采用加权样条拟合身高百分位数曲线

目的 提供制定生长标准曲线的方法和途径，给出精确、直观的百分位数曲线图。方法 采用加权三次样条对安市０￣１８岁儿童青少年身高百分位数进行拟合。结果 给出了各组Ｐ３、Ｐ１０、Ｐ２５、Ｐ５０、Ｐ７５、Ｐ９０、Ｐ９７百分位数的拟合结果和平滑后的百分位数曲线图。结论 加权三次样条兼顾了曲线拟合中的拟合优度和拟合优度和光滑度，能更好地实现曲线拟合的目的。该法不仅可用于各种儿童生长标准研究，也适用于制定其他承     

儿童生长曲线的光滑样条和核估计拟合

本文讨论了用非参数模型对儿童生长曲线进行拟合，给出了两种非参数曲线拟合方法：光滑样条和核估计。文中结合实例，构建了儿童体重的非参数百分位数曲线。     

采用三次样条函数拟合体重百分位数曲线

目的：提供制定生长标准曲线的方法和途径,给出精确直观的百分位数曲线图。方法：采用三次样条对西安市0－18市儿童青少年体重百分位数进行拟合。结果：给出了男,女生P3,P10,P25,P50,P75,P90,P97百分位数的拟合结果和平滑后的百分位数曲线图。结论：三次样条兼顾了曲线拟合中的拟合优度和光滑度,能更好地实现曲线拟合的目的。该法不仅可用于各种儿童生长标准研究,也适用于制定其他随年龄变化的临床参考值。     

中国大中城市汉族儿童青少年身高、体重和体质指数生长图表

【目的】制订中国大中城市汉族儿童青少年生长图表,为儿童期和青春期生长发育评价提供参考。【方法】应用Box-Cox幂指数(BCPE)分布模型,以三次样条函数平滑μ,σ,ν,τ参数曲线,拟合身高、体重和体质指数百分位数曲线。以虫行图、Q-检验估价拟合优度。【结果】根据最小AIC和GAIC(3)选择了各生长学指标BCPE模型μ,σ,ν,τ参数的自由度,拟合了百分位数曲线。【结论】BCPE分布模型适用于儿童青少年生长学指标平滑百分位数的估价,所制订的身高、体重和体质指数生长图表将有助于了解儿童青少年的生长发育状况。     

不同胎龄新生儿出生体重百分位数曲线

[目的]报告了西安市不同胎龄新生儿出生体重经验百分位数数值，建立新生儿出生体重修匀百分位数数值及曲线，产生西安市不同胎龄新生儿出生体重标准。[方法]采用加权三次多项式模型修匀出生体重百分位数曲线。[结果]出生体重分布非正态分布，新生儿出生体重中位数为3100g(四分位数间距700g)。三次多项式模型修匀出生体重曲线效果满意，出生体重在34-35周出现一个增长高峰，37周后变平坦，42周后出现负增长。[结论]修匀后的出生体重曲线光滑，比经验百分位数曲线更能代表胎儿宫内生长发充能过程，反映新生儿发育的特点。本文结果可作为本市不同胎龄新生儿生长发育的标准，对评价胎儿生长发育和预测新生儿预后等有重要意义。     

中国香港地区0～7岁儿童生长曲线的非参数模型构建

生长曲线研究方法被广泛用于医学、生物学、生命和社会科学领域,尤其用于研究儿童生长发育情况,为评价儿童生长发育水平和营养状况以及采取必要的保健措施提供了可靠的依据[1]。目前,国内生长标准的百分位数曲线构建方法已相对落后,仍然只限于简单的参数化模型,而且在实际工作中,参数化模型经常会受到限制而不适用,如生长发育指标的分布不易判定、生长发育指标与年龄间的具体依存关系不明确等,此时若用参数化模型拟合这种资料则不合适,而非参数化模型(如样条函数和Ｋｅｒｎｅｌ方法等)却能进行有效的拟合,非参数模型所需的假定要比参数模型…     

电脑用于儿童气质的测查与分析

「目的」为对中国１３岁以下个例儿童气质测量和群体样本分析,开发中国儿童气质问题测查系统（Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ Ｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎ’ｓ Ｔｅｍｐｅｒａｍｅｎｔ Ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍ Ｓｃｒｅｅｎｉｎｇ Ｓｙｓｔｅｍ,以下简称ＣＣＴＰＳｓ）。「方法」依据中国４￣８月、１￣３岁、３￣７岁和８￣１２岁婴幼儿童气质量青常模、气质分型标准,在Ｗｎｄｏｗｓ’９８环境处采用面向对象的可视化编程语言实现。「结果」输出气质各维度的     

生长曲线构建的不同方法比较

目的寻找适合于构建人体测量指标生长标准曲线的方法和途径。方法以构建广州市胎龄别新生儿出生体重百分位曲线为例,从Tukey方法、稳健性回归和高斯混合模型等三种异常数据识别和剔除方法中获得最佳数据预处理效果,然后对比三次样条方法、LMS方法和GAMLSS方法对百分位数曲线构建的影响。结果高斯混合模型对多峰分布数据中的主要分布识别比较理想,而对单峰分布,稳健性回归比Tukey方法更加可靠。而从拟合优度以及小于胎龄儿(SGA)、大于胎龄儿(LGA)的识别能力看,GAMLSS构建的胎龄别新生儿出生体重百分位曲线比三次样条和LMS方法估计精度更高。结论数据预处理过程应根据数据分布的特点选用合适的异常值识别和剔除方法,而曲线光滑过程中,GAMLSS方法可以对四阶矩进行建模,得到的百分位数曲线平滑且误差更小。     

偏度系数-中位数-变异系数方法应用及SAS实现

目的针对儿童生长发育评价参考标准制定中的问题,探讨应用偏度系数-中位数-变异系数法(coeffi-cient of skewness-median-coefficient of variation,LMS)拟合儿童青少年生长曲线的SAS实现方法。方法根据LMS方法原理,通过编写SAS程序和菜单操作拟合儿童青少年生长发育百分位数曲线。通过将本文方法拟合结果与实际值以及LMS方法专用软件(LMSchartmaker)拟合结果相比较,研究两种软件拟合结果的一致性以及与实际值的符合情况。结果给出了LMS的SAS实现方法 ,拟合的我国0～18岁儿童青少年身高百分位数曲线与实际值以及LMSchartmaker软件的一致性良好。结论使用SAS编程结合菜单操作可以实现LMS曲线拟合,为实际工作者应用LMS方法提供了方便。     

用LMS法建立西安市0～18岁人群体重百分位数曲线

目的 年龄别百分位数是许多临床参考值 的基本参数,本文研究一种适合于任意分布,能更精确描述这些基本参数随年龄变化的曲线平滑方法。方法 采用ＬＭＳ法建立西安市０～１８岁人群青少年体重百分位数曲组。结果 给出了各组的年龄别Ｌ,Ｍ,Ｓ曲线和百分九曲线。结论 该法用于西安市０～１８岁人群体重百分位数曲线的拟合结果非常满意。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.