成都市大学新生膳食状况和体力活动水平与体质状况关系调查

目的探讨膳食和体力活动状况对大学新生体质的影响。方法选取成都市五所高校一年级新生1200人,采用半定量食物频率问卷和国际体力活动问卷结合体质测试进行调查。结果与调查对象体质关系密切的营养素是铁、锌、硒、维生素E等微量营养素,体力活动水平、静坐时间及身体匀称程度对学生体质有较大影响。结论增加体力活动与膳食营养,有利于大学生培养健康的生活习惯。     

The effect of nutritional factors on sex hormone levels in male twins

Dietary intake has been hypothesized as being associated with several hormonally related cancers including prostate, breast, ovarian, and endometrial cancer. Because diet may affect hormones directly, it is logical to examine the effects of dietary factors on hormone production and levels. Therefore, a set of 72 male MZ and 83 male DZ twin pairs was ascertained from the Utah birth certificates. A quantitative food frequency questionnaire was administered and blood samples were drawn for hormonal assays. Heritability estimates for hormonal levels were calculated indicating a range from no heritability for sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), estrone, and testosterone glucuronide to 70% for androstanediol glucuronide and luteinizing hormone. To examine nutritional factors, the difference in hormone and SHBG levels between each MZ twin and his co-twin were correlated with the difference in nutrient intake. Weight and obesity were significantly correlated with plasma testosterone and follicle stimulating hormone. Fat intake showed a significant association with testosterone. Androstanediol glucuronide, a steroid that reflects tissue formation of dihydrotestosterone, was inversely correlated with caloric intake, theobromine and caffeine. Testosterone glucuronide exhibited significant correlations with calories and vitamin A. This study suggests that dietary intake affects plasma sex-steroid levels in men.     

Longitudinal Effects of Active Learning Education on Lifestyle Behavior and Physical Function in Older Adults

ObjectivesSustaining benefits of an exercise program is difficult as adherence is often poor after supervised intervention is over. This study aimed to determine whether the effects of active learning education on physical activity, dietary habits, and physical function were maintained 24 weeks after intervention termination in older adults.DesignNon-randomized controlled trial.Setting and ParticipantsCommunity-dwelling older adults aged ≥65 years who were independent in activities of daily living.MethodsThe intervention group (n = 36) underwent 24 weeks of active learning education. The control group (n = 59) attended a health education class didactically. In both groups, the education program focused on exercise, diet and nutrition, and cognitive activity for health promotion. Active learning included exploratory learning, group work, and self-planning for behavior change that promoted healthy lifestyles. Outcome measures were obtained at baseline (pre), 24 weeks (post), and 48 weeks (follow-up). Physical activity was objectively measured as physical activity level (PAL) using a triaxial accelerometer. Food intake was assessed by obtaining a dietary variety score. Physical function, including gait speed and Timed Up & Go score, was tested as secondary outcome. We used a linear mixed model to estimate the effects of intervention in intention-to-treat analyses.ResultsAll outcomes in the intervention group significantly improved compared with the control group at 24 weeks, and the improvements were sustained over a 48-week follow-up period. For PAL, between-group difference in change from baseline was 0.043 (95% confidence interval = 0.007, 0.080) at 24 weeks and 0.061 (0.023, 0.099) at 48 weeks.Conclusions and ImplicationsActive learning education is effective in enhancing healthy lifestyles and physical function sustainability beyond intervention cessation. A randomized controlled trial with a larger sample size is needed to conclusively clarify the beneficial effects of active health education learning on sustainable behavior change and functional improvement.     

Genetic variance of blood pressure levels in infant twins

A cohort of 166 twin pairs (67 monozygotic and 99 dizygotic) born at the Jackson Memorial Hospital/University of Miami Medical Center between July 1, 1976 and December 31, 1980, was followed from birth to one year of age in order to estimate the genetic variance of blood pressure during the first year of life. The sex-adjusted summary estimate of heritability for systolic blood pressure during all of infancy was 0.22 (p less than 0.001), but statistically significant genetic variance was not found for diastolic blood pressure. When using blood pressures from six to 12 months of age, adjusted for infant sex, heritability was estimated as 0.33 (p less than 0.001) for systolic blood pressure and 0.24 (p = 0.04) for diastolic blood pressure; adjustment for body weight reduced these estimates to 0.27 (p less than 0.001) and 0.17 (p = 0.13), respectively.     

A genetic and environmental time series analysis of blood pressure in male twins

Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured on 254 monozygotic (MZ) and 260 dizygotic (DZ) male twin pairs, during middle age (average age 48 years) and at two later age points. Genetic and environmental components of covariation were modeled by time series. For both measures, shared environmental influences were absent and specific environmental influences were largely time-specific. Although heritability was about 0.5 at each time point, genetic variation present at middle age contributed only about 60% to that present 9 years later, the remaining 40% being new. Fifteen years later, at the third time point, no new genetic variation was evident, variation in individual differences being entirely attributable to genetic differences laid down at the two earlier ages. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Dietary protein and blood pressure in monozygotic twins

Cross-sectional studies relating blood pressure to dietary intake have shown equivocal results, in part due to the inability to take into account the strong genetic component of blood pressure. Intervention studies, using the same subject as his own control, often encounter additional problems when subjects are asked to adhere to an alternate diet. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Twin Study of middle-aged men provided information concerning the possible relationship of food-frequency-estimated nutrient intake to blood pressure while controlling for genetic effects in a free-living group of subjects. Using differences in monozygotic twins, a direct association of dietary protein intake and diastolic blood pressure was identified and persisted after adjustment for known covariates of blood pressure. Adjusting for known covariates and holding total calories constant, a 9-g difference in daily protein intake was directly associated with a 1 mm Hg difference in diastolic blood pressure. For protein intake as a percentage of total calories, a 2.18% difference was directly associated with a 1 mm Hg difference in diastolic blood pressure. The co-twin-control method provides a powerful design to address the interrelationships between nutrients and blood pressure in an observational as well as an experimental setting.     

The Effects of a Physical Activity Program on Low-fit Children's Activity Level and Aerobic Endurance

Among the findings of the recent Surgeon General's Report on Physical Activity and Health are that regular physical activity reduces the risks of coronary heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, and breast cancer. Consequently, several national organizations have targeted community-based and school programs to increase children's physical activity and develop self-management skills necessary for an active lifestyle. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a physical activity program on low-fit children's activity level, mile-run time and average heartrate. The analyses indicated that participants were in their target heartrate zone 64% of the time and that mile-run times improved significantly from pre- to posttest. Results suggest that an after-school physical activity program is a viable method to address the physical activity needs of low-fit children.     

The preschool mover: A comparison between naturally-occurring and program-directed physical activity patterns

This study described children's physical activity patterns during structured and unstructured daily activity. In Experiment 1, eleven children (3-5 years) wore heart rate monitors for 12 consecutive hours, including a 2- hour developmental movement program. Program heart rates were significantly higher than during home activity, where physical activity was predominantly sedentary. In Experiment 2, heart rate telemetry was used to monitor the daily activity of children in a movement program and in a private daycare. Physical activity during the movement program was significantly more intense than home activity for either group, or than daycare activity. No differences were found in home activity, or for peak heart rate, resting heart rate or age. Females in both groups were significantly more active than males during certain periods of the day. While children's naturally-occurring activity is fairly sedentary, youngsters can maintain moderate or vigorous activity if given proper guidance.     

关注儿童早期运动促进与体质健康

我国儿童体质健康不容乐观,儿童青少年体能连续多年下降,儿童超重肥胖呈快速上升且低龄化、学生近视率高居不降,社会适应能力差等健康问题也日益凸显。国家高度重视儿童青少年体质健康问题,推出一系列政策举措。其中的儿童早期运动促进与体质健康,作为建立一生健康的生活方式的重要基础,亟待人们在儿童早期发展工作中,关注并重视儿童早期运动与体质健康指导。本文结合近年来相关领域新进展,介绍儿童早期运动与体质健康相关概念内涵、对儿童发展的整体影响及相关指南与监测情况,并从政府、医疗机构、托幼机构、家庭等层面提出实施与策略建议,以期提高基层儿童保健专业人员对儿童早期运动与体质健康的认识,关注并加强对儿童早期运动促进与体质健康的指导。     

The Effects of a Physical Activity Program on Children's Activity Level, Health-related Fitness, and Self-Esteem

Among the findings of the recent Surgeon General's Report on Physical Activity and Health are that regular physical activity reduces the risks of coronary heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, and breast cancer. Consequently, several national organizations have targeted community-based and school programs to increase children's physical activity and develop self-management skills necessary for an active lifestyle (eg., goal setting). The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a physical activity program on children's activity level and self-esteem. Specifically, the researchers examined the children's performance on the mile-run (including time, average heart rate, and recovery heart rates), one-minute sit-ups, sit-and-reach and self-esteem both prior to and after completing a 10-week activity program. The analyses indicated that participants were in their target heart rate zone 60% of the time and that mile-run, timed sit-ups, and sit and reach performances improved significantly from pre- to post tests. Mile-run average heart rates, recovery heart rates, and self-esteem scores did not change from pre- to post tests. Results suggest that a physical activity program is a viable method to address the physical activity needs of elementary school children.     

上海市社区健身苑（点）使用情况及居民需求研究

目的评价上海市社区健身苑（点）的使用情况以及居民需求。方法采用客观观察法对七宝镇5个健身苑（点）进行实地观察,并采用拦截式问卷法调查了七宝镇居民175人。结果健身苑（点）使用者以中青年和女性略多,时段上早晨和节假日较多,不同年龄段经常使用的器材有差异,大部分居民对健身苑（点）的总体和效果评价持肯定态度,器材安全性和齐全度以及居民使用健身器械的科学性尚待提升。结论上海市社区健身苑（点）基本受到居民的认可,但在器材设计、健身苑（点）的设置和管理维护方面还存在可改进之处。     

限摄能量对军人体能及生存能力的影响

目的：了解军人在各种应急条件下能量摄入不足时对军人体能及生存能力的互相关系,为平战时食品配发与管理提供科学依据。方法：选择２７名战士随机分成３组,分别按标准量１００％、７０％和５０％限摄能量,连续１０ｄ,观察各组战士体能及生化指标变化情况。结果：７０％摄入组与５０％摄入组的１００ｍ跑、ＰＷＣ１７０、引体向上、３ｋｍ越野跑及体重等实验前后存在显著性差异;生化检验显示,７０％摄入组与５０％摄入组的１０     

Healthy eating, activity and obesity prevention: a qualitative study of parent and child perceptions in Australia

Preventative health strategies incorporating the views of target participants have improved the likelihood of success. This qualitative study aimed to elicit child and parent views regarding social and environmental barriers to healthy eating, physical activity and child obesity prevention programmes, acceptable foci, and appropriate modes of delivery. To obtain views across a range of social circumstances three demographically diverse primary schools in Victoria, Australia were selected. Children in Grades 2 (aged 7-8 years) and 5 (aged 10-11 years) participated in focus groups of three to six children. Groups were semi-structured using photo-based activities to initiate discussion. Focus groups with established parent groups were also conducted. Comments were recorded, collated, and themes extracted using grounded theory. 119 children and 17 parents participated. Nine themes emerged: information and awareness, contradiction between knowledge and behaviour, lifestyle balance, local environment, barriers to a healthy lifestyle, contradictory messages, myths, roles of the school and family, and timing and content of prevention strategies for childhood obesity. In conclusion, awareness of food 'healthiness' was high however perceptions of the 'healthiness' of some sedentary activities that are otherwise of benefit (e.g. reading) were uncertain. The contradictions in messages children receive were reported to be a barrier to a healthy lifestyle. Parent recommendations regarding the timing and content of childhood obesity prevention strategies were consistent with quantitative research. Contradictions in the explicit and implicit messages children receive around diet and physical activity need to be prevented. Consistent promotion of healthy food and activity choices across settings is core to population prevention programmes for childhood obesity.