前列腺素E1对大鼠移植肺再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的:探讨前列腺素E1(PGE1)对大鼠移植肺再灌注损伤的保护作用及机制。方法:SD大鼠36只随机分为3组,每组12只,即对照组、肺移植组和肺移植加PGE1处理组,观察受体大鼠肺移植前后注射PGE1对移植肺再灌注损伤的保护作用。肺功能指标包括肺湿干重比、肺通透性指数、支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中白细胞计数和分类。比色法检测各组肺组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和丙二醛(MDA)含量。ELISA法检测受体大鼠血清中肿瘤坏死因子α(TNFα)含量。结果:肺移植术后1 h,肺湿干重比、肺通透指数、BALF中中性粒细胞百分比和MDA含量显著高于对照组(P<0.01),肺组织中SOD活性明显低于对照组(P<0.01);给予受体大鼠静脉注射PGE1可明显改善上述指标(P<0.01);肺移植组血清TNFα含量较对照组显著升高(P<0.01),PGE1可明显降低血清TNFα水平(P<0.01)。结论:PGE1对移植肺缺血／再灌注损伤有显著的保护作用,与其抗氧化自由基损伤、抑制中性白细胞激活和炎性因子TNFα分泌有关。     

活性氧与肺炎性损伤

炎症反应是机体组织对损伤因子所发生的防御反应。一些急、慢性肺部疾病均与炎症反应有关。较多的研究多集中在中性粒细胞(PMN)及其蛋白酶与炎性损伤的关系上，而有关活性氧(reacfive oxygen species，ROS)与肺炎性损伤的关系报道相对较少。中性粒细胞呼吸爆发产生活性氧自由基是肺急、慢性炎症损伤病理生理过程中的重要环节，有可能通过使用抗氧化剂控制炎症反应。     

人中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶及其抑制剂的研究

综述人中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶的生理和病理作用、结构特征及其体外表达研究,探讨高通量筛选抑制剂的行之有效的方法和途径,介绍若干内源性和外源性人中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶抑制剂的特性和开发状况。人中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶在各种炎症疾病中起重要作用,其内源性抑制剂的缺乏会导致体内人中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶的平衡失调,进而产生病理反应。     

生长激素加重内毒素腹腔感染大鼠肺毛细血管损伤：循环中性粒细胞核因子—κB活性增加

目的:探讨生长激素对大鼠内毒素腹腔感染时循环中性粒细胞核因子-κB(NF-κB)活性及肺损伤的影响.方法:凝胶迁移率实验(EMSA)检测循环中性粒细胞NF-κB的活性;免疫印迹(Western blot)检测循环中性粒细胞I-κB水平;髓过氧化物酶(MPO)水平和伊文氏蓝(Evan’Blue)方法测定肺组织中性粒细胞浸润及肺毛细血管通透性.结果:大鼠内毒素腹腔感染时循环中性粒细胞中I-κB水平降低,NF-κB活性增加.应用生长激素可进一步降低I-κB水平并增加 NF-κB活性.感染时肺组织中性粒细胞浸润增多,肺毛细血管通透性增加,合并应用生长激素则明显增加肺组织中性粒细胞浸润和肺毛细血管损伤.结论:感染时应用生长激素可加重肺组织的损伤,其可能机制是感染时应用生长激素提高循环中性粒细胞中NF-κB活性和促进肺组织中性粒细胞浸润.     

中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶与黏蛋白

气道黏液是由气道上皮分泌的水、离子、肺分泌物、血浆蛋白渗出物和黏蛋白(MUC)组成的,在抵抗致病因子和有毒因子的损伤方面起着重要作用.但在许多急、慢性气道炎性疾病如:囊性纤维化(CF)、慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)、支气管哮喘、支气管扩张等疾病中,黏液的过度分泌会引起黏液纤毛清除功能障碍和局部防御功能的损害,导致细菌感染难以控制和气体交换功能障碍.MUC是黏液的主要成分,使黏液具有流变学性质,对维持黏液的黏滞性、黏附性和弹性起主要作用.近几年来对MUC促分泌因素的研究已成为热点,其中中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶(neutrophil elastase,NE)是一种目前已知的最强促黏液分泌剂,在气道黏液高分泌的形成和进展过程中起着重要的病理作用.本文就NE与MUC关系的研究进展作一综述.     

预防性使用英夫利西单抗对肺气肿模型大鼠气道炎症的影响研究

目的:探讨预防性使用英夫利西单抗对肺气肿模型大鼠气道炎症的影响。方法:取大鼠随机分为正常对照组、模型组和干预组(英夫利西单抗5mg·kg-1),每组13只,后2组建立肺气肿模型。当烟雾暴露1个月时,各组皮下注射相应药物,每隔10d注射1次;烟雾暴露74d后,下腔静脉抽血,处死大鼠,收集支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF),检测各组大鼠BALF中中性粒细胞数和巨噬细胞数各占白细胞总数的百分比,血清及BALF中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白介素(IL)-8、基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)的浓度,观察各组大鼠肺组织病理变化,检测肺平均内衬间隔(MLI)、平均肺泡数(MAN)。结果:与模型组比较,干预组MLI、中性粒细胞数占白细胞总数的百分比明显减少,巨噬细胞数占白细胞总数的百分比、MAN明显增加,血清和BALF中TNF-α、MMP-9浓度均明显降低,仅BALF中IL-8浓度明显降低(P均<0.05)。正常对照组少数大鼠肺组织可见轻度炎症变化,模型组出现较多慢性炎症细胞浸润,干预组较模型组症状相对减轻。结论:预防性使用英夫利西单抗干预可减轻肺气肿模型大鼠的气道炎症,其可能通过拮抗细胞因子和抑制局部炎症细胞浸润而发挥作用。     

前列腺素E1对犬肺过度膨胀所致损伤保护作用的实验研究

目的 探讨前列腺素E1对肺过度膨胀所致损伤的保护作用及作用机制.方法 杂种犬16只,随机分为对照组和实验组,建立肺过度膨胀动物模型.对照组保持肺过度膨胀6 h;实验组保持肺过度膨胀6 h,并以30 ng/(kg·min)的剂量给予前列腺素E1,6 h后取标本进行肺组织湿/干比、支气管肺泡灌洗液中蛋白含量的检测,并进行肺组织光镜和电镜的观察,观察肺损伤的变化情况.结果 对照组肺组织湿/干比、支气管肺泡灌洗液中蛋白含量(BALF)明显高于实验组(P＜0.05);肺组织学检查实验组肺损伤程度明显轻于对照组.结论 前列腺素E1对犬肺过度膨胀所致损伤有明显的保护作用,其作用机制与抑制中性粒细胞活性,降低中性粒细胞、血小板聚集等有关.     

中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶——神经保护的作用新靶点

许多种组织、器官损伤(尤其缺血/再灌注损伤)后,中性粒细胞浸润,释放大量的弹性蛋白酶加重这些组织的损伤。脑缺血、脑出血、脑外伤等导致的脑损伤都伴有中性粒细胞向脑组织的浸润。因此,中性粒细胞所释放的弹性蛋白酶在脑损伤中可能也具有重要作用。该文对中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶在脑损伤中的作用及作用机制进行了综述。     

白藜芦醇对脂多糖诱导的小鼠重症肺炎的保护作用

目的:探讨白藜芦醇对实验性小鼠重症肺炎的保护作用及机制.方法:建立脂多糖吸入所致的小鼠实验性急性重症肺炎模型,然后给予白藜芦醇腹腔注射给药,观察小鼠肺组织病理、肺组织湿/干质量比、支气管肺泡灌洗液中细胞分类计数变化,并检测肺组织中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6等炎症因子的表达差异.结果:实验性急性重症肺炎模型小鼠在接受白藜芦醇3～4 d后症状开始减轻,肺部炎症缓解.白藜芦醇治疗后,小鼠肺泡灌洗液中单核巨噬细胞、淋巴细胞、中性粒细胞及白细胞中性粒细胞计数和百分比均小于模型组,肺组织中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6的表达均显著低于模型组.结论:白藜芦醇有一定的抗炎作用,可以缓解小鼠重症肺炎症状,其机制可能是降低炎性肺组织中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6等的含量,从而减轻炎症反应.     

基质金属蛋白酶-9在炎性反应中的作用

基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP-9)是分解细胞外基质的蛋白酶,可由中性粒细胞、单核细胞、血管内皮细胞、平滑肌细胞、星形胶质细胞、小胶质细胞等多种细胞分泌;其底物多种多样,包括明胶、弹性蛋白、Ⅳ型胶原、Ⅴ型胶原和粘结蛋白等。近年来,很多证据表明,炎性反应时多种细胞因子可上调MMP-9表达。然而,MMP-9又不仅仅被动地作为炎性反应的下游产物而出现,它还对许多促炎因子发挥正反馈作用,是炎性反应重要的"调节剂"。     

神经节苷脂对大鼠弥漫性轴索损伤后细胞凋亡的影响

目的探讨神经节苷脂对大鼠弥漫性轴索损伤后海马CA1区神经元凋亡的影响。方法 Wistar大鼠,♂,192只,随机分为正常对照组、假手术组、脑损伤组和药物干预组。正常对照组不给予任何干预措施;假手术组仅进行头皮切开缝合处理;脑损伤组和药物干预组均制作弥漫性轴索损伤模型,其中药物干预组在制作模型后定期给予神经节苷脂（40 mg·kg-1·d-1）。造模3,6,12,24,336 h后,用免疫组化方法检测海马CA1区凋亡蛋白酶激活因子-1（apoptotic protease activating factor-1,Apaf-1）蛋白的表达。结果脑损伤组和药物干预组大鼠海马CA1区Apaf-1蛋白表达含量均于3 h开始增加,6 h达到高峰,此后逐渐下降。药物干预组大鼠海马CA1区Apaf-1蛋白表达含量在各个时间点均低于脑损伤组,除3 h组外,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0·05）。结论弥漫性轴索损伤可引起大鼠海马CA1区神经元凋亡,神经节苷脂可改善该凋亡的发生发展。     

Serine Proteases and Chemokines in Neurotrauma: New Targets for Immune Modulating Therapeutics in Spinal Cord Injury

Progressive neurological damage after brain or spinal cord trauma causes loss of motor function and treatment is very limited. Clotting and hemorrhage occur early after spinal cord (SCI) and traumatic brain injury (TBI), inducing aggressive immune cell activation and progressive neuronal damage. Thrombotic and thrombolytic proteases have direct effects on neurons and glia, both healing and also damaging bidirectional immune cell interactions. Serine proteases in the thrombolytic cascade, tissue- and urokinase-type plasminogen activators (tPA and uPA), as well as the clotting factor thrombin, have varied effects, increasing neuron and glial cell growth and migration (tPA), or conversely causing apoptosis (thrombin) and activating inflammatory cell responses. tPA and uPA activate plasmin and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that break down connective tissue allowing immune cell invasion, promoting neurite outgrowth. Serine proteases also activate chemokines. Chemokines are small proteins that direct immune cell invasion but also mediate neuron and glial cell communication. We are investigating a new class of therapeutics, virus-derived immune modulators; One that targets coagulation pathway serine proteases and a second that inhibits chemokines. We have demonstrated that local infusion of these biologics after SCI reduces inflammation providing early improved motor function. Serp-1 is a Myxomavirus-derived serine protease inhibitor, a serpin, that inhibits both thrombotic and thrombolytic proteases. M-T7 is a virus-derived chemokine modulator.Here we review the roles of thrombotic and thrombolytic serine proteases and chemoattractant proteins, chemokines, as potential therapeutic targets for SCI. We discuss virus-derived immune modulators as treatments to reduce progressive inflammation and ongoing nerve damage after SCI.     

巯甲丙脯酸对实验性高血压大鼠心肌缺血-再灌注损伤的保护作用

为探讨巯甲丙脯酸（ｃａｎｔｏｐｒｉｌ）对高血压肥大心肌缺血－丙灌注的影响，本实验以造成大鼠腹主动脉狭窄的方法复制高血压模型，观察了应用巯甲丙脯酸的高血压大鼠肉体心脏缺血－再灌注的变化。结果显示未用药的高血压大鼠，离体心脏在缺血－再灌注后出现心肌细胞乳酸脱氢酶的漏出和丙二醛生成增加及组织钙含量增加等损伤性变化，而预先应用巯甲丙脯酸处理的高血压大鼠，乳酸脱氢酶和丙二醛增高的情况明显减轻，避免了钙在心肌内过多积聚。表明巯甲丙脯酸具有抗高血压肥大心肌缺血－再灌注损伤的作用。     

玫瑰总黄酮对小鼠局灶性脑缺血模型的影响

摘要 目的：观察玫瑰总黄酮对小鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型的保护作用。方法：采用线栓法阻塞左侧大脑中动脉,建立小鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型。于手术前尼莫地平组、脑络通组、玫瑰总黄酮大、中、小剂量组分别给予相应的药物灌胃,假手术组、手术模型组、同时给予同体积0.5%CMC灌胃,每天1次,连续给药7d。末次给药1h后造模,手术清醒后,对小鼠神经功能评分,再灌注22h,测血清中S-100β蛋白含量,取脑组织TTC染片,计算脑梗死面积。结果：小鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型复制成功,玫瑰总黄酮各剂量组均显著降低小鼠神经功能缺失评分,减少小鼠脑梗死面积,显著降低血清中S-100β蛋白的含量,显著改善脑组织中皮质区的病理损伤。结论：玫瑰总黄酮可通过降低血清中S-100β蛋白的含量,改善神经功能缺失评分,减少脑梗死面积,改善大脑皮质区的病变情况,从而减轻脑组织缺血再灌注的损伤。     

The discovery and development of boceprevir

Introduction: Boceprevir was the first direct acting agent developed for the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection. Boceprevir functions by targeting NS3 protease, a viral enzyme essential for replication. This peptidomimetic molecule was optimized from a peptide lead to provide a potent, selective and orally bioavailable drug that can be combined with ribavirin and peg interferon to achieve sustained viral response (undetectable HCV RNA levels for 24 weeks after completion of therapy) in patients infected with Genotype 1 of the virus.

Areas covered: This article provides a review of the pre-clinical and clinical discovery of boceprevir. This review includes the role and function of its molecular target, NS3 protease, as well as the assays used to measure in vitro efficacy, compound optimization and clinical studies to demonstrate safety and efficacy.

Expert opinion: As the first direct acting anti-HCV agent, boceprevir represents an important advance in therapy of this widespread chronic disease. Yet, while this therapy is a valuable approach, it does have limitations. Studies have suggested that 30% of patients do not achieve sustained viral response and 11% of patients have developed anemia and/or neutropenia. Current drug discovery and development efforts are underway to develop novel therapeutic options that address these issues.     

Anti-herpesvirus agents: a patent and literature review (2003 to present)

Introduction: The standard therapy used to treat herpesvirus infections is based on the application of DNA polymerase inhibitors such as ganciclovir or aciclovir. Unfortunately, all of these compounds exhibit relatively high toxicity and the mutation of herpesviruses results in the appearance of new drug-resistant strains. Consequently, there is a great need for the development of new, effective and safe anti-herpesvirus agents that employ different patterns of therapeutic action at various stages of the virus life cycle.

Areas covered: Patents and patent applications concerning the development of anti-herpesvirus agents displaying different mechanisms of action that have been published since 2003 are reviewed. In addition, major discoveries in this field that have been published in academic papers have also been included.

Expert opinion: Among all the anti-herpesvirus agents described in this article, the inhibitors of viral serine protease seem to present one of the most effective/promising therapeutics. Unfortunately, the practical application of these antiviral agents has not yet been proven in any clinical trials. Nevertheless, the dynamic and extensive work on this subject gives hope that a new class of anti-herpesvirus agents aimed at the enzymatic activity of herpesvirus serine protease may be developed.     

Inhibition of HIV-2 protease by HIV-1 protease inhibitors in clinical use

Over the past 10 years, protease inhibitors have been a key component in antiretroviral therapies for HIV/AIDS. While the vast majority of HIV/AIDS cases in the world are due to HIV-1, HIV-2 infection must also be addressed. HIV-2 is endemic to Western Africa, and has also appeared in European countries such as Portugal, Spain, and Estonia. Current protease inhibitors have not been optimized for treatment of HIV-2 infection; therefore, it is important to assess the effectiveness of currently FDA-approved protease inhibitors against the HIV-2 protease, which shares only 50% sequence identity with the HIV-1 protease. Kinetic inhibition assays were performed to measure the inhibition constants (K(i)) of the HIV-1 protease inhibitors indinavir, nelfinavir, saquinavir, ritonavir, amprenavir, lopinavir, atazanavir, tipranavir, and darunavir against the HIV-2 protease. Lopinavir, saquinavir, tipranavir, and darunavir exhibit the highest potency with K(i) values of 0.7, 0.6, 0.45, and 0.17 nm, respectively. These K(i) values are 84, 2, 24, and 17 times weaker than the corresponding values against the HIV-1 protease. In general, inhibitors show K(i) ratios ranging between 2 and 80 for the HIV-2 and HIV-1 proteases. The relative drop in potency is proportional to the affinity of the inhibitor against the HIV-1 protease and is related to specific structural characteristics of the inhibitors. In particular, the potency drop is high when the maximum cap size of the inhibitors consists of very few atoms. Caps are groups located at the periphery of the molecule that are added to core structures to increase the specificity of the inhibitor to its target. The caps positioned on the HIV-1 protease inhibitors affect selectivity through interactions with distinct regions of the binding pocket. The flexibility and adaptability imparted by the higher number of rotatable bonds in large caps enables an inhibitor to accommodate changes in binding pocket geometry between HIV-1 and HIV-2 protease.     

Biosynthesis,protease optimization and purification of alkaline serine from Shewanella algae and its potential application as silver recovery

The current study proposes an substitute method to recover silver from trash X-ray film as opposed to conventional methods that are costly and hazardous to the environment. The isolated bacterium was taxonomically identified as Shewanella algae through 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The significant factors for protease production (Gelatin, Beef extract, pH and Temperature) were optimized by Box-Benhen factorial design. The predicted and actual values of protease activity were recorded as 162% and 152%, respectively, through RSM. The purified 45 KDa bacterial enzyme unveiled stability in a extensive range of pH (7.0–10.0) and temperature (40-60 °C) with protease activity at pH 9.0 and 50 °C. The purified proteolytic enzyme withstand in the existence of solvents, surfactants and metal ions. Further, the purified protease was inhibitor of (PMSF) can inhibit the Shewanella algae alkaline protease. In this study, protease of 150 U/ml and could effectively hydrolyze the gelatin layer within 60 min.     

HIV蛋白酶抑制剂依地那韦药效学、药动学及治疗艾滋病的临床应用

目的:介绍蛋白酶抑制剂依地那韦治疗艾滋病.方法:采用国际多中心、随机、双盲等方法,三联疗法:一个蛋白酶抑制剂加二个核苷类逆转录酶抑制剂与二联疗法,单一蛋白酶抑制剂作疗效比较.结果:采用包括依地那韦在内的三联疗法在提高CD_4细胞计数,降低HIV病毒负荷疗效最好.三联疗法组比二联疗法组死亡几乎减少一半.结论:以蛋白酶抑制剂如依地那韦为主的三联疗法可提高CD_4细胞计数,HIV病毒负荷降到检测水平以下,从而提高了存活率,降低了死亡率.