大黄素甲醚对PC12细胞缺氧损伤的保护作用

目的探讨大黄素甲醚对PC12细胞缺氧损伤的影响。方法体外培养PC12细胞,缺氧处理后给予小同溶浓度大黄素甲醚下预;四甲基偶氮唑盐（MTT）法检测PCI2细胞增殖活性的变化,油镜观察PC12细胞核形态变化,测定上清液中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）含量,PCR分析丝裂原活化蛋白激酶p38（p38MAPK）和半胱氨酸蛋白酶-3（Caspase-3）的表达。结果缺氧24h后,大黄素甲醚干预后细胞核形态较清楚,偶有肿胀皱缩,少见颗粒样物质形成;大黄素甲醚干预后细胞活性明显增加（P〈0．05）;大黄素甲醚显著增加上清液中SOD含量（P〈0．05）。缺氧12h后PCR结果分析显示,大黄素甲醚显著降低p38MAPK和Caspase-3mRNA表达量（P〈0．01）。结论大黄素甲醚能增强缺氧所致神经元抗损伤能力,对神经元起保护作用。     

乌司他丁对缺氧诱导PC12细胞神经损伤的保护作用研究

目的 探讨乌司他丁对缺氧诱导PC12细胞神经损伤的作用及分子机制。方法 PC12细胞分为对照组、缺氧组、缺氧+乌司他丁低、中、高剂量组、缺氧+miR-NC组、缺氧+miR-190组、缺氧+乌司他丁+anti-miR-NC组、缺氧+乌司他丁+anti-miR-190组。检测培养液中乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）漏出率及细胞中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、丙二醛（MDA）含量;流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡;蛋白质印迹法（Western blotting）检测蛋白表达;实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应（qRT-PCR）检测miR-190表达水平。结果 与缺氧组比较,缺氧+乌司他丁低、中、高剂量组PC12细胞中LDH漏出率降低,SOD活性升高,MDA含量降低,细胞凋亡率降低,Bcl-2相对表达量升高,Bax相对表达量降低,miR-190相对表达量升高,且呈剂量依赖性（均P<0.05）。miR-190过表达后,LDH漏出率降低,SOD活性升高,MDA含量降低,细胞凋亡率降低,Bcl-2相对表达量升高,Bax相对表达量降低（均P<0.05）。抑制miR-190表达能逆转乌司他丁对缺氧诱导的PC12细胞损伤的作用。结论 乌司他丁可能通过上调miR-190表达对缺氧诱导PC12细胞神经损伤起保护作用。     

蛇床子素对MPP~＋损伤PC12细胞的保护作用研究

目的观察蛇床子素（osthole）对1-甲基-4-苯基吡啶离子（MPP＋）诱导PC12细胞损伤的神经保护作用。方法将MPP＋加入培养的PC12细胞中,建立多巴胺能神经元损伤模型,加入不同浓度的蛇床子素预处理细胞（0.01、0.05、0.1mmol/L）。处理24h后用噻唑蓝（MTT）比色法检测细胞活性;以乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）活性测定反映细胞的损伤程度;采用Westernblot法检测Bax、Bcl-2蛋白的表达,分析Bax/Bcl-2比值变化,以及检测细胞色素C的改变。结果蛇床子素可以明显减少MPP＋诱导的PC12细胞活性的降低,LDH的释放,Bax/Bcl-2比值的增高以及细胞色素C的释放（P〈0.05）。结论蛇床子素对MPP＋诱导的PC12细胞损伤具有保护作用。     

芍药苷通过分子伴侣自噬通路保护PC12细胞

目的 研究芍药苷对PC12细胞的保护作用,并探讨其对分子伴侣自噬通路的影响.方法 环境毒素MPP＋诱导PC12细胞损伤,同时给予芍药苷进行干预,检测细胞存活率、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）漏出率及细胞凋亡率的变化,并检测分子伴侣自噬相关蛋白Lamp2a表达水平的变化.结果 MPP＋处理24h,PC12细胞的存活率降低,漏出至上清液中的LDH增多,细胞凋亡率明显升高.芍药苷（25μmol·L-1）显著提高了PC12细胞的存活率,减少了LDH的漏出,降低了细胞凋亡率.Western blot显示MPP＋导致Lamp2a的表达升高,芍药苷能够显著抑制Lamp2a的激活.结论 MPP＋导致PC12细胞损伤和分子伴侣自噬的过度激活,而芍药苷对PC12细胞具有明显的保护作用,并显著降低了分子伴侣自噬通路的活性.     

异甘草素对PC12细胞缺氧前后LDH和SOD活性的影响

目的观察异甘草素对缺氧诱导神经细胞损伤过程中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的影响。方法采用体外培养PC12细胞;建立细胞缺氧损伤模型。将细胞分为C(对照组)、H(模型组,即单纯缺氧组)、H1(异甘草素低剂量组)、H2(异甘草素中剂量组)、H3(异甘草素高剂量组)。即H1、H2、H3加入对应浓度的异甘草素后与H一同放入缺氧环境中,培养时间结束后,再进行统一处理。光学显微镜观察PC12细胞形态;测定上清液中LDH、SOD的含量。结果 PC12细胞在缺氧后乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)显著升高,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)明显减低,而经异甘草素(ISL)干预后,细胞上清液中LDH水平明显下降,SOD含量有所提高。结论缺氧对PC12细胞的增殖具有一定的抑制作用,使超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性降低,乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)漏出增加。异甘草素(ISL)能够逆转缺氧对PC12细胞的抑制作用,可能通过提高培养液中SOD活性,防止脂质过氧化,稳定细胞膜,降低LDH的释放,而起到细胞保护作用。     

辛伐他汀对PC12细胞糖氧剥离损伤的保护作用及其机制探讨

目的探讨不同浓度的辛伐他汀干预对PC12细胞糖氧剥离损伤的保护作用及其作用机制。方法对PC12细胞进行1h的缺糖缺氧损伤和24h的再灌注操作,并在损伤前1h加入不同浓度的辛伐他汀进行干预,并观察PC12细胞的形态和结构,MTT测细胞活力,检测一氧化氮（NO）、白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）和肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）的浓度。结果PC12细胞在1h的缺糖缺氧损伤和24h的再灌注后与对照组比较,其细胞的突起减少或消失,细胞肿胀变圆,聚集成团;给予辛伐他汀干预的PC12细胞能够明显对抗糖氧剥离和再灌注的影响;对照组和糖氧剥离＋不同浓度的辛伐他汀组的细胞活性均明显高于糖氧剥离组（P〈0．01）;对照组和糖氧剥离＋不同浓度的辛伐他汀NO、IL-1β和TNFua的浓度均低于糖氧剥离组（P〈0．01）。结论通过对PC12细胞进行1h的缺糖缺氧损伤和24h的再灌注操作,能够较好地模拟神经细胞在缺血和再灌注后的状态;通过加入不同浓度的辛伐他汀进行干预,能够明显保护PC12细胞糖氧剥离和再灌注的损伤。     

大鼠尾核内一氧化氮对apelin受体mRNA表达的影响

目的研究大鼠尾核内一氧化氮（nitric oxide,NO）的作用机理及其与apelin受体mRNA表达的相关性。方法大鼠尾核内微量注射NO前体L-精氨酸（L-Arg）、N^G-硝基-L-精氨酸甲酯（N^G-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester,L-NAME）和生理盐水（NS）,应用逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）检测大鼠尾核给药4、8、12、24及48h后一氧化氮合酶（neuronal nitric oxide synthase,nNOS）mRNA和apelin受体mRNA表达的变化及二者的相关性。结果注射L-Arg后大鼠尾核nNOS和apelin受体的mRNA表达明显升高,注射L-NAME后大鼠尾核nNOS和apelin受体mRNA表达明显降低,且均有统计学意义。注射L-Arg和L-NAME后,nNOSmRNA和apelin受体mRNA的表达呈正相关。结论在中枢神经系统,尤其是在尾核中,NOS的活性是NO作为神经递质或调质参与包括中枢痛觉调制作用在内的多种生物学作用的关键因素之一,尾核内NO的神经生物学作用可能与apelin受体作用相关。     

一氧化氮合酶在脑缺血再灌注中的双重作用

目的 探讨短暂脑缺血再灌注后大鼠脑内3型一氧化氮合酶(nitric oxide synthase，NOS)的表达及作用，为脑缺血治疗提供理论依据。方法 采用免疫组织化学方法，用3型NOS的多克隆抗体检测大鼠局灶性脑缺血2h再灌注15min及22h NOS在脑内的表达情况。结果 大鼠脑缺血2h再灌注15min，在脑缺血边缘区的血管壁及神经细胞出现内皮型一氧化氮合酶(endothelial nitric oxide synthase，eNOS)上调表达；脑缺血2h再灌注22h，在脑梗死区内表达神经元型一氧化氮合酶(neuronal mitric oxide synthase，nNOS)的神经细胞减少，并出现表达诱导型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase，iNOS)的胶质细胞，同时梗死边缘区血管及神经细胞出现eNOS及iNOS的上调表达。结论 在短暂脑缺血再灌注早期，缺血区周围可能有eNOS相关的保护机制；亚急性期eNOS及iNOS的保护及损伤机制并存；因此，在短暂脑缺血早期恢复灌注后予选择性iNOS抑制剂及促进eNOS活性有可能减少迟发性神经损伤。     

Preso调控nNOS在神经元机械性损伤中的作用

目的通过建立神经元机械性损伤模型,研究突触后致密物质(PSD)支架蛋白中的树突棘突触后致密物质-95(PSD-95)相互作用调节蛋白(Preso)在创伤性脑损伤中的作用及调控机制。方法建立神经元机械性损伤模型,通过细胞活力和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)检测神经元损伤程度,并通过Western blot检测明确Preso在损伤后的表达变化;利用Preso慢病毒过表达载体上调Preso在神经元中的表达,通过细胞活力和LDH检测明确上调Preso在神经元损伤中的作用;利用神经元特异性一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)特异性抑制剂ARL 17477,通过细胞活力和LDH检测明确抑制nNOS对上调Preso调控神经元损伤的影响。结果神经元机械性损伤后,Preso表达无明显改变,而上调Preso表达可加重神经元损伤;利用nNOS特异性抑制剂ARL 17477可显著改善神经元损伤,并抑制上调Preso表达对神经元损伤的影响。结论神经元机械性损伤后,Preso可促进神经元损伤的形成,而nNOS是其重要的下游效应分子。     

人工合成E-选择素对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤后脑组织一氧化氮合酶表达的影响

目的 探讨人工合成E-选择素对大鼠局灶性脑缺血/再灌注（I/R）损伤后脑组织一氧化氮合酶（NOS）及血清一氧化氮（NO）含量的影响.方法 采用改良的Zea Longa法建立脑I/R损伤模型.66只雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组和人工合成E-选择素治疗组（治疗组）.治疗组大鼠采用股静脉注射人工合成E-选择素10 mg·kg-1.应用硝酸盐还原法测定血清中NO含量和免疫组化法检测缺血区脑组织神经型一氧化氮合酶（nNOS）、诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）阳性细胞数.结果 ①NO：以对照组NO含量为正常生理数据,模型组脑缺血2h/再灌注2～24h NO含量呈上升趋势,24 h时达高峰,72 h有所降低但仍高于对照组,各时间点与对照组比较明显增高（P＜0.01）;治疗组NO变化趋势同模型组,NO含量较模型组减少（P＜0.05）,较对照组增多（P＜0.01）.②NOS：以对照组nNOS、iNOS阳性细胞数为正常生理数据,模型组nNOS阳性细胞在脑缺血2h/再灌注2h后开始表达,12h达高峰,至24h开始降低,各时间点与对照组比较明显增高（P＜0.01）;模型组iNOS阳性细胞在脑缺血2h/再灌注2h开始出现,并持续增多,随时间延长呈上升趋势,24h达高峰,至72 h出现下降,各时间点与对照组比较明显增多（P＜0.01）;治疗组各时间点nNOS、iNOS阳性细胞变化趋势同模型组,但较模型组减少（P＜0.05）,较对照组增多（P＜0.01）.结论 大鼠脑I/R损伤后脑组织NOS活性表达增多,NO浓度升高导致脑组织损伤;人工合成E-选择素通过降低NOS表达,减少NO释放、减轻炎症反应和脑I/R损伤,起脑保护作用.     

慢性间断性缺氧诱导一氧化氮合酶表达的研究

目的:建立大鼠缺氧模型,检测神经元型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)及诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)的表达情况。方法:1.建立缺氧模型:将SD大鼠置于常压低氧舱中,充入氮气调节氧浓度至所需氧浓度。2.动物分组:(1)急性缺氧组:在低氧舱中缺氧1.5小时。(2)慢性间断性缺氧组:每日在低氧舱中6小时。每周缺氧6天,共缺氧28天。3.采用免疫组化法检测nNOS和iNOS的表达。4.统计学分析检验。结果:急性缺氧后,iNOS、nNOS阳性神经元增加;慢性缺氧后,iNOS、nNOS阳性神经元仍持续增多,慢性缺氧时增加iNOS-IR细胞远远多于nNOS-IR细胞。结论:我们的研究表明缺氧可引起iNOS、nNOS阳性神经元增加,NOS亚型表达时间的不同说明其脑损伤具有阶段性。     

西洛他唑对大鼠皮层细胞糖氧剥离损伤的保护作用

目的探讨磷酸二酯酶抑制剂西洛他唑对糖氧剥离后大鼠皮层细胞培养的影响及作用机制。方法原代混合培养大鼠皮层细胞,建立糖氧剥离的细胞损伤模型模拟细胞"缺血损伤",然后进行干预。测定细胞培养上清中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、神经元型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)及诱导型一氧化氮合酶(i NOS)的含量;测定一氧化氮(NO)的分泌水平;测定细胞内环磷酸腺苷(cAMP)水平及四唑盐(MTT)比色试验测定细胞活力。结果西洛他唑组及依达拉奉组与糖氧剥离模型组比较,LDH、MDA漏出量显著减少(P均0.05),GSH-Px释放量明显升高(P均0.05),nNOS、i NOS的水平及NO的分泌量显著下降(P均0.05),细胞内cAMP水平明显升高(P均0.05);细胞存活率显著提高(P均0.05);西洛他唑与依达拉奉组比较,LDH、MDA漏出量及GSH-Px的释放量无差别,nNOS、i NOS和NO的水平明显降低(P均0.05),细胞内cAMP水平显著升高(P0.05);细胞存活率明显提高(P0.05)。结论西洛他唑对培养大鼠皮层细胞在糖氧剥离损伤中具有保护作用,其作用机制可能通过抗氧化、降低nNOS及i NOS的水平从而降低NO的分泌、升高细胞内cAMP水平来实现的。     

Nitric oxide synthase expressions in rat dorsal root ganglion after a hind limb tourniquet

We investigated the mRNA levels of neuronal, inducible, endothelial nitric oxide synthases (nNOS, iNOS, eNOS) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in a rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) after tourniquet application to a hind limb to identify molecules that trigger secondary events after peripheral nerve injury. Significantly high nNOS, iNOS mRNA and protein levels were observed in the ipsilateral DRGs 4 h after tourniquet application but not in the contralateral or control DRGs. The levels of TNF-alpha, an inducer of iNOS, were significantly increased in the ipsilateral DRGs 1 h after tourniquet application. Large amounts of NO might result in damage to the host cells and induce apotosis to eliminate damaged cells during the early stage of nerve injury.     

Expression of GDNF in spinal cord injury and its repression by ONO-1714

ONO-1714 is a newly developed specific inhibitor for inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). We have shown that ONO-1714 has some neuroprotective effects. In this report, we investigated the effects of ONO-1714 in injured spinal cords, and analyzed the expression of glial cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) after injury. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to contusive spinal cord injury and administrated 0.1 mg/kg ONO-1714. The injured spinal cords were isolated at appropriate time points and GDNF mRNA was determined by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. GDNF-positive cells were also counted after immunohistochemical stainings. ONO-1714 diminished the early stage production of GDNF after injury as well as it reduced the production of nitric oxide produced by iNOS and apoptotic cells.     

Nitric oxide synthase and NADPH-diaphorase after acute hypobaric hypoxia in the rat caudate putamen

Changes in the production system of nitric oxide (NO), a multifunctional biological messenger known to participate in blood-flow regulation, neuromodulation, and neuroprotection or neurotoxicity, were investigated in the caudate putamen of adult rats submitted to hypobaric hypoxia. Employing immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, enzymatic assay, and NADPH-diaphorase staining, we demonstrate that neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) expression and constitutive nitric oxide synthase (cNOS) activity were transiently activated by 7 h of exposure to a simulated altitude of 8325 m (27,000 ft). In addition, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) immunoreactivity and blood vessel NADPH-diaphorase staining peaked immediately after the hypoxic stimulus, whereas inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and activity remained unaltered. Nitrotyrosine formation, a marker of protein nitration, was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting, and was found to increase parallel to nitric oxide synthesis. We conclude that the nitric oxide system undergoes significant transient alterations in the caudate putamen of adult rats submitted to acute hypobaric hypoxia.     

Delayed peripheral nerve degeneration, regeneration, and pain in mice lacking inducible nitric oxide synthase

Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) may be a critical factor in the repair of injured tissues. In mice lacking iNOS we observed abnormalities in how the peripheral nerve responds to each of 3 fundamental types of injury: chronic constriction partial nerve injury (a model of neuropathic pain), nerve crush, and nerve transection. In each type of injury, mice lacking iNOS had evidence of a regenerative delay, preceded by slowing of myelinated fiber Wallerian degeneration (WD). In wild-type mice, iNOS immunoreactivity and the presence and upregulation of its mRNA were demonstrated distal to injury, but neither was observed in the knockout mice. Slowed WD was suggested by the abnormal persistence of apparent myelinated fiber profiles distal to the injury zones in mice lacking iNOS compared to wild-type controls. In mice lacking iNOS there were fewer regenerating myelinated fibers, smaller caliber regenerating fibers, and slowed reinnervation of muscle endplates distal to the injury zone. Slowed degeneration was also associated with normal initiation but delayed expression of neuropathic pain. Our findings highlight important relationships among nitric oxide, WD, neuropathic pain, and axon regeneration.     

人参皂甙RD预处理对谷氨酸所致PC12细胞损伤的保护作用

目的探讨人参皂甙RD预处理对谷氨酸所致PC12细胞损伤的影响。方法将PC12细胞分为对照组、谷氨酸损伤组和人参皂甙RD预处理组。对照组细胞正常培养;谷氨酸损伤组细胞置于含10 mmon/L谷氨酸的DMEM培养基中培养24 h;人参皂甙RD预处理组细胞经50μmol/L人参皂甙RD预处理30 min后,再加谷氨酸继续培养24 h。采用噻唑蓝比色法检测细胞活力;按试剂盒检测培养液乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）释放量;流式细胞仪检测胞内活性氧（ROS）水平;按试剂盒检测细胞内超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）含量。结果人参皂甙RD预处理最佳浓度为50μmol/L。与谷氨酸损伤组相比,人参皂甙RD预处理PC12细胞活力明显增高（P〈0.05）,培养液LDH释放量明显降低（P〈0.05）,胞内ROS含量明显降低（P〈0.05）,胞内SOD含量明显增高（P〈0.05）。结论人参皂甙RD预处理可减轻谷氨酸引起的PC12细胞损伤。     

Involvement of CAPON and Nitric Oxide Synthases in Rat Muscle Regeneration After Peripheral Nerve Injury

Carboxy-terminal PDZ ligand of nNOS (CAPON) protein, as an adaptor, binds to nNOS via the PDZ domain helping regulate neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) activity at post-synaptic sites in neurons (Jaffrey et al., Neuron, 20, 115–124, 1998). Recently, it has been reported that CAPON is present in mouse muscle and may be involved in mouse muscle growth, injury, and repair possibly by regulating the stability, activity, or position of nNOS (Segalat et al., Experimental Cell Research, 302, 170–179, 2005). The present study was to explore the expression patterns and roles of CAPON as well as NOS in rat muscle regeneration after nerve injury. Normal Sprague–Dawley rats were subjected to right sciatic nerve crush injury. Walking track analysis, real time polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, in situ hybridization, immunocytochemistry, and co-immunoprecipitation techniques were used. It revealed that CAPON mRNA increased, which peaked on days 1 and 28, whereas nNOS mRNA underwent a downregulation in the ipsilateral gastrocnemius muscles after sciatic nerve injury. Their proteins approximately paralleled the mRNA expression. CAPON and nNOS were identified in the activated satellite cells or myotubes and their in vivo interaction was verified. However, eNOS and iNOS proteins suffered an upregulation and were detected in activated satellite cells or myotubes. These data suggest that CAPON and all these three isoforms of NOS might be involved in muscle regeneration after nerve injury. Further study is necessary for a better understanding of the potential functional link between CAPON, NOS, and muscle regeneration, with possible application to therapy for skeletal muscle repair from nerve injury. M. Chen and C. Cheng contribute equally to this work.     

Expression of nitric oxide synthase isoforms and nitrotyrosine formation after hypoxia-ischemia in the neonatal rat brain

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Production of nitric oxide is thought to play an important role in neuroinflammation. Previously, we have shown that combined inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and inducible NOS (iNOS) can reduce hypoxia-ischemia-induced brain injury in 12-day-old rats. The aim of this study was to analyze changes in expression of nNOS, iNOS and endothelial NOS (eNOS), and nitrotyrosine (NT) formation in proteins in neonatal rats up to 48 h after cerebral hypoxia-ischemia. METHODS: Twelve-day-old rats were subjected to unilateral carotid artery occlusion and hypoxia, resulting in unilateral cerebral damage. NOS and nitrotyrosine expression were determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis at 30 min-48 h after hypoxia-ischemia. RESULTS: nNOS was increased in both hemispheres from 30 min to 3 h after hypoxia-ischemia. In the contralateral hemisphere, eNOS was decreased 1-3 h after hypoxia-ischemia. In the ipsilateral hemisphere, eNOS was decreased at 0.5 h after hypoxia-ischemia, normalized at 1-3 h and was increased 6-12 h after hypoxia-ischemia. At 24 and 48 h after hypoxia-ischemia, eNOS levels normalized. Surprisingly, iNOS expression did not change from 30 min up to 48 h after hypoxia-ischemia in the ipsi- or contralateral hemisphere. In addition, the regional expression of iNOS in the brain as determined by immunohistochemistry did not change after hypoxia-ischemia. Expression of nitrotyrosine was slightly increased in both hemispheres only at 30 min after hypoxia-ischemia. CONCLUSION: In 12-day-old rat pups, cerebral hypoxia-ischemia induced a transient increase in nNOS, eNOS, and nitrotyrosine in proteins, but no change in iNOS expression up to 48 h after the insult.