CBCT3D测量在牙槽突裂手术前后鼻外形评价中的应用研究

目的：研究CBCT3D测量在牙槽突裂术后鼻外形测量的精确性。方法：选择单侧牙槽突裂患者作为研究对象,在术前及术后6个月行CBCT检查。利用CBCT自带的Ez3D2009软件测量患者鼻外形有关数据,并同人体学直接测量结果对比分析。结果：CBCT3D测量结果与人体学直接测量结果无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。结论：CBCT3D测量使用简单、灵活,用于牙槽突裂手术前后鼻外形测量结果可靠,值得推广使用。     

早期腭裂修复同时运用植骨技术一期修复牙槽嵴裂

传统的唇腭裂发病理论认为早期牙槽嵴裂手术影响上颌骨的发育,而将牙槽嵴裂植骨修复确定在9～11岁.我们在免费救助贫困家庭唇腭裂患者的临床工作中发现,一些由于家庭贫困生长至成年仍没有做腭裂手术的大龄患者,在颅面发育的早期,虽然上颌骨发育没有受到手术等因素的影响,但成年后仍然有上颌骨发育不良、反颌畸形与严重的鼻畸形等,这使我们对早期牙槽嵴裂手术影响上颌骨发育的理论产生疑问.近年来随着唇腭裂发病基因调控的理论的发展,一些学者对唇腭裂的修复手术做了大胆的改进与创新,尤其Carstens [1]2002年提出的源于颅面胚胎学理论及Moss 和Salentijn[2]的功能基质假说的功能基质整复理论,为牙槽嵴裂早期修复提供了良好的理论基础.2007年1月至2009年12月,我们应用髂骨松质骨行牙槽嵴裂植骨技术对12例单侧完全性腭裂的患儿行腭裂修复同时修复牙槽嵴裂,通过1～2年随访,效果良好.     

婴儿单侧完全性唇腭裂使用鼻-牙槽突矫治器术前正畸的效果评价

目的:观察婴儿单侧完全性唇腭裂术前行鼻-牙槽突塑形治疗对患儿鼻唇部和牙槽突部矫治的效果。方法:选用56例患儿做为实验组进行唇裂手术前鼻-牙槽突塑形治疗,比较实验组患儿使用鼻-牙槽突塑形治疗前后及实验组和对照组患儿唇裂术前的唇部裂隙,牙槽突裂隙,鼻翼宽度,鼻小柱倾斜度,鼻小柱高度。采用spss15.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析。结果:实验组患儿经鼻-牙槽突塑形治疗后唇部裂隙及牙槽突裂隙,鼻翼宽度明显减小,鼻小柱高度明显增加,鼻小柱倾斜度减小,与治疗前及对照组相比均具有显著性差异,且明显改善了双侧鼻部的对称性。结论:通过鼻-牙槽突塑形治疗,减小唇部及牙槽突的裂隙宽度,改善鼻部外形,为手术创造良好的条件,是值得临床推广采用的唇腭裂序列治疗方法。     

扩弓后单侧完全性牙槽突裂的骨移植修复

目的:研究单侧完全性牙槽突裂畸形患者扩弓后骨移植修复的效果,为唇腭裂序列治疗后期正畸和正颌外科治疗提供临床基础。方法:对23例恒牙期单侧完全性唇腭裂术后伴发牙弓狭窄的牙槽突裂畸形患者进行快速扩弓并保持半年后,采用自体髂骨松质骨颗粒移植修复进行研究,对术后随访的X线片进行效果评价。结果:临床应用该方法治疗23例牙槽突裂患者,术后随诊3个月以上,临床观察牙槽突裂已修复,X线片显示骨密度接近正常骨质,移植骨块清晰可见,有较好的术后愈合效果。结论:正畸扩弓技术牙槽突裂骨移植修复术是唇腭裂序列治疗的重要组成部分,对于矫治伴有牙槽突裂的上牙弓缩窄畸形的唇腭裂患者,应在植骨手术前行扩弓治疗。     

单侧完全性唇腭裂患者自体骨移植修复牙槽突裂后早期牙移入的CT评价

目的 应用螺旋CT评价早期移动裂隙两侧的牙齿给予植骨区适当的功能刺激能否减少牙槽突裂植骨术后植入骨的吸收,增加新骨的形成,从而提高植骨手术成功率及植骨效果.方法 牙槽突裂患者12例,年龄9～13岁,分为两组：正畸牙移动组（A组）,在牙槽突裂植骨术后早期进行正畸牙移动;对照组（B组）只是行自体骨牙槽突裂植骨术.在植骨前后和正畸治疗后进行三维CT扫描,并对获得数据进行重建分析,观察正畸牙移入植骨区域后,正畸牙位置及牙槽骨的形态及体积变化.结果 两组在术前裂隙宽度及牙槽突裂体积均未见明显差异.术后6个月A组的新骨成骨体积为（0.98±0.23） mm3,显著大于B组的（0.73±0.15） mm3.新骨形成率在A组为（72.5±11.9）％,显著大于B组的（53.2±9.7）％.牙槽突裂患者自体骨植骨术后,早期正畸牙移动可顺利使裂隙侧牙齿移入植骨区域,正畸牙的牙根尖位置发生明显的位移,CT断面未见明显牙根吸收.结论 早期正畸牙移动可明显减少牙槽突裂植骨术后植入骨的吸收,其对植入骨的改建有明显的积极作用.     

单侧牙槽嵴裂动物模型的建立及牙槽嵴裂对鼻软组织生长发育的影响

目的 建立单侧牙槽嵴裂动物模型,研究牙槽嵴裂对鼻软组织发育的影响.方法 选用10只标准同窝实验犬,自身对照,随机确定实验侧和对照侧.采用外科手术的方法在实验侧造成10 mm ×15 mm的单侧牙槽嵴裂.术后10周处死动物,通过螺旋CT进行头颅三维重建,应用Amira软件对两组动物进行外鼻定点,行线距及角度测量并分析数据;另解剖双侧鼻翼软骨,于软骨内1/2处、穹隆角、外1/2、外1/4处垂直于软骨长轴切开,水平包埋,常规组织学处理,HE染色,进行图像分析.采用SPSS 15.0软件对数据进行配对t检验,分析比较软骨发育的差别.结果 大体观察:实验侧牙槽嵴裂裂隙未愈合,双侧鼻翼发育程度不一致,患侧发育较健侧差,并伴有患侧鼻翼外侧脚下陷;鼻尖位置向患侧偏斜,鼻孔呈不同程度的不对称,鼻小柱向健侧偏斜.组织学观察:健侧软骨外侧脚1/2处和1/4处中央细胞密度、面积、周长均比患侧发育良好,差异有统计学意义.结论 单侧牙槽嵴裂异常力学结构对外鼻的形态及鼻翼软骨发育具有一定的影响.     

唇腭侧联合入路植骨术修复牙槽突裂的临床观察

目的探讨经唇、腭侧联合入路植骨术修复牙槽突裂的临床效果。方法对收治的56例单侧牙槽突裂患者随机分为对照组(唇侧入路植骨修复)与观察组(唇、腭侧联合入路植骨修复),每组各28例。通过植入自体髂骨骨松质修复牙槽突裂,观察患者术后形态及功能变化。结果观察组植骨成功24例,成功率为85.71%;对照组植骨成功15例,成功率为53.57%。观察组患者术后疼痛及肿胀程度均低于对照组(P0.05);2组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论采用唇、腭侧联合入路植骨术修复牙槽突裂,术后不良反应较少,植骨成功率较高,具有临床应用价值。     

牵张成骨关闭牙槽突裂的实验研究及组织学观察

目的:应用牵张成骨技术进行牙槽突裂关闭术,观测牙槽突裂硬软组织修复效果和牵张间隙新骨生成的过程、机制,探索一种牙槽突裂整复治疗的新途径。方法:以10只成年杂种犬为实验对象,建立人工上颌牙槽突裂的动物模型,其中2只为对照组。另8只为实验组,以牙骨复合体作为转运盘,以每次0.4mm,2次/天的速度沿牙弓方向行牵张成骨术,直到关闭硬组织裂隙。于原位固定0,14,28,63天分别处死动物各2只,对标本进行X线摄片、大体和组织学观察。结果:利用牵张成骨术成功地进行牙槽突裂整复术,硬组织裂隙关闭, 同时软组织得到扩张;骨牵张间隙完全被新生骨组织取代并沿牵张方向生长,随固定时间的延长改建、成熟。结论:牵张成骨术提供了牙槽突裂治疗的新途径,新骨的生成是膜内成骨方式。     

腭板HA复合人工骨植骨术对上颌骨生长发育的相关研究

目的研究腭板HA复合人工骨植骨术对患者上颌骨三维方向上生长发育的影响。方法腭板骨缺损的先天性Ⅱ度腭裂患者40例，随机分为对照组和植骨组，植骨组腭板骨缺损利用HA复合人工骨修复，所有患者年满16周岁时复诊，行X线头影测量及牙颌模型测量对比分析。结果植骨组与对照组在上颌骨长度及高度发育上差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；植骨组与对照组在上颌骨后部宽度发育上差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05），植骨组上颌骨宽度明显大于对照组。结论腭板植骨术对上颌骨宽度的发育存在明显的促进作用，在提倡序列治疗的过程中应该考虑对硬腭骨缺损进行植骨修复。     

CGF联合自体髂骨移植修复先天性牙槽嵴裂的初步研究

目的:应用浓缩生长因子(CGF)联合自体髂骨治疗先天性牙槽嵴裂,并评价其疗效。方法:将在笔者医院口腔颌面外科就诊的22例牙槽嵴裂患者设为实验组,采用CGF联合自体髂骨对上述患者进行自体骨移植手术,于术后1个月和术后半年进行CBCT检查;对照组为近半年内采用传统方法行牙槽嵴植骨手术,并留有完整影像学资料的22例患者,均符合实验纳入标准。分别测量实验组和对照组患者牙槽嵴裂隙内新生骨的最低边缘骨水平(MBL)、最小垂直骨桥高度(SLB)、最小骨宽度(SBW),并对上述数据进行统计学分析。结果:实验组MBL评分明显优于对照组,实验组患者牙槽嵴裂隙内新生骨SLB和SBW均高于对照组,经统计学分析存在显著性差异(P0.05)。术后半年相较术后1个月裂隙内新生骨存在明显吸收,无统计学差异(P0.05),实验组应用CGF后其新生骨的吸收率明显低于对照组。结论:CGF应用于唇腭裂继发牙槽嵴裂植骨手术,可以明显增加裂隙内新生骨量。     

A comparative study of maxillary growth following rotation-advancement and triangular flap unilateral cleft lip repairs: an experimental study in rabbits

The present study was designed to investigate 2 features of maxillary growth following Millard rotation-advancement and Tennison triangular flap cleft lip repairs in rabbits with surgically created defects simulating unilateral cleft lip and cleft alveolus. Sixty purebred New Zealand rabbits were used in this experiment. The animals were divided into 4 groups: 2 control groups (unoperated and unrepaired) and 2 experimental groups (lip repair with rotation-advancement and lip repair with triangular flap). Nineteen metric cranial variables were measured directly from the cleaned skulls. Direct cephalometric measurements were taken in the following dimensions: maxillary length, width and height, posterior facial width, and nasal deflection. Significant differences were noted between Millard rotation-advancement group and Tennison triangular flap group in 2 of 6 measurements of maxillary length. Analysis of variance revealed significantly statistical differences between Millard rotation-advancement group and Tennison triangular flap group in 3 of 6 measures of maxillary width. Analysis of variance revealed no significantly statistical differences between Millard rotation-advancement group and Tennison triangular flap group in maxillary height. Statistical differences were noted between Millard rotation-advancement group and Tennison triangular flap group in posterior facial width. There was no significantly statistical difference between Millard rotation-advancement group and Tennison triangular flap group for the nasal deflection measurements. The results of this study indicated that the features of maxillary growth were different between the 2 lip-repair techniques in rabbits with surgically created defects simulating unilateral cleft lip and alveolus.     

内置式牵引器经腭横缝牵引成骨对上颌骨及腭骨形态的研究

目的：在实验动物腭部置入牵引器,通过形态学观察及X线影像测量,观察SDO技术对犬上颌骨及腭骨形态生长发育影响。方法：选取12周龄雄性杂种犬16只,体重3～4kg,随机分为NC组4只及实验组（SDO组）12只（2组×6只）。牵引器直径分别为0.9mm、1.0mm。牵引器压缩前长度为2.8cm。牵引器在压缩距离为0.5～1.8cm时张力值分别为250～480g、350～760g。2个实验组牵引28～35天,陆续将3组犬处死。观察记录3组犬的腭部形态变化及关系变化。定期拍摄定上颌咬合片。结果：SDOI和I I组与NC组相比,硬腭长度明显增大。其中SDOI I组硬腭长度增大更为明显。结论：SDO技术明显延长腭骨长度,前移上颌骨。     

单侧唇裂手术前后唇鼻部外观变化的数据分析

目的获得单侧唇裂患儿术前唇鼻形态的数据资料,根据唇鼻畸形特征设计手术修复方案,通过术后临床观察,评价手术效果。方法单侧唇裂患儿85例,分为单侧完全性唇裂组、单侧不完全性唇裂组。术前、术后6个月分别测量裂隙两侧唇长、唇高、人中嵴高度、鼻底宽度和鼻小柱高度,采用配对t检验来比较各组患儿裂隙两侧测量值的差异。结果单侧唇裂患儿术前裂隙两侧唇鼻部各项参数均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;短期术后随访表明,两组1岁以内患儿在健一患侧唇长和鼻底宽度方面具有统计学意义（P〈0．01）,裂隙侧唇长较健侧小,鼻底宽度较健侧大。完全性唇裂组患儿术后半年患侧鼻小柱高度小于健侧。1～2岁患儿在健一患侧唇长、唇高、人中嵴高度、鼻底宽度和鼻小柱高度方面差异无统计学意义。结论测量单侧唇裂患儿唇长、唇高、鼻底宽度、鼻小柱高度和人中嵴高度,对术前手术设计和术后对称性评估有很大的帮助。短期随访表明,1岁以内单侧唇裂患儿患侧唇长变短,鼻底增宽,在今后的唇裂修复中,需要通过改进手术方法来解决。     

Neonatal computed tomographic maxillary explorations in children with unilateral cleft lip and palate

The aim was to examine the bony maxillary structures by computed tomographic measurements in newborns with unilateral cleft lip and palate before cheiloplasty. Analysis of maxillary bone was performed and size parameters were measured by computed-tomographic analysis in 12 infants with unilateral cleft lip and palate. We compared the bony maxillary length and the bony maxillary width between the cleft side and the healthy side. For eight patients, the bony maxillary length was different between the cleft side and the healthy side. For three patients, the bony maxillary width was different between the incisor alveolar structure in the cleft side and the healthy side. For six patients, the bony maxillary width was different between the canine alveolar structure in the cleft side and the healthy side. We noted an asymmetry without hypoplasy in bony maxillary structure in newborns before cheiloplasty. The data can serve as the starting point for a control and later evaluation on the efficiency of different therapeutic approaches of alveolar and maxillary development in children with cleft lip and palate.     

前颌中缝牵张修复牙槽裂的实验研究

目的　探索用缝牵张成骨技术以组织再生的原理修复牙槽裂。方法　采用犬牙槽裂模型 ,牙槽裂形成术后 2周 ,于前颌中缝处安置缝牵张器 ,外张力 2 0 0g。牵张 2～ 3周 ,裂隙侧的前颌骨向侧方移动贴紧远中裂缘 ,用局部黏骨膜瓣修复牙槽裂隙。保持 2周后去除缝牵张器。临床观察、连续X线、头颅干骨和组织学检查评价治疗结果。结果　所有对照动物形成规则的牙槽裂 ,无自发骨性愈合。前颌中缝牵张后 ,裂隙侧前颌缓慢向裂侧上颌靠拢 ,2～ 3周与远中裂缘密切贴合。X线片示前颌中缝呈现由窄渐宽的三角形 ,三角形的尖端指向后方 ,三角区域的骨密度逐渐增加。骨膜成形术后 3个月 ,原牙槽嵴缺损处骨质连续性完全恢复 ,且牙槽骨段在三维方向上均与对侧相同。前颌中缝恢复正常直线形态。结论　该牙槽裂模型稳定性和重复性好 ;前颌中缝牵张诱导缝区新骨形成 ,一侧前颌向裂隙移位和局部骨膜成形可达到完善的牙槽裂修复。     

Roles of palatine bone denudation repairing with free buccal or palatal mucosal graft on maxillary growth: an experimental study in rabbits

Most surgical repairs of cleft palate result in areas of bone denudation on lateral aspects of the hard palate. The present study was designed to investigate growth patterns of the maxilla following palatal bone denudation covering with free buccal or palatal mucosal graft in rabbits with surgically created defects simulating palatal bone denudation. Forty-five purebred New Zealand rabbits were used in this experiment. The animals were divided into 3 groups: 1 control group (left palatal bone denudation was not repaired and the right side was unoperated as a control) and 2 experimental groups (the right side of palatal bone denudation was covered with free buccal or palatal mucosal graft, respectively, and the left side was not repaired). Nineteen metric cranial variables were measured directly from the cleaned skulls. Direct cephalometric measurements were taken in the following dimensions: maxillary length, width and height, posterior facial width, and nasal deflection. Significant differences were noted between 2 sides of maxilla in all animals for the 19 cephalometric measurements. The cephalometric measurements of the right side in maxillary length, height, and width were significantly greater than those in the left side. There was no statistically significant difference between free buccal mucosal graft repaired group and free palatal mucosal graft repaired group for the cephalometric measurements. There was also no statistically significant difference for the cephalometric measurements between the 3 groups. The results of this study demonstrate that palatal bone denudation repaired by free buccal or palatal mucosal graft might prevent maxillary deformity following cleft palate surgery.     

牵引成骨修复人工腭裂的远期效果和对颌面部的影响

目的观察持续弹力牵引成骨技术修复人工腭裂的远期效果和对颌面部结构的影响.方法采用6个月龄杂种犬制备腭裂模型,以腭裂牵引器牵引两侧切骨后的腭骨板修复腭裂,达到预期效果后,继续饲养至12个月龄.观察治疗效果,采用头颅测量方法进行测量和统计学分析.结果牵引治疗期间实验组裂隙逐渐缩小,2～3周裂隙后部关闭.观察期间无复裂、呼吸道狭窄等并发症.实验组腭骨水平板长度明显大于对照组,平均延长4.75 mm,差异有非常显著性意义(P＜0.01);两组动物面长度、高度、宽度、腭骨水平板宽度和垂直板间距差异均无显著性意义.结论应用持续弹力牵引成骨修复腭裂疗效稳定,对颌面部结构无明显影响.腭裂牵引器设计合理,在牵引腭骨板成骨的同时,具有稳定上颌骨的功能.     

组织工程骨修复牙槽嵴裂的实验研究

目的探讨骨髓来源的种子细胞复合胶原蛋白海绵构建组织工程骨修复牙槽嵴裂的可行性。方法12条实验犬被分成4组。于双侧上颌第3切牙处去除长15mm牙槽骨形成牙槽嵴裂动物模型;经股骨骨髓穿刺,分离骨髓基质干细胞,培养、传代扩增诱导后,与蛋白胶原海绵混合培养48h,植入骨缺损处。饲养12周后处死动物,通过三维CT及组织学检查评价骨缺损修复的效果。结果实验组牙槽骨断端间形成完整的骨连接,切片可见髓腔通畅,新形成的牙槽嵴宽度与松质骨组相似(P>0.05),但高度不足(P<0.05)。结论组织工程骨可以较好地修复牙槽嵴裂,有望成为修复牙槽嵴裂的治疗方法。