高敏感C反应蛋白与外周动脉疾病的关系

中华内科杂志,2007,46:373-375.该文探讨高敏感C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)与外周动脉疾病(PAD)的关系。方法:2005年7月对攀枝花市某社区年龄>40岁的符合入选标准的643例居民进行流行病学研究。结果:吸烟、高血压、糖尿病、低HDL-C以及心血管疾病史的比例均为PAD组高于非PAD组。高血压、糖尿病和心血管疾病史的比例均呈现CRP高浓度组高于低浓度组。多因素分析发现,CRP中、高浓度组的OR值是低浓度组的2倍多;对hs-CRP进行对数变换后分析,发现Log(hs-CRP)和PAD仍然呈正相关(P=0.007)。结论:hs-CRP和PAD的发生相关,升高的hs-CRP是PAD…     

脑白质疏松症的危险因素分析及评估

目的 探讨脑白质疏松症（LA）相关危险因素,评估LA严重程度与相关危险因素的关系.方法 对收治的157例LA患者（LA组）及115例非LA患者（非LA组）的高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常、血尿酸、既往卒中史等指标进行调查评估,同时进行严重度分级,分析其与相关危险因素的关系.结果 LA组患高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常、既往卒中史的比例明显高于非LA组（P〈0.05）;与非LA组相比,LA组血脂成分中胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白、高密度脂蛋白有明显的统计学差异（P〈0.01）.分析结果还显示LA严重程度可能与血脂异常成正相关,但轻度LA组和重度LA组的各危险因素（血脂异常、糖尿病、高血压、既往卒中史）发生比例无统计学意义（P〉0.05）.结论 高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常、既往卒中史是LA发生的危险因素,而且LA的严重程度与血脂异常可能相关,但危险因素对轻度LA和重度LA之间的影响并无差别.     

踝肱指数评价老年男性高血压患者下肢动脉病变的临床意义

目的通过测量踝肱指数（ABI）评价老年男性高血压患者下肢外周动脉病（PAD）的患病情况,并对发生高血压和PAD的共同危险因素进行评价。方法选取我院老年男性高血压患者264例,按ABI〈0.9者入选PAD组（88例）,ABI≥0.9者为非PAD组（176例）。比较两组患者年龄、身高、体质量、血压、ABI、BMI、共患病情况及是否吸烟等指标。结果 264例患者中ABI异常88例,检出率为33.3%。PAD组的冠心病、高脂血症、糖尿病、吸烟的检出率分别为77.27%、35.22%、51.13%6、5.90%,高于非PAD组的62.50%2、1.59%、33.52%和19.88%,P值分别为0.018,0.025,0.0070,.000。通过PAD患病率危险因素Logistic回归分析,年龄、冠心病、高脂血症、糖尿病、吸烟为独立危险因素（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。结论老年男性高血压患者有较高的PAD发生率,其合并有冠心病、高脂血症、糖尿病、吸烟的检出率远高于非PAD高血压患者。ABI可用于早期诊断其下肢血管病变。     

维持性血液透析患者周围血管疾病发生情况及相关因素分析

目的 探究维持性血液透析患者周围血管疾病(PAD)的发病情况及相关危险因素.方法 回顾性研究275例我院肾脏病血液净化中心2010 ～ 2012年维持性血液透析患者的临床资料,据踝-肱指数(ABI)将其分为周围动脉疾病(PAD)组和非周围动脉疾病(非PAD)组,比较两组的相关指标水平,并对可能影响PAD发生的相关危险因素进行Logistic回归分析.结果 275例患者中PAD 97例(PAD组),患病率35.3％,PAD组中年龄、糖尿病患病率、心脑血管事件史、收缩压、超敏-C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、β2微球蛋白(β2-mg)、同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、可溶性细胞黏附分子-1(sICAM-1)、可溶性血管分子-1水平(sVCAM-1)均明显高于非PAD组,白蛋白及维生素D水平均明显低于非PAD组,两组比较,P均＜0.05;多因素Logistic回归分析显示,年龄、糖尿病、hs-CRP、β2-mg、Hcy、sVCAM-1、sICAM-1、维生素D是PAD的危险因素.结论 维持性血液透析患者PAD发病率高,除传统危险因素外,sICAM-1、sVCAM-1及维生素D亦是PAD发病的危险因素.     

成都市心血管疾病患者中脑卒中高危人群研究报告

目的：调查成都市心血管疾病患者脑卒中高危人群所占的比例,评价各项脑卒中高危因素在脑卒中的作用。方法纳入2011年11月~2012年11月四川省人民医院心血管疾病患者9174例,根据弗明翰（Framingham）卒中风险评估得分对所有患者进行评分,将男性≥10分和女性≥6分定义为脑卒中高危人群,统计高危人群在入组人群中所占比例,并统计各项脑卒中高危因素[包括高血压、脑血管疾病（包括卒中史）、糖尿病、左心室肥厚、房颤、吸烟]的发生率。结果脑卒中高危人群在入组患者中占比52.46%（4813/9174）,其中男性较女性高危人群占比更高[69.99%（2831/4045）vs.38.64%（1982/5129）],差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;在脑卒中的高危因素中,最常见的是脑血管疾病史（86.72%）,其次是高血压（59.01%）,所纳入的脑卒中危险因素中仅吸烟在男性的发生率高于女性,其他均是女性高于男性。结论成都市心血管疾病患者中脑卒中高危患者比例较高,而高危因素中又以脑血管病史和高血压最为主要。     

老年2型糖尿病患者下肢周围动脉病变与心率变异率相关性分析

目的：探讨老年2型糖尿病患者（≥60岁）下肢周围动脉病变（PAD）与心率变异率（HRV）的关系。方法选择2012年6月至2014年7月在首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院西区内分泌科住院的128例老年2型糖尿病患者，根据有无PAD（ABI＜0.9定义为PAD）分为两组。测定体质量指数（BMI）、血压、血脂、周围神经病变、尿微量白蛋白（UAER）、双下肢踝肱指数（ABI）和动态心电图，由仪器自动分析计算出HRV各项时域及频域指标。对两组间各项指标进行统计学分析。结果共128例患者，其中90例无PAD、38例合并PAD。2型糖尿病合并PAD组年龄、糖尿病病程、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、甘油三酯（TG）、UAER及高血压发生率均高于无PAD组（P＜0.05）。PAD组患者HRV指标下降，包括大部分时域指标SDNN、SDNN-index、SDANN及频域指标低频功率、高频功率。校正年龄、糖尿病病程、HbA1c、TG、UAER、高血压后，HRV指标与PAD程度呈负相关。结论老年2型糖尿病合并PAD者具有更低的HRV，表明心脏自主神经系统调节能力下降。     

女性多重动脉硬化患者踝臂指数与全因死亡和心血管疾病死亡关系的群组研究

目的研究具有动脉硬化危险因素的女性住院患者的踝臂指数(ankle-brachial index,ABI)与全因死亡和心血管疾病(CVD)死亡的关系。方法收集2004年7月至2005年1月上海和北京多中心连续内科住院患者中具有2个或2个以上动脉硬化危险因素的女性患者1744例,年龄35~95岁,进行基线特征调查并平均随访(11.8±0.4)个月。结果ABI≤0.90诊断外周动脉疾病(PAD)者492例,ABI为0.91~1.40者1252例为非PAD,PAD组的年龄、高血压史、收缩压、血脂紊乱史、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、糖尿病史、空腹血糖、吸烟史、全因病死率和CVD病死率均高于非PAD组,差异有显著性意义。全因病死率和CVD病死率分别在重度PAD组、轻度至中度PAD组、临界组和正常对照组中的差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。采用Cox回归分析后,重度PAD组全因死亡的RR为4.429(95%CI:2.144~9.149),CVD死亡的RR为6.215(95%CI:1.831~21.099),轻至中度PAD组CVD死亡的RR为2.024(95%CI:1.117~3.664)。PAD组的存活率显著低于非PAD组(P<0.001)。结论低踝臂指数是具有多重动脉硬化危险因素的女性患者全因死亡和CVD死亡的独立危险因素,尤其是CVD死亡,ABI越低,CVD死亡危险性越高。     

性别对高血压前期患者心脑血管疾病的影响

目的 探讨不同性别对高血压前期患者的脑、冠状动脉粥样硬化的影响。方法 收集心内科行冠脉造影检查（CAG）发现冠状动脉狭窄程度在30%~70%,仅接受药物治疗未行经皮冠脉介入（PCI）治疗的高血压前期患者243例,年龄在45~75岁,根据性别分为男性组140例和女性组103例,比较两组的临床特点、住院及访随期间用药情况,比较两组患者的高血压及心血管疾病（急性心肌梗死、缺血性脑卒中）发生情况。采用Cox多因素回归分析探讨年龄、性别、血脂等危险因素与高血压前期进展为高血压及心血管疾病发生的相关性。结果 两组患者基线资料比较,女性组的年龄显著高于男性组〔(61±7)岁 vs.(59±7)岁,P<0.01〕,女性的血脂（总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇）水平也显著高于男性患者（均P<0.01）,但是男性患者的血肌酐值、左室舒张期内径及具有吸烟、饮酒史的比例显著高于女性患者（均P<0.01）。经3.1~8.7(中位数4.5）年的随访后发现高血压前期患者中男性组有71人(50.7%)进展为高血压,而女性组有52人(50.5%)进展为高血压,两组差异无统计学意义。心血管疾病方面,两组共计有72名患者发生急性心肌梗死,其中男性组心肌梗死发生率显著高于女性组（37.1% vs. 19.4%,P<0.01）,而女性组缺血性卒中发生率显著高于男性组（11.6% vs. 4.3%,P<0.05）,高盐饮食的亚组中男性组35人发生急性心肌梗死,女性组仅13人,其男性的心肌梗死发生率高于女性组（50.7% vs. 25.5%,P<0.01）。为进一步探讨高血压及心血管疾病的危险因素,采用Cox多因素回归分析后发现,在高血压前期人群中,高盐饮食为高血压及心血管疾病独立的危险因素,高盐饮食为男性心血管疾病发生独立的危险因素（均P<0.05）。结论 在高血压前期人群中,高盐饮食会加重高血压及心血管疾病的发生及进展,尤其是男性患者,男性高血压前期人群发生急性心肌梗死危险更高,而女性组中缺血性卒中发生率更高。     

同型半胱氨酸与冠心病传统危险因素的相关性

目的探讨血清同型半胱氨酸（HCY）水平与冠心病传统危险因素的关系。方法对105例冠心病（CHD）患者及48例对照组患者测定血清HCY、TC、TG、HDLC、LDLC水平,同时调查冠心病的其他危险因素,包括性别,年龄,高血压病史,糖尿病史及吸烟史。结果①CHD组血清HCY水平显著高于对照组（P<0.01）,且CHD组中高HCY血症发生率显著高于对照组（P<0.01）。②CHD组血清HCY水平与年龄、血脂各指标无相关关系;血清HCY水平在不同性别、高血压史、糖尿病史及吸烟史之间均无显著性差异。③经多因素非条件Logistic回归分析,HCY对CHD的相对危险度（OR）为1.505（95%的可信区间为1.270～1.783,P<0.01）。结论冠心病患者血清HCY水平显著增高,高HCY血症所占比例较大,且血HCY水平和冠心病传统危险因素之间无相关关系,它是冠心病的独立危险因素。     

血清脂质运载蛋白对老年原发性高血压患者心血管疾病的影响

目的 分析血清脂质运载蛋白(Lipocalin)对老年原发性高血压患者心血管疾病的影响。方法 分析158例老年原发性高血压患者的一般资料和临床资料,依据患者是否发生心血管疾病分为发生组(n=75)和对照组(n=83),比较两组各项资料,对有统计学意义的资料进一步行Logistic多因素回归分析,分析患者心血管疾病发生的危险因素,并分析Lipocalin与各危险因素的相关性。结果 发生组高血压病程长于对照组,体重指数(BMI)高于对照组,合并吸烟史、合并糖尿病史占比高于对照组,脂蛋白(Apo)A、C反应蛋白(CRP)水平均低于对照组,肌酐(Cr)、同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、Lipocalin水平高于对照组,差异均统计学有意义(均P<0.05)。Logistic多因素回归分析显示,体重指数(BMI)≥24 kg/m²、高血压病程≥3年、Cr≥90μmol/L、Hcy≥13μmol/L、LDL-C≥4 mmol/L、Lipocalin≥80 ng/ml是老年原发性高血压患者心血管疾病发生的危险因素(P<0.05)。老年原发性高...     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.