双气囊电子小肠镜在小肠出血诊断中的应用

目的 探索双气囊电子小肠镜对小肠出血的诊断价值。方法 临床怀疑小肠出血患者54例，经口途径检查21例，经肛门途径检查20例，分别从两端进镜13例，在X线监视下进行。结果 检查阳性率90．7％，其中单发或多发性小肠溃疡11例，克罗恩病7例，慢性非特异性炎症6例，小肠间质肿瘤6例，高分化腺癌3例，息肉病2例，淋巴瘤1例，粪类原线虫病2例，钩虫病2例，小肠血管畸形出血2例(1例合并活动性出血)，美克尔憩室2例，回肠多发性憩室1例，溃疡性结肠炎1例，十二指肠淤滞症1例，十二指肠溃疡2例，无明显异常5例。结论 双气囊电子小肠镜检查是目前诊断小肠出血最有效的方法之一。小肠出血的主要病因是小肠良性溃疡(包括克罗恩病)、肿瘤、慢性炎症，其次是寄生虫感染，憩室和血管畸形是少见病因，但美克尔憩室是儿童小肠出血的重要病因。     

双气囊内镜和胶囊内镜诊断小肠出血的临床评价

目的评价双气囊内镜和胶囊内镜对小肠出血的临床诊断价值。方法比较双气囊内镜、胶囊内镜及全消化道造影对小肠出血病灶的总体检出率;通过自身对照,比较双气囊内镜和胶囊内镜对小肠出血诊断率;分析胶囊内镜对1次双气囊内镜检查明确诊断率的影响。结果105例小肠出血患者中,双气囊内镜检出克罗恩病24例,腺癌15例,慢性非特异性炎症12例,不明原因小肠溃疡10例,小肠间质肿瘤8例,小肠息肉8例,小肠血管畸形出血6例,钩虫病5例,麦克尔憩室及多发憩室5例,小肠淋巴瘤3例,无明显异常9例,阳性率91．4％（96／105）。其中40例进行胶囊内镜检查,病变检出率75．0％（30／40）;75例患者全消化道造影检查,病变检出率33．3％（25／75）。根据胶囊内镜结果1次双气囊内镜检查明确诊断率90．0％（36／40）,而根据临床特征及消化道造影结果1次双气囊内镜检查明确诊断率69．2％（45／65）。结论小肠疾病的主要病因是小肠良性溃疡（包括克罗恩病）、肿瘤、慢性炎症,其次是息肉、血管畸形、寄生虫感染、麦克尔憩室及淋巴瘤等。双气囊内镜对小肠出血诊断率高于胶囊内镜,胶囊内镜能提高1次双气囊内镜明确诊断率。     

回肠末端溃疡性病变145例内镜与病理特点

目的探讨回肠末端溃疡病变的内镜与病理特点。方法回顾性分析6年来回肠末端溃疡性病变的临床、内镜及病理资料。结果 145例回肠末端溃疡性病变中男女之比为0.99∶1。内镜表现以片状溃疡为多见,病变为多发性,病理检查类型例数依次为黏膜非特异性炎症、克罗恩病、肠结核及淋巴瘤。结论回肠末端溃疡性病变临床表现无特异性,明确诊断有赖肠镜联合病理活检。     

双气囊内镜对小肠狭窄性疾病诊断和治疗选择的价值

目的 探讨双气囊内镜(DBE)对小肠狭窄性病变尤其是肿瘤的诊断和治疗方法选择的价值.方法 2003年6月至2006年7月在广州南方医院对208例可疑小肠疾病患者行DBE检查,发现病变进行活检、标记,并与部分手术结果对照.结果 208例可疑小肠疾病患者中DBE检查发现小肠狭窄39例,检出率18.8%.DBE诊断小肠肿瘤14例,多发性溃疡(含克罗恩病)18例,回肠憩室5例,炎性狭窄或外压2例,其中手术治疗19例,证实18例.39例患者临床表现主要以单纯或合并不全性肠梗阻、黑便为主,其中无肠梗阻表现的占59.0%(23/39).结论 DBE对小肠狭窄尤其是肿瘤性小肠狭窄有较高的检出率和诊断率;对于治疗方式选择,小肠肿瘤性狭窄需选择剖腹手术,在缺乏相应的DBE治疗器械的情况下,良性肿瘤或良性病变可选择腹腔镜手术.     

双气囊小肠镜对老年病人小肠疾病诊治的有效性和安全性分析

目的 探讨双气囊小肠镜(double-balloon enteroscopy, DBE)对老年病人小肠疾病的诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析2021年1月至2022年5月因疑诊小肠疾病在南京医科大学第一附属医院行DBE检查的418例病人临床资料。按年龄分为中青年组(年龄<60岁)357例和老年组(年龄≥60岁)61例,比较2组病人DBE的病变检出率、检出病因、内镜治疗情况及并发症。结果 消化道出血和腹痛是老年病人行DBE的常见原因,分别占68.9%和14.8%。老年组DBE的总体诊断率为90.1%,与中青年组(93.8%)差异无统计学意义(P=0.251)。不同年龄组检出小肠疾病的病因构成差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。老年病人常见诊断分别为小肠溃疡及糜烂(41.8%)、血管性病变(18.2%)和小肠肿瘤(12.7%),而中青年病人最常见诊断为克罗恩病(57.1%),小肠溃疡及糜烂(24.5%)和憩室(4.5%)。63.6%(7/11)诊断为血管性病变的老年病人成功予以经DBE内镜下止血治疗。所有病人均未发生严重并发症。结论 DBE对疑诊小肠疾病的老年病人安全、有效,病变检出...     

推进式双气囊电子小肠镜对不明原因小肠出血的病因诊断

目的通过对不明原因消化道出血患者行双气囊电子小肠镜检查，评价双气囊电子小肠镜对小肠出血的诊断价值。方法2003年4月至11月，对34例疑为小肠出血患者行推进式双气囊电子小肠镜检查，结合手术和病理做出病因诊断。结果在34例患者中30例发现病灶，检查总体阳性率为88．2％。4例阴性患者中，1例内镜抵达空肠中段，3例抵达回肠中下段。30例阳性患者中，血管病变7例(占20．6％，位于空肠1例，空回肠3例，回肠3例)；小肠肿瘤11例(占32．4％，均经手术及病理证实，位于十二指肠2例，空肠5例，回肠4例。肿瘤性质分别为：间质肿瘤3例，脂肪瘤1例，平滑肌瘤2例，血管瘤2例，嗜铬细胞瘤1例，Kaposi型血管内皮瘤1例，腺癌1例)；克罗恩病4例(占11．8％，位于空回肠部)；其他8例。结论小肠血管病变、小肠肿瘤及小肠克罗恩病为不明原因小肠出血最常见病因；推进式双气囊电子小肠镜是一项安全、直观、可靠、有效的检查手段，对不明原因小肠出血具有较高临床诊断价值。     

胶囊内镜和CT仿真内镜诊断小肠疾病的对照研究

目的评价胶囊内镜和cT仿真内镜（CTVE）在小肠病变诊断方面的临床应用价值。方法回顾性总结3l例临床怀疑小肠疾病行胶囊内镜和CTVE检查患者的临床资料,参照最终诊断结果（手术病例以病理诊断为金标准,非手术病例依据后续检查及随访结果给出最终诊断）统计胶囊内镜、CTVE以及二者联合的诊断阳性率并行对比分析。结果最终诊断阳性26例,包括小肠肿瘤性病变16例、非肿瘤性病变10例,阴性5例。胶囊内镜诊断阳性24例,包括小肠肿瘤性病变14例（其中2例定位不准确,7例不能定性）和非肿瘤性病变10例;CTVE诊断阳性17例,包括小肠肿瘤性病变14例（其中1例定位不准确,4例不能定性）和非肿瘤性病变3例;胶囊内镜联合CTVE诊断阳性26例,包括小肠肿瘤性病变16例、非肿瘤性病变10例。对于小肠肿瘤性病变,胶囊内镜和CTVE诊断阳性率相同,均为87．5％（14／16）;而在总体诊断阳性率方面,胶囊内镜为77．4％（24／31）,CTVE为54．8％（17／31）,胶囊内镜联合CT仿真内镜为83．9％（26／31）,二者联合总体诊断阳性率明显高于CTVE（P=0．004）,但与胶囊内镜比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,胶囊内镜与CTVE比较差异也无统计学意义（P=0．065）。结论胶囊内镜和CTVE均有助于小肠疾病的诊断,胶囊内镜在诊断小肠非肿瘤性病变方面更有优势,而CTVE在判断小肠肿瘤性病变的位置和结构方面优于胶囊内镜,二者联合使用可进一步提高检出小肠疾病的能力。     

胶囊内镜在消化道疾病中的应用

目的探讨胶囊内镜对消化道疾病的诊断价值。方法对45例消化道疾病患者及健康查体者行胶囊内镜检查。结果胶囊内镜显示病变38例（84．4％）,其中小肠血管畸形18例,克罗恩病3例,小肠良性狭窄1例,增生性病变1例,胃肠息肉6例,末端回肠炎2例,小肠肿瘤2例,十二指肠溃疡3例,胆汁反流性胃炎2例;7例无阳性发现。检查过程中患者无不适及并发症。结论胶囊内镜对胃及小肠病变检出率高,可作为不明原因消化道出血或长期腹泻、腹痛患者的常规检查。     

小肠腔内超声在小肠疾病诊断中的初步临床研究

目的评估小肠腔内超声（ISIU）检查对小肠疾病诊断的价值及可行性和安全性.方法对2004年6月至2005年2月间11例因不明原因慢性腹泻、隐性出血及腹痛怀疑小肠疾病的患者行双气囊小肠镜（DBE）检查,发现局部病灶或病变肠段后,经DBE活检孔道插入特制超声小探头进行ISIU探查,取得正常肠壁以及局部病灶或病变肠段ISIU影像图并对其进行分析.结果11例患者中,DBE发现阳性病灶并行ISIU检查9例,其中成功完成ISIU探查者8例,平均用时20min.提示侵犯浆膜层的恶性肿瘤2例（术后病理证实）,表现为小肠绒毛层消失,其余小肠壁层次破坏,代之以不均低回声区域;小肠间质瘤1例（起源于肌层,术后病理证实）,表现为边界清晰的均匀低回声区域内伴有部分高回声;肠壁黏膜层来源息肉1例（活检证实）,影像特征为均匀高回声区域;早期克罗恩病2例,表现为小肠绒毛层消失,其余肠壁层次模糊伴全层小肠壁增厚;淋巴管瘤1例,表现为内伴管样结构的均匀中低回声区域;对于DBE发现的小肠毛细血管扩张症患者,ISIU影像不能明确诊断.另有1例DBE发现增殖性病灶的患者,由于病灶位置较深,位于空回肠交界部,经口DBE中超声小探头不能经由内镜活检孔道送出导致探查失败.所有ISIU探查均未发现相关的并发症.结论ISIU是一种安全有效的辅助检查手段,尤其对小肠黏膜下肿瘤的性质鉴别、早期克罗恩病的诊断及肿瘤侵犯深度的判断存在明显优势.     

三种常见回肠末端溃疡性病变小肠细菌过度生长情况的研究

目的 探讨克罗恩病、肠结核、淋巴瘤三种常见回肠末端溃疡性病变小肠细菌过生长（SIBO）的情况.方法 选择近5年在我院首次住院确诊的,且内镜下仅回肠末端或合并回盲部、回盲瓣存在溃疡性病变的克罗恩病组、肠结核组、淋巴瘤组三组患者,治疗前通过葡萄糖氢呼气试验（GHBT）分别检测其SIBO情况,并与健康对照组进行组间比较分析.结果 三组回肠末端溃疡性病变患者与健康对照组的SIBO阳性率及试餐后呼气氢浓度比较均有显著差异（P＜0.01）.肠结核组患者的SIBO阳性率及试餐后呼气氢浓度较克罗恩病组和淋巴瘤组明显增高,差异有显著性（P＜0.05）.结论 回肠末端溃疡性病变患者容易发生SIBO,特别是肠结核患者尤为明显,通过呼气氢浓度检测,有利于针对性地进行下一步诊治.     

双气囊内镜检查对小肠溃疡病变的诊断研究

目的 研究双气囊内镜(DBE)检查对小肠溃疡病变的诊断价值.方法 统计2003年9月到2007年12月广州南方医院DBE检查发现的小肠单纯溃疡而内镜活检显示为"小肠溃疡"或"慢性炎症"者的资料.结果 符合以上条件者62例,其中男48例,女14例,年龄10～71岁,平均43.9岁.临床主诉为消化道出血38例(61.3%)、腹痛16例(25.8%)、腹胀5例(8.1%)、消瘦2例(3.2%)、腹泻1例(1.6%).DBE诊断为克罗恩病53例(85.5%)、药物性溃疡4例(6.5%)、慢性非特异性炎症2例(3.2%)、淋巴瘤2例(3.2%)、结核1例(1.6%).62例内镜活检常规病理全部为"慢性炎症".其中32例行手术治疗(51.6%),在DBE诊断为克罗恩病的30例中,手术后诊断为克罗恩病22例(3例合并癌变)、淋巴瘤4例、白塞病3例、小肠结核1例,DBE确诊率73.3%;DBE诊断的1例小肠结核和1例淋巴瘤,手术后诊断均为克罗恩病.62例小肠溃疡病变DBE总的确诊率为68.8%(22/32),误诊率达31.2%(10/32).结论 对小肠溃疡病变的定性诊断,DBE结合常规活检也不是特异的,常规病理结合免疫组化技术有可能提高诊断的准确率,当内科治疗效果不好时,适时外科手术对其诊断和治疗都是有益的.     

成人美克尔憩室所致急性肠梗阻的临床特点

目的 分析成人美克尔(Meckel)憩室所致急性肠梗阻的临床特点和诊治体会.方法 对9例美克尔憩室所致急性肠梗阻病例的临床资料和病理学特点进行回顾性分析.结果 9例患者均行手术治疗,经腹腔探查证实为美克尔憩室所致急性肠梗阻.术前仅1例患者确诊为美克尔憩室所致急性肠梗阻,8例仅诊断为肠梗阻;5例行憩室楔形切除术,4例行包括憩室在内的部分回肠切除术.术后病理学检查显示9例患者美克尔憩室均有炎性改变,部分病例憩室伴有黏膜糜烂、微小溃疡、出血或穿孔,4/9憩室中含有异位组织;全部患者术后均痊愈.结论 美克尔憩室是导致急性肠梗阻的少见病因,术前诊断困难,易发生肠绞窄,部分病例憩室中含有异位组织,应及时手术治疗.

Abstract：

Objective To analyze the clinical features of adult patients with acute intestinal obstruction secondary to Meckel's diverticulum and the experience in management of the disease.Methods The clinical data and pathological features of 9 patients with acute intestinal obstruction secondary to Meckel' s diverticulum were retrospectively analyzed. Results All patients were diagnosed with acute intestinal obstruction secondary to Meckel's diverticulum via abdominal cavity exploration and underwent surgical treatment. Before surgical treatment, 1 out of 9 patients was correctly diagnosed as acute intestinal obstruction secondary to Meckel's diverticulum, and the other 8patients were diagnosed as acute intestinal obstruction. Diverticulum was resected in 5 cases and the rest 4 cases received partial excision of small intestine including the diverticulum. Pathological examination showed that all patients had inflammatory changes in diverticulum. Some patients were complicated with mucosal erosion, small ulcers, bleeding or perforation. Forty-four percent (4/9) of diverticula contained ectopic tissue. All patients were cured. Conclusion Meckel's diverticulum is a rare cause of acute intestinal obstruction and preoperative diagnosis is difficult. Diverticulum,howere,is likelihood to develop strangulation or contains ectopic tissue, so that the surgical treatment should be performed early.     

Meckel's diverticulum in Crohn's disease.

Meckel's diverticulum is a congenital abnormality of the distal ileum associated with failed vitelline duct closure. Detailed pathological studies have estimated its frequency to be about 2% of the general population, and it has been anecdotally recorded in patients with Crohn's disease. Most patients with Crohn's disease have imaging studies of the small intestine during the course of their disease, and often, an intestinal resection. Thus, it seems possible to estimate the prevalence of Meckel's diverticula in Crohn's disease. In addition, patient characteristics may be important, especially if management of Crohn's disease is altered. Of 877 patients with Crohn's disease, 10 (about 1%) had a Meckel's diverticulum diagnosed, including six men and four women. All were diagnosed with Crohn's disease before age 50 years and seven were diagnosed before age 30 years. There were five with ileocolonic disease, two with colon-only disease and three with ileum-only disease. The clinical behaviour of five patients could be classified as penetrating and two as stricturing. A total of 311 patients had an ileocolonic resection, including eight (about 2%) with a Meckel's diverticulum. In contrast to some case reports, no heterotopic mucosa was detected and the Meckel's diverticulum was incidental and, apparently, an unexpected finding. In each case, the diverticulum was not involved with Crohn's disease but was included in the ileal resection. These results suggest that the overall prevalence of a Meckel's diverticulum is not increased in Crohn's disease but may result in resection of additional small intestine.     

A case of recurrent intestinal obstruction caused by Meckel's diverticulum]

Meckel's diverticulum is the most common anomaly of the intestine. It is usually asymptomatic but approximately 4% are symptomatic with complications such as bleeding, intestinal obstruction, and inflammation. Gastrointestinal bleeding is the most common presenting symptoms of Meckel's diverticulum in children, however, intestinal obstruction is the most common complications in adult patients. Reported mechanism of intestinal obstruction in Meckel's diverticulum include intussusception, adhesion, and volvulus. Recently, we experienced a case with Meckel's diverticulum associated with ileal stricture causing recurrent partial intestinal obstruction in a 48-year-old man. In contrast to other published cases of small bowel obstruction in Meckel's diverticulum, this case was caused by ileal stricture associated with Meckel's diverticulum.     

Clinical Utility of Double-Balloon Enteroscopy for Small Intestinal Bleeding

Until the development of wireless capsule endoscopy (CE) and double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE), it was extremely difficult to examine the entire small intestine. To assess the usefulness of DBE for diagnosing suspected small intestinal bleeding, we retrospectively compared the diagnoses and treatments of cases before and after its introduction at one hospital. Between September 2003 and December 2005, 21 consecutive patients with suspected small intestinal bleeding underwent DBE at Tokai University Hospital (group A), and subsequently 2 were excluded from the study after being diagnosed with bleeding from a diverticulum and an angiodysplasia in the ascending colon, respectively. For comparison, inpatients who were negative for gastrointestinal bleeding on colonoscopy and gastroscopy between May 1998 and August 2003 were reviewed and 27 consecutive patients who had not undergone DBE were selected as the control group (group B). All patients had been diagnosed negative for a source of bleeding on more than one colonoscopy and gastroscopy. There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of age, gender, history of blood transfusion, blood hemoglobin value on admission, or symptoms. The diagnostic yield of DBE in identifying the source of bleeding was 78.9%: six cases of small intestinal ulcers, five cases of angiodysplasia, two cases of hard submucosal tumor (SMT), one case of small pulsating SMT, and one case of small intestinal cancer. DBE was also used to successfully treat three cases of angiodysplasia with argon plasma coagulation. In the control group, conventional investigations, including enteroclysis, angiography, Meckel scan, scintigraphy with technetium-labeled red blood cells, and/or push enteroscopy, were performed in 88.9%, 29.6%, 29.6%, 55.6%, and 25.9%, respectively. The overall diagnostic yield of the conventional approaches was only 11.1% (P < 0.01), comprising a Meckel's diverticulum, a polyp, and an angiodysplasia. We conclude that DBE can be used to diagnose suspected small intestinal bleeding and to treat some cases, such as angiodysplasia.     

Enterolithiasis Associated with Heal Perforation in Crohn''s Disease

Calcified enteroliths are an uncommon sign of stasis of intestinal contents in the distal small intestine, usually caused by Meckel's diverticulum, Crohn's disease or other stenosing lesion. Although enteroliths are occasionally associated with intestinal obstruction the clinical picture in this case was dominated by perforation of the ileum by a small enterolith. The relevant literature is discussed.     

Clinical implications of jejunoileal diverticular disease

Congenital and acquired diverticula of the jejunum and ileum in the adult are unusual and occur in approximately 1 percent to 2 percent of the population. They are pulsion diverticula thought to be the result of intestinal dyskinesia. These lesions can produce a significant diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma. They are multiple in the jejunum and solitary distally and are characteristically found in 60- or 70-year-old males. The diagnosis may be confirmed with contrast studies of the small intestine, arteriography, or nuclear scan. Consider these disorders in patients with 1) unexplained gastrointestinal bleeding, 2) unexplained intestinal obstruction, 3) an unexpected cause of acute abdomen, 4) chronic abdominal pain, 5) anemia, or 6) malabsorption. Medical therapy is helpful in controlling diarrhea and anemia, while surgical therapy is reserved for hemorrhage, obstruction, perforation, or failure of medical management. Asymptomatic diverticula discovered on routine contrast studies need not be resected. At surgery, incidental diverticula should be removed when evidence of dilated, hypertrophied loops of small bowel with large diverticula is found. Intraoperative air distention will aid in diagnosis. Resection and primary anastomosis is the preferred treatment for non-Meckelian diverticula. Diverticulectomy is reserved for a Meckel's diverticulum without evidence of ulceration. An incidental Meckel's diverticulum should be removed in the presence of mesodiverticular bands or ectopic tissue. Removal of a Meckel's diverticulum is not advised in the patient with Crohn's disease but may be performed in the patient undergoing restorative proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis.     

Evaluation of deep small bowel involvement by double-balloon enteroscopy in Crohn's disease

OBJECTIVES: Double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE) enables inspection of deep small bowel, and total small bowel examination can be performed by either antegrade or retrograde DBE. The aim of this study was to evaluate ileal involvement, which cannot be achieved using conventional colonoscopy, by DBE in patients with Crohn's disease. METHODS: From December 2003 to September 2005, a total of 44 patients with Crohn's disease underwent 53 examinations using DBE. RESULTS: Forty patients with Crohn's disease, seven women and 33 men, underwent DBE, and the ileum was investigated in 38 patients. There were 25 cases of ileitis, 2 of colitis, and 13 of ileocolitis. Jejunal lesions were found in two and ileal lesions proximal to the terminal ileum were found in 24 patients with Crohn's disease. DBE was superior to radiological study to detect aphthae, erosions, and small ulcers in the ileum. Small bowel stricture was demonstrated in six and nine patients with DBE and small bowel barium study (SBBS), respectively. An additional mucosal finding was demonstrated in one of the eight patients who underwent wireless capsule endoscopy, and one patient had a capsule removed by DBE that had become lodged because of an ileal stricture. One ileal perforation because of overtube balloon pressure occurred in 53 examinations of patients with Crohn's disease (1.9%). CONCLUSION: DBE is useful to evaluate small bowel lesions in patients with Crohn's disease; however, special attention should be paid to mesenteric longitudinal ulcers during insertion and the overtube balloon should not be inflated if a clear intestinal view is not possible.