2012-2013年江西省农村垃圾和污水处置现状调查

目的了解江西省农村垃圾和污水处置现状及变化趋势,评价农村环境卫生状况。方法 2012、2013连续2年选取相同的28个县(市、区),每个县采用按比例分层随机抽样方法,抽取5个乡镇、20个村,按照统一的调查表进行调查。结果江西省垃圾和污水处理设施不足,垃圾处理厂、污水处理厂覆盖人口占总人口的比例分别为24.88%、20.31%。均以覆盖县城城区人口为主,分别占覆盖人口的58.92%、88.28%。农村生活垃圾的收集方式以定点堆放为主,占49.02%。处理方式以焚烧、填埋为主,分别占51.78%、29.64%。生产性垃圾中工业垃圾以焚烧、填埋为主,分别占35.00%、34.00%;养殖业垃圾以再利用、高温堆肥为主,分别占52.00%、35.50%。生活污水以随意排放为主,占50.62%。以排往河流、坑塘为主,分别占38.12%、31.78%。生产性污水中工业污水和养殖业污水均以直接排放为主,分别占68.13%、76.37%。结论江西省农村地区垃圾和污水大部分未能进行有效处理,环境卫生状况有待进一步改善。     

安徽省2011～2012年农村环境卫生监测结果分析

目的了解和掌握农村环境卫生健康危害因素水平,客观评价农村环境卫生状况,为制订农村环境卫生规划提供科学依据。方法按比例分层（包括经济水平、地理地貌、人口等）随机抽取15个市24个县（市、区）480个行政村为本次调查对象,采用统一的调查表,通过查阅资料、访谈、现场观察、实验室检测等方法收集调查数据。结果 480个村的生活垃圾收集中,主要是随意堆放,其次是定点堆放;生活垃圾、工业垃圾处理主要以填埋和焚烧为主。生活污水排放主要是随意排放,其次是明沟排放;生活污水排放地点主要是坑塘,其次排入河流。所调查的工业企业中,大部分污水是直接排放。两年中卫生厕所普及率2012年（31.15%）比2011年（26.65%）有所提高。480个村中开展灭蝇工作的最多村仅占12.71%,开展灭蟑工作的村只占4.79%。结论农村环境卫生现状不容乐观,存在多种影响人群身体健康的环境危害因素。     

2011年广东省农村垃圾和污水现状调查

目的了解广东省农村垃圾、污水治理情况,为制定农村垃圾、污水治理策略提供科学依据。方法于2011年7—8月,依照按比例分层随机抽样方法,选取19个县(市、区),每个县20个村,每村选择不少于5户为调查对象。采用统一调查表进行调查,内容包括基本情况、垃圾与污水现状及处理方式等。结果在380个调查村中,生活垃圾以定点堆放为主(55.26%),处理方式以填埋为主(46.05%);工业垃圾处理方式以填埋为主(54.41%);养殖业垃圾以再利用为主(63.77%)。生活污水产生量每村平均为381.78 t/d,排放方式以暗沟为主(34.21%),排放地点以河流为主(42.11%)。有69个村(占18.16%)产生工业污水,平均每村产生污水132.87 t/d,有97个村(占25.53%)产生养殖业污水,平均每村产生污水118.80 t/d,24.64%的村直接排放工业污水,63.92%的村直接排放养殖业污水。结论广东省农村垃圾、污水污染情况较为普遍。     

Hygienic Survey of Waste and Sewage in Rural Areas of Guangdong,2011

目的 了解广东省农村垃圾、污水治理情况,为制定农村垃圾、污水治理策略提供科学依据.方法 于2011年7-8月,依照按比例分层随机抽样方法,选取19个县(市、区),每个县20个村,每村选择不少于5户为调查对象.采用统一调查表进行调查,内容包括基本情况、垃圾与污水现状及处理方式等.结果 在380个调查村中,生活垃圾以定点堆放为主(55.26％),处理方式以填埋为主(46.05％);工业垃圾处理方式以填埋为主(54.41％);养殖业垃圾以再利用为主(63.77％).生活污水产生量每村平均为381.78 t/d,排放方式以暗沟为主(34.21％),排放地点以河流为主(42.11％).有69个村(占18.16％)产生工业污水,平均每村产生污水132.87 t/d,有97个村(占25.53％)产生养殖业污水,平均每村产生污水118.80 t/d,24.64％的村直接排放工业污水,63.92％的村直接排放养殖业污水.结论 广东省农村垃圾、污水污染情况较为普遍.     

2011年吉林省农村环境卫生状况调查

目的调查分析吉林省农村环境卫生现状,为环境卫生治理提供科学依据。方法按比例分层随机抽样,选取9个县(市),每个县抽取20个村,每村抽取5户进行调查。结果村居民供水方式以分散式供水为主;40%的调查村有专职保洁员;卫生厕所占总户厕的66.14%;生活垃圾定点堆放占53.33%,生活污水以随意排放为主,主要排放到坑塘。结论农村垃圾、污水和粪便无害化处理率低,环境卫生状况急需进一步改善。     

2006年山东省农村垃圾和污水处理状况调查

[目的]了解山东省农村垃圾、污水治理情况,为制定农村垃圾污水治理策略提供依据.[方法]依照按比例分层随机抽样方法.选取29个县(市、区)为调查对象,每个县10个村,每村随机选取10户进行调查.[结果]生活性垃圾的收集堆放的比例远远低于生产性垃圾,生活性污水以随意排放为主.主要排进了河流;生产污水以管道排放为主占62.70%,但排放到处理厂比列仅O.90%.[结论]要改造农村环境卫生,降低传染病的发生,必须建立环境卫生的长效管理机制,注重环境卫生的整体改造建设,各类垃圾的收集与无害化处理以及各类污水的排放与处理等问题都应该引起高度重视.     

2011-2016年广东省农村环境卫生状况调查

目的 了解广东省2011-2016年农村环境卫生状况及其变化趋势,为农村环境卫生整治提供科学依据。方法 于2011-2016年每年的7-8月,按比例分层随机抽样方法,选取19个县(市、区),每个县20个村,每村选择不少于5户为调查对象,采用统一调查表进行调查,内容包括基本情况、垃圾与污水情况、病媒生物防制等。结果 2011-2016年广东省农村垃圾和污水处理厂的覆盖人口比例逐渐增加,分别从40.72%提高到61.29%、39.15%提高到55.07%;生活垃圾的收集方式均以定点堆放为主(52.33%),以填埋为主要处理方式(57.93%);生活污水排放方式主要以明沟为主占34.01%,排放地点以河流为主,占40.37%;环境卫生经费投入逐年增长,大部分的调查点都制定了环境卫生管理制度、有环境卫生规划、开展了环境卫生宣传教育及灭鼠、灭蝇等相关病媒生物控制工作。结论 2011-2016年广东省各地农村的卫生基础设施、垃圾污水处理、卫生管理、病媒生物控制等方面情况有所改善,但也存在一些不足,建议采取多种措施进一步改善农村环境卫生状况。     

2015 - 2018 年青海省农村环境卫生状况分析

目的 掌握青海省农村环境卫生状况的变化,为环境治理提供依据。方法 2015 - 2018年,按照分层随机的方法从青海省6个涉农市（州）抽取16个县（区）、320个村、1 600个农户,监测农村生活垃圾（污水）处理情况、农户家庭卫生状况、农田土壤重金属检测情况等。采用趋势χ2检验分析农村环境卫生状况。结果 2015 - 2018年,青海省农村生活垃圾随意堆放比例逐年下降（趋势χ2 = 79.482,P＜0.001）;生活污水的排放方式主要是随意排放,分别为79.38%,70.63%,66.25%,72.50%;卫生户厕覆盖率逐年升高（趋势χ2 = 44.117,P＜0.001）;饮用集中式供水的覆盖率也逐年升高（趋势χ2 = 94.283,P＜0.001）;不在田间焚烧秸秆的农户比例分别为59.13%,49.56%,71.19 %,78.25%;农田土壤铅、镉、铬含量均不超标。结论 2015 - 2018年,青海省农村环境卫生状况逐年改善,但仍存在诸多不足,需加强改水改厕,垃圾污水处理工作。     

2013年江苏省农村环境卫生调查

摘要:目的　分析江苏省农村地区生活垃圾、生活污水处理、家庭饮水习惯、农药使用与防护及土壤监测现状。方法　按照分层随机抽样的方法从江苏省全部13个省辖市中选取65个乡镇260个村1 300个农户。调查生活垃圾、生活污水、家庭饮水习惯,农药使用与防护情况,并进行土壤监测。结果　在260个行政村中,8.08%的调查村生活垃圾为随意堆放,21.54%的调查村生活污水为直接排放;在1 300户调查户中,居民饮用水类型以集中式供水为主（占91.69%）,饮水习惯以喝开水为主（占86.23%）;在823户使用农药的调查户中,54.07%的调查户选择现用现买不储存农药,有74.00%的调查户选择将废弃包装药瓶（袋）堆放在田边或垃圾堆,47.79%的调查户选择在施药时仅采用穿长袖衣、裤的单一保护方式,仅有16.71%的调查户在施药时采用全面的保护措施;高淳县、吴江区、丹阳市、姜堰市存在土壤镉含量不合格的情况。结论　2013年江苏省农村地区家庭饮水习惯和土壤监测结果况较好,生活垃圾随意堆放和生活污水直接排放的情况时有发生,大部分农户在使用农药时的防护方式较单一,废弃包装药瓶（袋）处置不规范。     

2015-2017年广西农村环境健康危害因素分析

目的了解广西农村环境健康危害因素现状及其动态变化趋势,为政府及相关部门制订农村环境卫生改善政策提供科学依据。方法于2015-2017年每年的7-8月,在广西农村抽取29个县为农村环境卫生监测县,每个县选取5个乡镇,在每个乡镇选取4个行政村作为监测点,每个监测点选择不少于5户家庭作为调查户。采用统一调查表,通过查阅资料、访谈、现场观察等方法调查,内容包括垃圾和污水处理、村道路硬化情况、环境卫生管理和病媒生物情况、户厕及粪便处理、农膜废弃物处理。采用SPSS 23.0进行分析,率的比较采用趋势χ^2检验。结果 2015-2017年在广西农村29个监测县中每年共调查了580个行政村、2 900户左右的家庭。期间监测村生活垃圾处置方式各年度均以焚烧为主,但是焚烧处理的比例呈现下降趋势(P<0.05);生活污水处置均以随意排放和明沟排放为主;2017年村道路未硬化的比例为1.55%(9/580);开展除"四害"比例最高的是灭鼠工作(17.76%~22.41%),最低的是灭蟑工作(5.17%~7.93%),但总体比例都较低。各年度监测户家庭垃圾投放点均以垃圾箱/池(78.80%~83.95%)为主,生活污水排放点以坑塘(38.36%~44.66%)为主;3年废弃农膜焚烧比例分别为30.99%、33.98%、37.13%,呈上升趋势(P<0.05);卫生厕所普及率较高,至2017年卫生厕所普及率达85.66%。结论广西农村环境卫生部分指标呈现向好的发展态势,但存在不足。应当加大对农村环境卫生治理力度,合理规划基础设施,开展环境卫生的宣传教育工作,完善病媒生物防治机制。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.