大肠癌组织蛋白酶D表达及其与EGFR,PCNA表达？…

目的：探讨不同类型大肠癌组织蛋白酶Ｄ表达及其与表皮生长因子受体（ＥＧＦＲ）、内源性雌二醇、增殖细胞核抗原（ＰＣ－ＮＡ）的相互关系。方法：采用免疫组化链亲生物素－过氧化酶（Ｓ－Ｐ）法。结果：粘液性大肠癌癌细胞浆细胞蛋白酶Ｄ不同程度阳性，同时，组织蛋白酶Ｄ弥散于细胞外粘液中，尤以印戒细胞周围为著。非粘液性癌，胞核多者组织蛋白酶Ｄ多为阴性。组织蛋白酶Ｄ阳性的大肠癌淋巴结转移率明显高于阴性者。大肠癌组织蛋     

大肠癌组织中基质金属蛋白酶-2和基质金属蛋白酶-9的表达

目的：探讨大肠癌组织中基质金属蛋白酶－2（MMP－2）和基质金属蛋白酶－9（MMP－9）的表达与临床病理参数之间的关系。方法：应用免疫组织化学S－P法检测87例大肠癌组织中MMP－2和MMP－9的表达情况。结果：87例大肠癌组织中MMP－2和MMP－9的表达阳性率分别为56．3％和55．2％。MMP－2和MMP－9在侵及肌层的阳性表达率明显低于侵及浆膜层，淋巴结转移阳性组高于淋巴结转移阴性组，差异均有显著性（P＜0．05）。Dukes分期中，C、D期中MMP－2和MMP－9的阳性表达率明显高于A、B期（P＜0．05），而与性别、年龄、肿瘤部位、组织学类型和分化程度均无关（P＞0．05）。结论：MMP－2和MMP－9可能在大肠癌浸润转移过程中发挥重要作用。     

大肠癌表皮生长因子受体和p53蛋白表达与临床病理特？…

为了研究大肠癌表皮生长因子受体（ＥＧＦＲ）和ｐ５３蛋白表达与病理特征和预后的关系，应用免疫组化检测ＥＧＦＲ和ｐ５３在６１例大肠癌中的表达，结果提示：正常大肠粘膜未发现ＥＧＦＲ和ｐ５３阳性表达，而两者在大肠癌均有较高表达（７７．０４％和５５．７５％）。ＥＧＦＲ表达与大肠癌Ｄｕｋｅｓ分期有关（Ｐ〈０．０５）。ｐ５３表达与大肠癌分化程度及Ｄｕｋｅｓ分期有关（Ｐ〈０．０５）。大肠癌生存率随ＥＧＦＲ和ｐ５３     

钙磷脂结合蛋白Ⅰ及其相关基因蛋白在子宫内膜增殖症、不典型增生和子宫内膜腺癌中的表达和意义

目的：研究钙磷脂结合蛋白Ⅰ（Annexin-Ⅰ，AX－Ⅰ）在子宫内膜病变中的表达及在交界病变鉴别诊断中的意义。方法：收集37份子宫内膜不同病变标本，经HE染色，在光镜下按国内及国际妇产科联合会（FIGO）标准分类，AX－Ⅰ、 雌激素受体、孕激素受体、表达生长因子受体、胰岛素样生长因子－Ⅰ受体与c-erbB-2的免疫组织化学染色采用LSAB法。结果：腺囊性子宫内膜增殖症12例、子宫内膜不典型增生（ATH）10例、子宫内膜癌（EC）15例。免疫组织化学AX－Ⅰ在腺囊性增殖症中，除，除1例弱阳性外，均为阴性，在不典型增生组9组为强阳性，1例弱阳性；内膜癌则7例弱阳性，8例阴性；内膜鳞化或鳞癌区呈强阳性。c-erbB-2蛋白在不典型增生组9例为阳性。1例阴性。表皮生长因子受体（EGFR）均呈强阳性，胰岛素样生长因子－Ⅰ受体的表达弱且无规律，P53表达在EC组较ATH组略强。结论：AX－Ⅰ基因蛋白可能在肿瘤的发病初期起作用，癌变后其表达下降，甚至消失；AX－Ⅰ强阳性对ATH与EC鉴别具有一定价值。另外，c-erbB-2与AX－Ⅰ的表达似乎存在一种平行的关系。     

大肠癌表皮生长因子受体和p53蛋白表达与临床病理特征和预后的关系

为了研究大肠癌表皮生长因子受体（ＥＧＦＲ）和ｐ５３蛋白表达与病理特征和预后的关系，应用免疫组化检测ＥＧＦＲ和ｐ５３在６１例大肠癌中的表达。结果提示：正常大肠粘膜未发现ＥＧＦＲ和ｐ５３阳性表达，而两者在大肠癌均有较高表达（７７．０４％和５５．７５％）。ＥＧＦＲ表达与大肠癌Ｄｕｋｅｓ分期有关（Ｐ＜０．０５）。ｐ５３表达与大肠癌分化程度及Ｄｕｋｅｓ分期有关（Ｐ＜０．０５）。大肠癌生存率随ＥＧＦＲ和ｐ５３表达增高而降低，其中两者４年生存率＞６５％表达组均明显低于＜２５％组（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＥＧＦＲ－ＬＩ和ｐ５３－ＬＩ与生存期均有明显负相关。结果表明：ＥＧＦＲ和ｐ５３表达与大肠癌的进展程度有关，该两项指标对大肠癌临床诊治和预后的评估有重要价值。     

表皮生长因子受体,c—erbB—2蛋白和组织蛋白酶D在乳腺癌中的表达

表皮生长因子受体、ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２蛋白和组织蛋白酶Ｄ在乳腺癌中的表达叶学正刘思齐李进宋容彭玉梅杨家祥一、材料和方法１．材料：收集我所１９８０～１９９２年间根治切除的腋窝淋巴结无转移（ＡＮＮ）乳腺癌１０５例，在癌与癌旁每例取材４块以上。平均每例取淋巴结...     

组织蛋白酶D在乳腺癌,恶性病变中的表达及意义

目的：探讨组织蛋白酶Ｄ在乳腺良,恶性病变中的表达及意义。方法：用ＡＢＣ法研究９３例乳腺癌,３１例乳腺良性病变及６例正常乳腺组织Ｃａｔｈ－Ｄ的表达,结果：乳腺癌中４３例（４６．２４％）细胞浆染色阳性,而全部良性病变及正常乳腺组织均阴性,Ｃａｔｈ－Ｄ表达阳性的乳腺癌其肿瘤体积及淋巴结转移率均高于Ｃａｔｈ－Ｄ表达阴性者,结论：Ｃａｔｈ－Ｄ可以作为反映乳腺癌细胞增殖状态的细胞生物学因子,共过度表达提示乳腺     

食管癌中Cath—D,nm23—H1蛋白的表达及其临床…

目的：探讨组织蛋白酶Ｄ（Ｃａｔｈ－Ｄ）、肿瘤转移抑制基因表达蛋白（ｎｍ２３－Ｈ１）的表达与食管癌临床病理特点及预后的关系。方法：应用免疫组织化学Ｓ－Ｐ法，以兔抗Ｃａｔｈ－Ｄ、鼠抗ｎｍ２３－Ｈ１体标记６０例食管癌和５例正常的食管粘膜，观察不同分化程度和组织类型食管癌的表达情况，并比较其阳性率。结果：癌组织Ｃａｔｈ－Ｄ阳性３６例（６０．０％），ｎｍ２３－Ｈ１阳性３５例（５８．３％）。Ｃａｔｈ－Ｄ的表达     

p53和bcl-2蛋白过度表达与大肠癌生物学行为的关系

目的：探讨p53蛋白和bcl－2蛋白共同表达与大肠癌生物学行为的关系。方法：应用免疫组织化学染色ABC法检测p53蛋白及bcl－2蛋白在67例大肠癌组织中的表达。结果：全阴性组和p53阴性bcl－2阳性组的PCNA增殖指数低于p53阳性bcl－2阴性组及全阳性组（P＜0．01或P＜0．05）。全阳性、p53阳性bcl－2阴性组及p53阴性bcl－2阳性组均多呈浸润性生长（P＜0．01或P＜0．05）。全阳组浸润深度多至浆膜外（P＜0．01或P＜0．05）。两蛋白全阴性组5年生存率高（P＜0．05）。P53和bcl－2蛋白表达与大肠癌Dukes分期、淋巴结转移和组织学类型均无统计学意义。结论：bcl－2蛋白表达对细胞增殖的相关性不大。主要是p53蛋白的作用。只要有1种蛋白表达时大肠癌即多呈浸润性生长，两种蛋白全部阳性组浸润深度较深，蛋白全部阴性组的预后较好，提示p53和bcl－2蛋白的表达情况可部分地反映大肠癌的生物学行为。     

血小板源生长因子-B及其受体在哮喘豚鼠气道中的表达

为探讨血小板源生长因子－Ｂ多肽（ＰＤＧＦ－Ｂ）在哮喘发病中的作用，应用免疫组织化学方法，检测了豚鼠哮喘模型气道及肺组织中ＰＤＧＦ－Ｂ多肽及其受体（ＰＤＧＦＲ－β）的表达。结果表明：实验组气道壁及周围组织有大量ＰＤＧＦ－Ｂ多肽阳性细胞，主要为气道上皮细胞及浸润的炎症细胞。ＰＤＧＦＲ－β阳性细胞主要分布在气道基底膜及周围结缔组织，偶见于平滑肌和肺间质。提示ＰＤＧＦ－Ｂ多肽及ＰＤＧＦＲ－β的表达与哮喘发病关系密切。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.