Expression and regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase from human primary airway epithelial cells.

Elevated levels of exhaled nitric oxide are seen in inflammatory airway diseases such as asthma, but the cellular source remains unknown. This study investigated whether human airway epithelial cells express inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Human bronchial epithelial cells stimulated with 50 ng/ml interleukin-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interferon-gamma express iNOS mRNA, protein and increased nitrite in the cell culture media, which was inhibited by the selective iNOS inhibitor 1400W. Cells derived from subjects with asthma produced less nitrite than cells from normal subjects (6.59 +/- 0.99 microM nitrite, n = 15 versus 3.89 +/- 0.42 microM nitrite, n = 20; P < 0.05). This was not attributed to steroid treatment of subjects with asthma because there was no difference in the amount of nitrite released from steroid-naive and steroid-treated cells (3.51 +/- 0.46 versus 4.27 +/- 0.7 microM nitrite, n = 10). Neither dexamethasone nor budesonide inhibited iNOS mRNA induction, protein expression, or nitrite accumulation. The cells were not steroid insensitive because steroids inhibited GM-CSF release. Therefore, although these cells express iNOS under inflammatory conditions, they do not appear to be regulated directly by glucocorticosteroids.     

内皮型、诱导型一氧化氮合酶在乳腺癌中的表达

目的 :研究内皮型一氧化氮合酶 (eNOS)、诱导型一氧化氮合酶 (iNOS)在乳癌中表达及与淋巴结转移的关系。方法 :采用免疫组化S P法检测 60例乳癌中eNOS和iNOS的表达。结果 :eNOS和iNOS阳性在乳癌中表达率分别为 75 0 %和71 7%。在淋巴结转移组和无淋巴结转移组中eNOS阳性表达率分别为 66 7%和 83 3 % ,两组间差异无统计学意义 (χ2 =2 2 2 ,P >0 0 5) ,而iNOS在淋巴结转移和无转移组中阳性表达率分别为 53 3 %和 90 0 % ,两组间差异有统计学意义 (χ2 =9 93 ,P <0 0 1 )。结论 :内皮型、诱导型一氧化氮合酶在乳腺癌中高表达 ;iNOS的表达与乳腺癌的淋巴转移相关     

骨延长患者诱导型一氧化氮合酶的表达

背景：骨延长的牵张刺激如何转变为骨质再生的生物学信息至今不明确。 目的：观察骨延长患者诱导型一氧化氮合酶的动态表达。 方法：单侧胫腓骨延长组患者8例,分别于手术前第3天、术后第3,7,8,11,30天、停止延长时、停止延长第3,15,30天、拆除外固定器时、拆除外固定器后30 d,检测血清诱导型一氧化氮合酶水平。并设立年龄相匹配的对照组8例。 结果与结论：骨延长组牵张操作开始第1天时(术后第8天),血清诱导型一氧化氮合酶即开始升高,停止延长时达高峰,这一时段各个时相骨延长组血清诱导型一氧化氮合酶均显著高于对照组(P < 0.01),停止延长3 d时的血清诱导型一氧化氮合酶亦高于对照组(P < 0.05)。提示诱导型一氧化氮合酶的高表达是骨延长的分子生物学机制之一。     

Expression of epithelial neutrophil-activating peptide 78 in cultured human endometrial stromal cells

It has been demonstrated that human endometrial stromal cells (ESC) produce a variety of chemokines in vivo and in vitro. To evaluate the expression of epithelial neutrophil-activating peptide 78 (ENA-78) in the endometrium, concentrations of ENA-78 in cyclic endometrial tissues were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expression of ENA-78 was also detected in cyclic endometrium by immunohistochemistry. Endometrial tissues in the secretory phase contained higher amounts of ENA-78 protein than did those in the proliferative phase. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that ENA-78 protein was localized mainly in the stroma of endometrium. In addition, to evaluate the involvement of inflammatory mediators and ovarian steroid hormones in the production of ENA-78 by ESC was evaluated by in-vitro studies. Unstimulated ESC constitutively secreted ENA-78. Progesterone, lipopolysaccharide, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-1beta significantly stimulated the expression of ENA-78 by ESC. It is suggested that the production of ENA-78 by ESC is regulated by progesterone as well as by the inflammatory mediators. The modulation of ENA-78 concentration in the local environment by these mediators may contribute to the normal and pathological processes of human reproduction through regulation of leukocyte trafficking into the endometrium.     

诱导型一氧化氮合酶在精索静脉曲张大鼠睾丸中的表达

目的：探讨精索静脉曲张大鼠睾丸组织中诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)的表达与不育的关系。方法：选择30只成年SD大鼠,随机分为精索静脉曲张组20只,假手术组10只,应用免疫组织化学EnVision法检测iNOS在睾丸组织中的表达并测量曲细精管的直径,比较两者之间差异。结果：精索静脉iNOS的表达明显高于假手术组,差异有非常显著性意义,曲张组曲细精管的直径明显小于假手术组,差异有非常显著性意义。结论：精索静脉曲张大鼠睾丸组织中iNOS过度表达是导致不育的原因之一。     

Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in rat pulmonary Cryptococcus neoformans granulomas.

Rats, like humans, have extremely effective immune mechanisms for controlling pulmonary Cryptococcus neoformans infection. The mechanism(s) responsible for efficient immunity in rat experimental infection is unknown. Recently, induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nitric oxide (NO) have been implicated as an important microbicidal mechanism by which activated macrophages effect cytotoxicity against microbes. In this report, we investigated the expression of iNOS in rat pulmonary cryptococcosis. Localization and regulation of NO production was studied by immunohistochemistry for iNOS in conjunction with immunohistochemistry for cell markers, cytokines, and cryptococcal capsular polysaccharide. iNOS immunoreactivity was detected in macrophages, neutrophils, vascular endothelium, and respiratory epithelium. Double-immunolabeling studies revealed that the most prominent iNOS immunoreactivity was localized to epithelioid macrophages (CD11b/c+) within granulomas; CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were numerous around granulomas but did not express iNOS. iNOS immunoreactivity was detected in a selective population of epithelioid macrophages within some granulomas but not others. iNOS- granulomas were identical to iNOS+ granulomas with respect to morphology and immunohistochemical profiles. Macrophage iNOS immunoreactivity was detected 1 week after infection in one out of four rats and was strongly expressed in all rats at 2 weeks (in up to 50 percent of the granulomas) but declined considerably by 25 days. iNOS expression coincided with granuloma formation and preceded a decrease in lung fungal burden, suggesting an anticryptococcal role for NO. By double labeling, cytokines that have been shown to promote (interferon-gamma, granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor) and inhibit (transforming growth factor-beta) macrophage iNOS expression were detected around iNOS+ granuloma. iNOS immunoreactivity was expressed in selected neutrophils (1 and 2 weeks) and endothelial cells (1 and 2 weeks and 25 days) in the inflamed lung. Airway iNOS immunoreactivity was limited to the luminal border of rare bronchiolar epithelial cells. iNOS immunoreactivity was not detected in uninfected rats. The present study provides the first evidence for association of iNOS expression with protective cellular responses to cryptococcal infection in vivo.     

低氧对人脐静脉内皮细胞一氧化氮和内皮素-1的生成及诱导型一氧化氮合酶mRNA表达的影响

目的：通过观察低氧对人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVECs)分泌一氧化氮(NO）、内皮素-1(ET-1)以及诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)mRNA 表达的影响，探讨低氧性肺动脉高压(HPH)形成的机制。 方法： 在离体培养人脐静脉内皮细胞基础上，采用硝酸还原酶和放射免疫分析方法检测了低氧（3％O2）培养6 h、12 h和24 h人脐静脉内皮细胞分泌NO和ET-1的变化，同时运用半定量RT-PCR对iNOS mRNA表达情况进行分析。 结果： 低氧组各时点培养液中NO2-/NO3-和ET-1水平显著高于常氧组(P<0.01)，同时观察到iNOS基因mRNA的表达也相应增高(P<0.01)。 结论： 低氧能刺激人脐静脉内皮细胞生成释放NO和ET-1, NO生成增多与低氧正调iNOS基因mRNA的表达有关。     

Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in macrophages and smooth muscle cells in various types of human atherosclerotic lesions

 Nitric oxide (NO) is an important regulatory agent in blood vessels. We studied the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in different types of human atherosclerotic lesions using simultaneous in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry. Since nitric oxide and its derivates or reaction products can have both oxidative and antioxidative effects, we also studied the presence of oxidized low-density lipoproteins (ox-LDL) and peroxynitrite-modified proteins in the same lesions as indicators of oxidative damage. Twenty-seven aortic samples were studied from seven autopsies. Samples were classified microscopically as normal areas, initial lesions (type I), fatty streaks (type II), intermediate lesions (type III), atheroma (type IV), fibroatheroma lesions (type Va) and fibrotic lesions (type Vc). In normal arterial wall iNOS mRNA was expressed at a low level in smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Absence of, or a low level of, epitopes characteristic of ox-LDL was found in the normal arterial wall. The expression of iNOS mRNA and protein was induced in macrophages and SMCs in the majority of early lesions and in all advanced atherosclerotic lesions. Epitopes characteristic of ox-LDL and peroxynitrite-modified proteins tended to be colocalized in iNOS-positive lesions. We consider that iNOS and oxidative injuries may play an important part in atherogenesis. Received: 24 November 1998 / Accepted: 2 February 1999     

大鼠额叶皮质损害后诱导型iNOS阳性细胞的变化

目的：一氧化氮在脑内的许多生功能中起重要作用,并参与脑损伤的病理生理过程。本研究旨在探讨实验性脑损伤后的NOS阳性细胞的来源及成份。方法：利用机械油吸法制成大鼠额叶皮质损伤动物模型,应用NADPH-d组织化学及GFAP免疫组化法观察损伤后1、3、7、14、21、30及60d皮质损害区NOS阳性细胞的类型和变化。结果：损害后1d即见皮质损害区底部和两侧nNOS阳性细胞增加,损害底部出现诱导型胶质细胞,尤以胼胝体中更为密集。这种反应3-7d时逐渐增强,2周时最明显,以后随时间推移及损害的修复而降低,研究发现部分iNOS阳性细胞与GFAP者共存,提示系反应性胶质细胞,未见eNOS阳性细胞上调现象。结论：皮质受损时,出现2种不同表型的NOS阳性细胞且上调,即出现诱导型神经元nNOS和诱导型iNOS胶质细胞。究其来源各不相同,但均能合成NO,NO主要集中在损伤部位的周围。     

Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitrotyrosine in multiple sclerosis lesions

Nitric oxide generated by the inducible form of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) may contribute to the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). In this report, we studied postmortem tissues of MS patients for the expression of iNOS by in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry. Immunocytochemistry for nitrotyrosine, a putative footprint for peroxynitrite formation was also performed. In acute MS lesions, intense reactivity for iNOS mRNA and protein was detected in reactive astrocytes throughout the lesion and in adjacent normal appearing white matter. Staining of macrophages, inflammatory cell infiltrates, and endothelial cells was variable from case to case, but generally detected only in acute lesions. In chronic MS lesions reactive astrocytes at the lesion edge were positive for iNOS whereas the lesion center was nonreactive. Normal appearing white matter demonstrated little reactivity, as did tissues from noninflamed control brains. Staining for nitrotyrosine was also detected in acute but not chronic MS lesions, and displayed a diffuse parenchymal, membranous, and perivascular pattern of immunoreactivity. These results support the conclusion that iNOS is induced in multiple cell types in MS lesions and that astrocyte-derived nitric oxide could be important in orchestrating inflammatory responses in MS, particularly at the blood-brain barrier.     

Pressure-related activation of inducible nitric oxide synthase

Pressure-related activation of inducible nitric oxide synthase     

Blastomyces dermatitidis yeast cells inhibit nitric oxide production by alveolar macrophage inducible nitric oxide synthase

The ability of pathogens to evade host antimicrobial mechanisms is crucial to their virulence. The dimorphic fungal pathogen Blastomyces dermatitidis can infect immunocompetent patients, producing a primary pulmonary infection that can later disseminate to other organs. B. dermatitidis possesses a remarkable ability to resist killing by alveolar macrophages. To date, no mechanism to explain this resistance has been described. Here, we focus on macrophage production of the toxic molecule nitric oxide as a potential target of subversion by B. dermatitidis yeast cells. We report that B. dermatitidis yeast cells reduce nitric oxide levels in the supernatants of activated alveolar macrophages. This reduction is not due to detoxification of nitric oxide, but rather to suppression of macrophage nitric oxide production. We show that B. dermatitidis yeast cells do not block upregulation of macrophage inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression or limit iNOS access to its arginine substrate. Instead, B. dermatitidis yeast cells appear to inhibit iNOS enzymatic activity. Further investigation into the genetic basis of this potential virulence mechanism could lead to the identification of novel antifungal drug targets.     

Identification of inducible nitric oxide synthase in human macrophages surrounding loosened hip prostheses.

Exposure of rodent macrophages to certain cytokines and endotoxin results in the synthesis of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS or NOS-II) leading to the production of large amounts of nitric oxide (NO). Cultures of human macrophages, in contrast, do not produce iNOS after cytokine stimulation, and their ability to act as a physiological source of NO remains questionable. Here we have used immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization to demonstrate the presence of iNOS within human macrophages present in the interfacial membrane and pseudocapsule that surround failed prosthetic hip joints. Synovial tissue recovered from normal human joints did not express iNOS. Many of the iNOS-positive macrophages within the interfacial membrane had phagocytosed large amounts of polyethylene wear debris, suggesting a role for phagocytic stimuli in inducing iNOS in human macrophages. These findings additionally support a role for NO in modulating the localized bone resorption that accompanies the aseptic loosening of prosthetic joints.