芬太尼,阿芬太尼对低氧性肺血管收缩的影响

用家兔ＨＰＶ模型研究芬太尼和阿芬太尼对低氧性肺血管收缩（ＨＰＶ）的影响。３０只家兔随机分为三组，低氧组、芬太尼组和阿芬太尼组，每组均经三次低氧。芬太尼组和阿芬太尼组，三次低氧时药物浓度分别为２．３×１０－４ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ、４．６×１０－４ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ、６．９×１０－４ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ和１．３×１０－３ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ、２．６×１０－３ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ、３．９×１０－３ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ。与低氧组相比，芬太尼及低浓度阿芬太尼对ＨＰＶ无影响（Ｐ＞０．０５）。而３．９×１０－３ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，阿芬太尼时明显抑制ＨＰＶ（Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示阿芬太尼抑制ＨＰＶ与剂量相关。低氧前后灌流液中ＰＧＩ２和ＴＸＡ２的浓度测定，发现ＰＧＩ２／ＴＸＡ２平衡改变可能参与阿芬太尼抑制ＨＰＶ。     

白细胞介素10抑制核因子кB介导的肾小管上皮细胞表达细胞间黏附分子1

目的研究白细胞介素１０（ＩＬ－１０）对人近端肾小管上皮细胞（ＨＫ－２细胞）在促炎症因子肿瘤坏死因子α（ＴＮＦα）作用下表达细胞间黏附分子１（ＩＣＡＭ－ｌ）及其相关核转录途径的影响。方法 用ＨＫ－２细胞作靶细胞，用细胞酶联免疫吸附法（ＥＩＪＳＡ）和Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ杂交观察ＩＣＡＭ－１的蛋白和基因的表达，以电泳迁移率变动法测定转录因子核因子ｋＢ （ＮＦｋＢ）和激活蛋白 Ｉ（ＡＰ－１）的活性。结果ＴＮＦα呈剂量依赖地诱导ＨＫ－２细胞ＮＦｋＢ的活化及ＩＣＡＭ－１的基因和蛋白表达，这些作用可以被ＮＦｋＢ的抑制剂对甲苯磺－Ｌ－苯丙氨酸氯甲基甲酮（ＴＰＣＫ）所抑制，但ＴＮＦα对ＨＫ－２细胞的ＡＰ－１活性无影响。 ＩＬ－１０（１～ ２０ｎｇ／ｍｌ）可抑制 ＴＮＦα诱导的 ＨＫ－２细胞 ＩＣＡＭ－ｌ基因和蛋白表达及 ＮＦｋＢ的活化。结论ＴＮＦα诱导人肾小管上皮细胞ＨＫ－２的ＮＦｋＢ活化，进而促进ＩＣＡＭ－ｌ基因和蛋白表达，ＩＬ－１０可抑制ＴＮＦα诱导的上述炎症效应。     

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目的 探讨血中的一氧化氮等自由基在急性胰腺炎（ＡＰ）及并发全身炎症反应综合征（ＳＩＲＳ）发病中的作用。方法 ３９例ＡＰ病人按有无并发ＳＩＲＳ分为有ＳＩＲＳ组及无ＳＩＲＳ组,另取５０例健康正常人作为对照组,检测血浆一氧化氮（Ｐ－ＮＯ）、血浆维生素Ｃ（Ｐ－ＶＣ）、血浆维生素Ｅ（Ｐ－ＶＥ）、血浆β－胡萝卜素（Ｐ－β－ＣＡＲ）、全血还原型谷光甙肽（ＷＢ－ＧＳＨ）的含量以及红细胞超氧化物歧化酶（Ｅ－ＳＯＤ）、红细胞过氧化氢酶（Ｅ－ＣＡＴ）的活性变化。结果 有ＳＩＲＳ的ＡＰ组较无ＳＩＲＳ的ＡＰ组Ｐ－ＮＯ的含量明显增加,而Ｐ－ＶＣ、Ｐ－ＶＥ、Ｐ－β－ＣＡＲ、ＷＢ－ＧＳＨ的含量及Ｅ－ＳＯＤ、Ｅ－ＣＡＴ的活性明显减少（Ｐ〈０．００１）;病人组与正常对照组比较得出相同的结果（Ｐ〈０．００１）。结论 体内自由基释放－清除机制和氧化机     

enalapril对不同肾功能高血压患者血管活性物质的作用

为转换酶抑制剂（ＡＣＥＩ）治疗高血压提供理论依据。方法２５例高血压患者按内生肌酐清除率分为肾功能正常１０例，代偿８例和氮质血症７例３组。观察ＡＣＥＩｅｎａｌａｐｒｉｌ（１０～３０ｍｇ／ｄ）４周对血管活性物质，包括血浆肾素活性（ＰＲＡ），血管紧张素Ⅱ（ＡＴⅡ），转换酶（ＡＣＥ），心钠素（ＡＮＦ），尿醛固酮（Ａｌｄｏ），缓激肽（ＢＫ）和前列腺素Ｅ２（ＰＧＥ２）的作用。结果１．服药前３组患者与正常人比，ＡＴⅡ升高，ＰＲＡ，Ａｌｄｏ无差异；氮质血症组患者ＢＫ降低，ＡＮＦ增高；２．服药后３组患者ＡＴⅡ，Ａｌｄｏ和ＡＮＦ下降，ＢＫ（除氮质血症组），ＰＧＥ２和ＰＲＡ升高；３．治疗后ＡＴⅡ与Ａｌｄｏ、ＡＴⅡ与ＡＮＦ以及ＢＫ与ＰＧＥ２分别呈正相关。结论１．肾素－血管紧张素系统（ＲＡＳ）与ＢＫ－ＰＧＳ两系统相互调节在不同肾功能高血压患者的发病中起着作用，并有着治疗意义；２．ｅｎａｌａｐｒｉｌ降低血压和保护肾脏作用可能通过抑制ＲＡＳ和激活ＢＫ－ＰＧＳ所介导     

梗阻性黄疸兔血浆内毒素和内皮素1含量与血流动力学改变的关系

研究梗阻性黄疸内毒素血症对血管内皮细胞产生内皮素１（ＥＴ－１）的作用及ＥＴ－１与梗阻性黄应时血流动力学改变的关系。方法用肝总管结扎法建立梗阻性黄疸（ＯＪ）兔模型,偶氮显色法定量测定血内毒素含量,特异性放射免疫分析法测定血浆ＥＴ－１,生理记录仪和电磁血流计测定心率（ＨＲ）、平均动脉压（ＭＡＰ）、心输出量（ＣＯ）、肝动脉血流量（ＨＡＢＦ）、门静脉血流量（ＰＶＢＦ）、门静脉压力（ＰＶＰ）及内脏血管阻力（ＳＡＲ）。结果ＯＪ组血浆内毒素含量明显高于正常对照（ＮＣ）组;血浆ＥＴ－１低于ＮＣ组。ＯＪ组血浆内毒素与血浆ＥＴ－１含量呈负相关;ＯＪ组血浆ＥＴ－１含量与ＭＡＰ、ＨＡＢＦ、ＰＶＢＦ及ＳＡＲ呈正相关。结论梗阻性黄疽时血浆ＥＴ－１水平降低,内毒素血症不能刺激血管内皮细胞产生ＥＴ－１,血浆ＥＴ－１水平下降在系统血流动力学改变中起一定的作用。     

血液透析对多形核白细胞糖皮质激素受体及趋化移动的影响

血液透析对多形核白细胞糖皮质激素受体及趋化移动的影响林萍，刘志民ＡＡＴＵＤＹＯＮＴＨＥＣＨＡＮＧＥＯＦＧＬＵＣＯＣＯＲＴＩＣＯＩＤＲＥＣＥＰＴＯＲＡＮＤＣＨＥＭ－ＯＴＡＣＴＩＣＭＩＧＲＡＴＩＯＮＩＮＴＨＥＰＯＬＹＭＯＲＰ－ＨＯＮＵＣＬＥＡＲＬＥＵＫＯ...     

乙型肝炎表面抗原阳性对肾移植存活率的影响

乙型肝炎表面抗原阳性对肾移植存活率的影响黄英伟，陈统清ＩＮＦＬＵＥＮＣＥＯＦＨＢＳｓＡＧＰＯＳＩＴＩＶＥＯＮＳＵＲ－ＶＩＶＡＬＲＡＴＥＯＦＲＥＮＡＬＴＲＡＮＳＰＬＡＮＴＡＴＩＯＮ．ＨｕａｎｇＹｉｎｇｗｅｉ；ＣｈｅｎＴｏｎｇｑｉｎｇ．（ＦｉｒｓｔＰｅｏ...     

肾移植患者丙型肝炎病毒感染的研究

目的 了解肾移植患者ＨＣＶ感染情况及感染对临床影响。方法 对６７例肾移植患者进行至少１年的随访,用第二代酶联免疫吸附法（第二代ＥＬＩＳＡ法）和巢式多聚酶链反应（Ｎｅｓｔ－ＰＣＲ法）测定血清中丙型肝炎病毒抗体（抗ＨＣＶ）和丙型肝炎病毒核糖核酸（ＨＣＶＲＮＡ）,免疫组化链霉亲合 酶联法（ＬＳＡＢ法）测定丙型肝炎病毒非结构区３区、５区基因表达的抗原（ＨＣＶ－ＮＳ３、ＮＳ５抗原）。结果 抗ＨＣＶ阳性率５０     

静脉注射不同剂量异丙酚对血流动力学及通气功能的影响

应用阻抗法和分气流监测法观察静脉注射不同剂量异丙酚（Ｐｒｏｐｏｆｏｌ，ＰＲＯ）后患者血流动力学（ＭＡＰ、ＮＲ、ＳＬＣＩ、ＩＦＩ、ＶＥＴ、ＥＶＩ、ＳＶＲＩ、ＩＣ、ＰＦＩ、ＬＳＷＩ）与通气功能（ＶＴ、ＲＲ、ＶＥ、ＦＥＶ１％、ＥＴＣＯ２、ＳＰＯ２、 Ｉ－ＥｔＯ２）的变化。 ４０例（ＡＳＡⅠ～ Ⅱ）随机分成四组，ＰＲＯ剂量分别为 １．０ｍｇ／ｋｇ、１．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ、２．０ｍｇ／ｋｇ、２．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ。结果：（１）１～４组呼吸暂停发生率为０％、２０％、３０％、８０％，苏醒时间分别为３ ０±１．５、７．４±２．３、９．１±３．６、９．６±４．２分钟：（２）静脉注射不同剂量ＰＲＯ启ＳＡＰ、ＤＡＰ、ＭＡＰ、ＳＩ下降，ＨＲ、ＣＩ、ＳＶＲＩ无明显变化，心肌收缩性（ＩＣ、ＰＦＩ、ＥＶＩ）明显减弱，ＳＶＲＩ减少；（３）ＰＲＯ对呼吸有抑制作用，以ＶＴ和ＶＥ影响最大，与剂量呈正相关；对面罩吸氧患者ＳｐＯ２、ＲＲ、ＥＴＣＯ２无明显改变，Ｉ－ＥｔＯ２减少；舌后坠者托起下颌对ＶＴ、ＶＥ的恢复颇为有效。     

补体在重度烧伤病人PMN吞杀绿脓杆菌力中的作用

采集了７０例烧伤病人１２９份外周血中性粒细胞（ＰＭＮ），以Ｏ~２￣－、特殊颗粒（ＳＧ）和胞内杀菌力（ＩＣＢＡ）为指标动态观测了深度烧伤后病人的ＰＭＮ水平变化；分析了病人血浆对正常人ＰＭＮ胞内指标的有害作用，及抗人Ｃ~３、Ｃ~５血清（ＡＨＣ~３Ｃ~５Ｓ）对上述有害作用的特异阻断效能。结果表明：①重、中度烧伤病人的各指标值均显著低于正常水平（Ｐ＜０．０５）；当ＢＳＤ（深度烧伤面积）≥４５％和病程在１～６天时，ＩＣＢＡ最低。②ＩＣＢＡ与ＳＧ和Ｏ~２￣－的动态相关显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）。③病人血浆能显著削减正常人ＰＭＮ胞内ＩＣＢＡ、ＳＧ和Ｏ~２￣－的储存，而ＡＨＣ~３Ｃ~５Ｓ能减轻这些储存的丢失，效能由保护率表示：ＩＣＢＡ（６７．３３％）＞ＳＧ（５１．６０％）＞Ｏ~２￣－（４６．６８％）。结果提示：ＰＭＮ杀菌力的高低与ＢＳＤ和病程早晚呈负相关，Ｃ~３、Ｃ~５碎片是ＰＭＮ胞内ＩＣＢＡ下降的重要直接因素。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.