代人IOL屈光力计算公式与Holladay2公式回推计算角膜屈光力的理论值,比较本公式计算所得角膜屈光力（Kback）、Holladay2公式的计算值（KbackH）与KT、KK的差异。结果IOL屈光力计算公式、Holladay2的PE值（D）均小于Holladay、HofferQ、SRK／T公式的PE和AE,均小于其他计算公式（P〈0．05）,IOL屈光力计算公式与Holladay2公式比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。KbackH值、Kabck值与K,值间的比较差异无统计学意义,但均小于Kk值（P〈0．05）。应用KT计算IOL屈光力产生的AE小于KK产生的AE。结论本公式与Holladay2公式测试角膜屈光手术后IOL的屈光力较为准确;Orbscan分析所得角膜中央直径3rnm区域K,可获得较为准确的结果,KT联合本公式或Holladay2公式计算IOL屈光力可得到较为准确的计算结果。     

Surgical approaches to correct corneal astigmatism at time of cataract surgery: a mini-review

Among refractive errors, astigmatism is the most common optical aberration, where refraction changes in different meridians of the eye. It causes blurred vision at any distance and includes corneal, lenticular, and retinal astigmatism. Cataract surgery used to cause a progressive increase in the pre-exisiting corneal astigmatism because of creating a surgically induced astigmatism, for example, a large size surgery incision. The development of surgical techniques during last decades has made cataract surgery interchange to treat preoperative corneal astigmatism at time of surgery. Nowadays, three surgical approaches can be used. By placing a sutureless clear corneal incision on the steep meridian of the cornea, a preoperative corneal astigmatism less than 1.0 D can be corrected. Single or paired peripheral corneal relaxing incisions (PCRIs) provide 1.0-3.0 D corneal astigmatism correction. PCRIs are typically used for treating 1.0-1.5 D of regular corneal astigmatism, if more than 2.0 D, the risk of overcorrection and irregular astigmatism is increased. When toric intraocular lenses (IOLs) are unavailable in markets, PCRIs are still a reasonable option for patients with up to 3.0 D of pre-existing corneal astigmatism. Toric IOLs implantation can correct 1.0-4.5 D of corneal astigmatism. Several IOLs are approved to correct a high degree of corneal astigmatism with cylinder power up to 12.0 D. These approaches can be used alone or in combination.     

高度近视白内障患者小切口非超声乳化术后角膜屈光力的变化

目的：：探讨中老年高度近视白内障患者小切口非超声乳化术后角膜屈光力的变化及手术源性角膜散光( SIA )的特点。方法：回顾性分析我院中老年高度近视白内障行小切口非超声乳化患者103例145眼,角膜曲率计测量术前及术后3d,1wk,1、3mo的角膜水平屈光力值(K1)、垂直屈光力值( K2)及其轴位,采用正弦定律和余弦定律计算法计算SIA值。结果：术后3d,1wk平均角膜散光度与术前相比,差别有统计学意义( P<0.05)。术后1 wk,1、3 mo SIA 值分别为+1.34±0.12,+0.89±0.27和-0.42±0.26,差别有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与术前相比较,术后3d, K1增大1.59D, K2减少1.98D,两者之间有统计学差异( P<0.01);术后3mo内K1和K2与术前的差值均迅速减小,术后3 mo内K1差值比K2差值绝对值小,两者之间各时间点差值的绝对值有统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论：中老年高度近视白内障患者小切口非超声乳化术后短期角膜散光较大,手术方式需进一步改进以减少散光。     

Combining refractive and topographic data in corneal refractive surgery for astigmatism

Purpose: To provide a theoretical approach for combining refractive and topographic data in the planning of corneal laser refractive surgery for astigmatism. Methods: Refractive and topographic data for astigmatism were transformed to the corneal plane. Net astigmatisms were converted to polar values. An optimization process was performed with the use of differential calculus. Results: With this method, the magnitude of the corneal astigmatism is reduced or unaltered, while its orientation is maintained. The method identifies the reduction in corneal astigmatism, which will yield the largest reduction in refractive astigmatic magnitude. Conclusions: The advantage of the optimization method described in this article is a consistent reduction in corneal astigmatism towards sphericity. No new corneal astigmatism is carved on the cornea, and probably less tissue is ablated. The optimization method may also be used to combine refractive and topographic data for higher order aberrations with sinusoidal components. However, compared to the traditional purely refractive driven treatment, more refractive astigmatism will remain in the eye in most cases. A controlled clinical trial is necessary for comparing these two treatment modalities.     

Use of a T-flex toric intraocular lens to correct clinically significant astigmatism

PurposeTo investigate the stability and effectiveness of T-flex toric intraocular lenses (IOLs) for the correction of regular corneal astigmatism during cataract surgery.MethodsFrom October 2009 to January 2014 we enrolled patients receiving phacoemulsification and T-flex toric IOL implantation in the capsular bag at the Far Eastern Memorial Hospital. The uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), corneal astigmatism, refractive astigmatism, and the degree to which the IOL axis deviated from the demanded axis were recorded both before the operation and 6 months postoperatively.ResultsWe enrolled 24 eyes of 24 consecutive patients in this study. The mean spherical power of the implanted toric IOLs was 17.13 ± 4.21 D (range 6.0–24.0 D) and the mean cylindrical power of the IOLs was 3.0 ± 0.86 D (range 2.0–5.0 D). At the 6-month follow up examination, the refractive astigmatism had improved from 3.21 ± 1.50 D to 0.77 ± 0.47 D (p < 0.001) and the spherical equivalence had improved from 4.47 ± 5.43 D to 0.63 ± 0.49 D (p = 0.007). The CDVA improved from 0.81 ± 0.45 logMAR to 0.09 ± 0.11 logMAR (p < 0.001). The mean improvement from the preoperative CDVA to the postoperative UDVA was 5.3 lines on the Snellen chart. Ninety-two percent of our patients achieved a postoperative UDVA ≥20/40 and 67% achieved a postoperative UDVA ≥20/25.ConclusionThe T-flex toric IOL can effectively reduce visually significant corneal astigmatism and improve uncorrected distance visual acuity during cataract surgery.     

屈光性白内障手术术后影响视觉质量的主要因素

人工晶状体(intraocular lens,IOL)屈光力计算误差,角膜散光,前房深度以及IOL的位置等因素能导致术眼屈光状态的改变,影响白内障术后的整体视觉质量。我们将对手术过程顺利的屈光性白内障手术术后影响视觉质量的主要因素进行综述。     

巩膜切口深度对白内障术后散光的影响

目的 ：观察巩膜切口深度对硬性人工晶状体在白内障超声乳化术后散光的影响。

方法：依据术前角膜地形图测角膜散光度数46例46眼,均行巩膜缘后3mm水平切口,术后visante oct分两组：A组切口深度为1/2巩膜深度(23眼); B组切口深度为1/3巩膜深度(23眼); 分别于术后1wk; 1,3mo观察两组角膜散光情况,并进行统计分析。

结果：A,B组术后裸眼视力均有明显改善,同时根据角膜地形图的检测结果,术后散光1,3mo与术后1wk相比,角膜散光度数有所回退,A组具有统计学差异。

结论：1/2巩膜切口对硬性人工晶状体在白内障超声乳化术后散光影响较小。