云南某医院多耐药E. coli 和 K. pneumoni1e分子流行病学分析

目的分析云南某医院Eeoli和五pneumonia菌耐药基因分子流行病学特征。方法全自动微生物分析仪分类鉴定菌株及抗生素敏感试验。扩增并序列分析耐药基因。MIST及PFGE分析菌株遗传变异关系。结果共收集23株Ecoli菌和9株Kpneumonia菌,除了1株XDR彪pneumoniae,其余均为MDR菌。全部菌株对一代、二代头孢霉素,甚至三代头孢霉素CRO耐药。绝大多数菌株对氟化奎林酮类、氨基苷类及磺胺类抗生素耐药。39．1％和69．6％Eeo／i携带厶如嘶和厶‰基因,而44．4％和100．O％尼pneumoniae检测到讹。和Mam基因。胁。均为TEM-1基因型。CTX-M-55及CTX-M-15为该地区优势基因型。所有Kpneumonia菌株携带觚Hv基因,SHV-11为优势型。87．5％Ecoli和77．8％Kpneumoniae菌株携带ISEcpl。91．3％Eeoli和77．8％Kpneumoniae携带intl。44．4％尼pneumoniae携带ISCR1基因。PFGE及MIST研究显示菌株存在明显的遗传多态性。结论云南该医院多重耐药Eeoli和Kpneumonia菌呈高度流行,耐药基因在不同菌株及菌种间快速传播。     

我院产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药性分析

目的：了解我院产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的分布及耐药情况，指导临床合理用药。方法：对我院2005年7月～2007年12月的临床标本分离的大肠埃希菌218株，肺炎克雷伯菌195株，采用纸片扩散表型确证试验进行ESBLs检测，用K—B法做药敏试验。结果：在413株菌中共检出产ESBLs菌株106株，总检出率为25．7％；产ESBLs细菌对所有青霉素类抗生素产生耐药，对三代头孢类抗生素耐药率也达到90％以上，对磺胺类、喹诺酮类耐药率为50％～90％，对亚胺培南均敏感。结论：产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌逐年上升，应根据药敏结果结合临床合理使用抗生素。     

一株耐碳青霉烯类的阴沟肠杆菌的KPC酶检测

目的研究阴沟肠杆菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素的耐药机制。方法临床分离到1株碳青霉烯耐药的阴沟肠杆菌ZY1465。对该菌株进行药物最低抑菌浓度（MIC）测定、接合试验、质粒图谱分析、等电聚焦电泳、特异性PCR扩增和DNA序列分析以及外膜蛋白分析等。结果阴沟肠杆菌ZY1465对亚胺培南和美罗培南的MIC均为32μg／ml,对青霉素类、头孢菌素类、头孢西丁、氨曲南、喹诺酮类和氨基糖苷类等多种抗生素呈高水平耐药。接合试验使受体菌大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的敏感性明显降低（MIC由接合前的≤0．125μg／ml变为接合后的2μg／ml）。质粒酶切图谱分析表明转移接合子的质粒与编码blaKPC-2基因的质粒完全相同。等电聚焦显示阴沟肠杆菌ZY1465产等电点（pI）分别为5．4、6．7、7．3、7．8、7．9和8．6共6种β-内酰胺酶,转移接合子只产等电点6．7的1种β-内酰胺酶。特异性PCR扩增和测序证实该菌中存在TEM-1、肺炎克雷伯菌碳青霉烯酶2（KPC-2）、DHA-1、CTX—M-14、CTX—M-3和染色体AmpC（等电聚焦电泳中未检测到）等耐药基因。外膜蛋白的尿素-十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析显示阴沟肠杆菌ZY1465有38000蛋白条带的缺失。结论首次在国内分离到产KPC-2型碳青霉烯酶的阴沟肠杆菌,多种β-内酰胺酶尤其是KPC-2的产生合并外膜蛋白缺失引起阴沟肠杆菌ZY1465对碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药。     

某三甲医院常见多重耐药菌流行趋势分析

目的研究某三甲医院常见多重耐药菌变化趋势,为临床合理使用抗菌药物及医院感染的防控提供依据。方法回顾性分析2015-2017年该医院分离的病原菌及耐药情况,数据处理采用WHONET 5.6和SPSS 20.0软件。结果该医院肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的构成比呈现上升趋势（P < 0.05~P < 0.01）;医院常见多重耐药菌包括产超广谱β内酰胺酶（ESBLs）大肠埃希菌、产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）、耐碳青霉烯类大肠埃希菌（CREO）、耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌（CRKP）、耐碳青霉烯类鲍曼不动杆菌（CRAB）、耐碳青霉烯类铜绿假单胞菌（CRPA）;2015-2017年常见多重耐药菌构中,产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌、CRAB、产ESBLs的肺炎克雷伯菌构成比呈下降趋势（P < 0.05~P < 0.01）,而CRKP、MRSA、CRPA构成比呈上升趋势（P < 0.05~P < 0.01）;肺炎克雷伯菌和铜绿假单胞菌对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物的耐药性呈增长趋势（P < 0.01）。结论该院常见病原菌耐药情况严重,其中肺炎克雷伯菌和铜绿假单胞菌对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物耐药性快速增长,医院应加强多重耐药菌的监管,遏制其感染和传播。     

耐碳青霉烯肺炎克雷伯菌耐药率及同源性分析

目的分析耐碳氢酶烯肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药基因及流行病学特征。方法收集2018年1-8月临床分离出的14株耐碳氢酶烯类肺炎克雷伯菌,使用VITEK Compact微生物系统进行菌株鉴定和药敏试验,改良Hodge试验检测碳青霉烯酶,PCR试验检测耐药基因,肠杆菌科基因间重复序列聚合酶链反应（ERIC-PCR）分析菌株同源性。结果14株耐碳氢酶烯类肺炎克雷伯菌对青霉素类、碳青霉烯类、氨曲南和头孢菌素类等抗菌药物表现出较高的耐药性。11株肺炎克雷伯菌的碳青霉烯酶表型阳性,PCR检测发现12株肺炎克雷伯菌KPC-2基因阳性,14株肺炎克雷伯菌根据ERIC-PCR结果分成3型,其中A型为主,集中在ICU病房和神经外科。结论耐碳氢酶烯类肺炎克雷伯菌表现为严重的多重耐药性,以产生KPC酶和A型为主。     

伤口分泌物中1640株病原菌主要种类及药敏结果分析

的了解南方医院近3年患者伤口分泌物中病原菌主要种类及耐药谱,为合理使用抗生素提供依据。方法大多数细菌的鉴定和药敏试验利用BDPhoenix仪,少数利用手工鉴定和K—B法药敏试验。念珠菌利用显色平板分离和鉴定,K-B法药敏试验。数据分析用WHONET5．4软件。结果1640株细菌念珠菌主要种类为铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、粪肠球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、溶血葡萄球菌和白色念珠菌。G^-杆菌中耐药率较低的为亚胺培南、头孢哌酮,舒巴坦、哌拉西林-他唑巴坦和阿米卡星。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）的检出率为35．2％和32.3％。G^-球菌对万古霉素和替考拉宁的敏感率为100．0％,对其他抗生素的耐药率均较高。金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、溶血葡萄球菌和腐生葡萄球菌甲氧西林耐药率分别为33．8％、81．9％、80．9％和79．7％。念珠菌对两性霉素B和制菌霉素的耐药率均为0．0％。结论南方医院患者伤口分泌物中大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs比例、非发酵G^-杆菌碳青霉烯类耐药率、葡萄球菌属甲氧西林耐药率均较高,应加强抗生素的合理使用。     

Epidemiological and antibiotic resistant study on extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Zhejiang Province

Objective To investigate the epidemiological status of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli (E.coli) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (K.pneumoniae) and the drug resistance profiles of such organisms .Methods A total of 282 clinical isolates of E .coli and 180 of K .pneumoniae were collected from different districts of Zhejiang Province .Inhibitor potentiated broth dilution tests were performed for detecting extended-spectrum β-lactamases .Etests were performed to detect the drug resistance of these strains against nine commonly used antibiotics Results The prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamases in E .coli and K .pneumoniae was 34.0% and 38.3%, respectively .The average prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamases in E .coli and K .pneumoniae was 35.7% .The resistance prevalence of extended spectrum β-lactamase producing strains to ceftazidime and cefotaxime was 40% and 26% respectively, so were those to cefepime, cefoxitin, piperacillin-tazobactam, cefoperazone-sulbactam, amikacin and ciprofloxacin .All these strains were sensitive to imipenem .Conclusion The results in this study showed that the prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamases was high, while extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing strains were resistant to most antimicrobial agents except imipenem .     

3144株临床分离细菌和念珠菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的了解本院临床分离细菌和念珠菌的分布特征和耐药性,为合理使用抗生素提供依据。方法大多数分离细菌的鉴定和药敏试验利用BD Phoenix仪,少数利用手工鉴定和K-B法。念珠菌利用显色平板进行分离和鉴定,K-B法测药敏。结果3144株细菌和念珠菌中前6位的种类及百分比为白色念珠菌12.02%、铜绿假单胞菌11.10%、大肠埃希菌9.64%、金黄色葡萄球菌7.09%、表皮葡萄球菌6.36%和肺炎型肺炎克雷伯菌6.14%。G-杆菌中耐药率较低的为亚安培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和阿米卡星。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）的检出率为44.2%和43.5%。G＋球菌耐药率较低的为万古霉素、替考拉宁、呋喃妥因、阿米卡星、氯霉素、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦。金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌对甲氧西林耐药率分别为52.1%和65.1%。念珠菌对两性霉素B和制菌霉素的耐药率均为0。结论本院临床分离肠杆菌科各种细菌产ESBLs水平、非发酵菌耐药率和葡萄球菌对甲氧西林耐药率均较高,应加强抗生素的合理使用。     

2012年济南市中心医院细菌耐药性监测

目的：了解山东省济南市中心医院2012年临床分离菌对常见抗菌药物的耐药情况。方法：采用纸片扩散法（K-B法）和E-test法进行药敏试验,采用美国临床和实验室标准协会（CLSI）2012版标准判断结果。结果：临床分离细菌1641株,革兰阳性菌为480株（29.3%）,革兰阴性菌为1161株（70.7%）。MRSA和MRSCNS检出率分别为47.0%（133/283）和69.8%（37/53）。未发现对万古霉素、利奈唑胺耐药的葡萄球菌。32株肺炎链球菌中,全部来自非脑脊液标本。仅一株分离自儿童患者的细胞株对青霉素耐药（PRSP）,其余均为敏感。肠杆菌科细菌中产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的检出率分别为60.5%和44.7%,仅有两株肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南耐药（1.3%）。铜绿假单胞菌仅对氨曲南、亚胺培南、替卡西林/克拉维酸耐药率超过30%。鲍曼不动杆菌仅对米诺环素（29.5%）、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦（30.3%）的耐药率稍低,对其他抗菌药物耐药率均超过45%。嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对左氧氟沙星、米诺环素、甲氧苄啶-磺胺甲噁唑耐药率分别为11.4%、1.2%、2.2%。流感嗜血杆菌β内酰胺酶检出率为54.3%。结论：细菌对抗感染药物的耐药现状形势严峻,定期进行细菌耐药性监测有助于了解医院和本地区细菌及其耐药性变迁,为临床经验用药和合理用药提供依据。     

产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药性分析

目的了解产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的检出率及其耐药率，为临床合理使用抗生素提供依据。方法收集2007年1～12月海口市人民医院临床各类标本中分离出（非重复）的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌，采用CLSI推荐的K—B法和表型确证试验分别对其进行药敏试验和ESBLs检测。采用WHO推荐的Whonct5．4软件进行耐药率统计分析。结果2007年海口市人民医院共分离出278株大肠埃希菌和220株肺炎克雷伯菌，其中产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的检出率分别为69．1％（192／278）和45．9％（101／220），ESBLs阳性的菌株对同一类抗生素的耐药率均高于ESBLs阴性的菌株（P〈0．05），其中产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对头孢噻肟的耐药率分别为81．7％和64．4％，对头孢西丁的耐药率分别为39．6％和31．8％，未发现对碳青酶烯类药物（亚胺培南、美洛培南）耐药的菌株。结论开展检出菌产ESBLs的检测，以便临床根据药敏试验结果合理使用抗生素，对预防和控制ESBk的产生及传播十分重要。     

超广谱β-内酰胺酶的检测及耐药性分析

目的 :了解产超广谱 β-内酰胺酶 (ESBL)肺炎克雷白杆菌、大肠埃希氏杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌的发生率、耐药性及耐药特点 ,指导用药。方法 :应用双纸片协同试验法对从临床感染标本中分离出的 2 1 5株革兰氏阴性菌作 ESBL的检测 ,比较亚胺培南等 1 4种抗生素对产 ESBL耐药菌体外抗菌作用。结果 :产 ESBL耐药菌占全部分离菌的 3 4.4% ,其中 ,大肠埃希氏杆菌占 47.3 % ,肺炎克雷白杆菌占 2 8.4% ,阴沟肠杆菌占 2 4.3 %。各类细菌中产 ESBL所占的比例分别是 ,大肠埃希氏杆菌为 3 1 .8% (3 5 /1 1 0 ) ,肺炎克雷白杆菌为 3 9.6% (2 1 /5 3 ) ,阴沟肠杆菌为 3 4.6% (1 8/5 2 )。在产 ESBL菌中 ,有 3株大肠埃希氏杆菌及 2株肺炎克雷白杆菌均同时对头孢噻肟和头孢他啶敏感。亚胺培南对产 ESBL耐药菌均表现出最强的抗菌作用 ;头孢西丁对产 ESBL肺炎克雷白杆菌及大肠埃希氏杆菌呈现出较好的抗菌作用。产 ESBL耐药阴沟肠杆菌对头孢西丁全部耐药 ;氨基糖苷类、氟喹诺酮类及磺胺类药物对产 ESBL肺炎克雷白杆菌、大肠埃希氏杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌有较高的交叉耐药性。结论 :对产 ESBL耐药菌感染不容忽视 ,对此类感染的治疗亚胺培南可作为首选。     

453株血培养分离菌株的分布和耐药性分析

目的:分析医院血流感染的主要病原菌的分布和耐药性,对血流感染进行及时治疗和有效的预防.方法:对我院2010年1月～12月收集3980份血培养标本培养采用BacT/Alert3D全自动血培养仪,分离菌株鉴定和药敏试验采用VITEK-2全自动细菌鉴定药敏仪,应用改良Hodge试验和EDTA协同试验进行碳青霉烯酶检测.结果:从3980份血培养标本分离出致病菌453株(11.4％),革兰阴性菌占50.4％(228/453),其中大肠埃希菌占57.0％( 130/228)、肺炎克雷伯菌占11.4％ (26/228)、鲍曼不动杆菌占6.6％( 15/228),发现2株碳青霉烯类耐药的肺炎克雷伯菌,鲍曼不动杆菌对碳青霉烯耐药为71.6％;革兰阳性菌占42.3％( 192/453),其中葡萄球菌中耐苯唑西林葡萄球菌占85.1％;真菌占5.1％( 23/453),厌氧菌占2.2％(10/453).结论:引起医院患者血流感染的主要病原菌以革兰阴性细菌为主,多重耐药菌株分离率增高,特别是出现碳青霉烯类耐药的肺炎克雷伯菌.     

医院感染病人中段尿和血液中病原菌的种类及耐药性分析

目的了解医院感染病人中段尿和血液中分离细菌和念珠菌的种类及耐药性,为合理使用抗生素提供依据。方法大多数分离细菌的鉴定和药敏试验利用BDPhoenix仪,少数利用手工和K-B法鉴定。念珠菌利用显色平板分离和鉴定,K-B法药敏。结果分离于中段尿的1063株病原菌中最常见的是大肠埃希菌(39.6%)、粪肠球菌(9.2%)、肺炎型肺炎克雷伯菌(8.2%)、念珠菌属(11.6%);G-杆菌中耐药率低于30%的为美洛培南、亚胺培南、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、阿米卡星、头孢他啶和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦;G 球菌中万古霉素和替考拉宁的敏感率均为100%;念珠菌中两性霉素B和制菌霉素的耐药率均为0,对其他药物也均低于10%。分离于血液的543株病原菌中最常见的是大肠埃希菌(16.6%)、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(16.4%)、铜绿假单胞菌(11.6%)、肺炎型肺炎克雷伯菌(8.3%)和金黄色葡萄球菌(7.6%);G-杆菌中耐药率低于30%的为美洛培南、亚胺培南、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、阿米卡星、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢他啶和氨曲南;G 球菌中万古霉素和替考拉宁的敏感率均为100%。结论应重视对怀疑泌尿系感染和败血症的病人进行细菌真菌培养鉴定及药敏试验,以合理使用抗生素。     

A comparison of antimicrobial susceptibility profile of urinary pathogens for the years, 1999 and 2003

Urinary tract infection is a common condition worldwide; responsible for significant morbidity in both hospitalized and community patients. The laboratory records, for microbial isolates of infected urine and their susceptibility profiles for the years 1999 and 2003 were retrospectively reviewed and compared. In 2003, there was a significant decline in recovery ofCitrobacter spp compared to 1999. Conversely, the proportion of K pneumoniae, E coli and Enterococci increased dramatically in 2003, in both practices. For Proteus vulgaris and Proteus mirabilis, rates of isolation were increased in 2003, in hospital practice and community practice, respectively. Significant changes in antimicrobial susceptibility were also evident. A greater proportion of isolates from both practices were resistant to ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cefuroxime, ceftazidime and cotrimoxazole in 2003 when compared to 1999. With respect to E coli, there were significant increases in prevalence of resistance to cefuroxime and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. The overall resistance rate for norfloxacin remained relatively low and was unchanged for E coli. Continued surveillance of uropathogen resistance trends is important and this information should be communicated to clinicians. The feasibility of using the fluoroquinolones as a first line of therapy in urinary tract infection should be considered.     

Prevalence and characterization of plasmid-mediated blaESBL with their genetic environment in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in patients with pneumonia

Background  The extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) are the major pathogens causing pneumonia and have a significant impact on the clinical course. Limited data exist on molecular characterization of ESBL-producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae that cause pneumonia. The aim of this study was to investigate the comprehensive multilevel characteristics of E. coli and K. pneumoniae causing pneumonia in China for the first time.

Methods  E. coli (17) and K. pneumoniae (21) isolates responsible for pneumonia were isolated from 1270 specimens collected in a prospective multi-center study in eight teaching hospitals in China from June to December in 2007. The susceptibilities, ESBL confirmation, sequence typing, bla_CTX-M and bla_SHV genes, their genetic environment and plasmid Inc/rep types were determined.

Results  Sixteen E. coli (94.1%) and eleven K. pneumoniae (52.4%) isolates were ESBL producers. About 77.8% and 66.7% of them were resistance to ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin, and 100% were susceptible to imipenem. The most prevalent ESBL gene was CTX-M-14, followed by SHV-2, CTX-M-15, CTX-M-3, CTX-M-65, SHV-12, SHV-26 and SHV-28. SHV-1 and SHV-11 were also detected and coexisted with bla_CTX-Ms in five strains, and three strains contained only SHV-1. All CTX-M-14 were detected ISEcp1 upstream and nine were found IS903 downstream and the majority of them (64.3%) were carried by IncF plasmids. All bla_SHV were flanked by recF and deoR, located on IncF, IncN, IncX and IncH plasmids. Two SHV-2, one SHV-1 and the only SHV-28 were further preceded by IS26. Genes lacY and lacZ were detected at further upstream of two bla_SHV-1. The K. pneumoniae carrying SHV-28 was susceptible to β-lactams, and no mutations or deletions in gene or promoter sequences were identified to account for susceptibility. Multilocus sequence typing experiments showed the ESBL-producing strains were genetically diverse.

Conclusions  The rate of occurrence of bla_ESBL in E. coli and K. pneumoniae causing pneumonia was high, and bla_CTX-M-14 was dominant and probably mobilized by ISEcp1 mainly on IncF plasmids. Importantly, unexpressed bla_ESBL genes may occur in susceptible isolates and hence may have clinical implications.

     

磷霉素对肠杆菌科细菌的抗菌作用研究

目的评价磷霉素对肠杆菌科细菌的抗菌作用。方法收集3家医院2012年1月到2014年6月非重复分离的150株肠杆菌科细菌,包括大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和粘质沙雷菌各50株,其中大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和粘质沙雷菌各包括25株碳青霉烯敏感株和25株碳青霉烯耐药株,用琼脂稀释法测定磷霉素药敏。结果150株肠杆菌科细菌对磷霉素的耐药率为25.3%,大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、粘质沙雷菌对磷霉素的耐药率分别为2.0%、48.0%、26.0%;大肠埃希菌中碳青霉烯敏感株与碳青霉烯耐药株磷霉素耐药率分别为4.0%和0%,肺炎克雷伯菌中碳青霉烯敏感株与碳青霉烯耐药株磷霉素耐药率分别为0%和56.0%,粘质沙雷菌中碳青霉烯敏感株与碳青霉烯耐药株磷霉素耐药率分别为20.0%和24.0%。结论磷霉素对肠杆菌科细菌体外有较好的抗菌活性。     

海口地区2000年临床分离菌耐药性监测

目的：监测海口地区临床分离菌对抗菌药物的耐药状况。方法：采用VITEK微生物自动分析仪测定药敏。结果：2000年共收集临床分离菌1399株，革兰阳性球菌426株（30．5％），革兰阴性杆菌973株（69．5％），以铜绿假单胞菌、大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌最多见，所监测的细菌总体耐药率比国内其他地区偏高，且出现万古霉素耐药的表皮葡萄球菌和粪肠球菌。结论：海口地区的细菌耐药严重，控制细菌耐药成为当务之急。     

临床分离的肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌中超广谱β-内酰胺酶的检测

目的：检测临床分离的临床分离的肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBL）菌株的发生率、耐药性、流行性以及酶的基因型别。方法：采用双纸片法、琼脂稀释法、PCR、脉冲场电泳对1999年复旦大学附属华山医院临床分离的559株肺克雷伯菌和427株大肠埃希菌进行检测。结果：肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌中产ESBL菌株的发生率分别为51％和23.6％,产ESBL菌株主要分布于ICU和神经外科病房,对大多数的β-内酰胺酶和非β-内酰胺类抗菌药物耐药;PFGE显示,产ESBL菌株（尤其是产ESBL肺炎克雷伯菌株）在ICU病房中存在同一菌株的克隆传播;PCR检测显示TEM型是最为常见的β-内酰胺酶型别,CTX-M型ESBL亦较为普遍。结论：产ESBL菌株在临床分离的肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌中较为普遍,而且为多重耐药菌株,在医院内中存在流行与传播。     

A microbiologic survey of long term care urinary catheters

Culture and sensitivity data were collected on over 500 isolates from indwelling urinary catheters in 23 Nebraska long-term care facilities. Four percent of all nursing home patients had indwelling urinary catheters. The prevalence of bacteriuria in catheterized patients was 79%., and the most frequent isolates were E. coli, Proteus mirabilis, and Enterococcus species. Thirteen percent of catheterized patients were receiving systemic antibiotics, and 85% had at least one urinary bacterial isolate resistant to the antibiotic being administered. Antibiotic resistance correlated positively with a number of factors in the long-term care institutions, including size and skill level.     

泌尿系感染病原菌对氟喹诺酮类抗菌药物耐药性研究

目的了解我院越尿系感染患者病原菌分布及对4种氟喹诺酮类抗菌药物耐药情况。方法收集2003年1月～2005年10月自我院分离的780株细菌。采用纸片扩散法进行4种氟喹诺酮类抗菌药物药敏试验。结果从尿液标本分离的780株病原菌中，大肠埃希菌、肠球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌分列前五位（47．2％、17．6％、9．9％、6．7％和5．4％）。大肠埃希菌产ESBLs株检出率为45．7％，肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs株检出率为28．6％．耐甲氧西林表皮葡萄球菌（MRSE）和高水平庆大霉素耐药肠球菌（HLGR）检出率分别为74．0％和81．0H．它们对4种氟喹诺酮类抗菌药物的耐药率高于非MRSE、非HLGR和非产ESBLs菌株，呈现多重耐药的趋势。结论大肠埃希菌仍然是泌尿系感染的主要致病菌，尿路感染应根据抗生素敏感试验选择敏感药物进行舍理用药，并应检测MRSE，HLGR和产ESBLs菌株的多重耐药情况。