肝癌破裂出血手术治疗进展

约3％～15％的肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)会自发性破裂出血而使预后变差.肝动脉栓塞(TAE)是肝癌急性期止血的首选治疗,但急症手术和择期手术在自发性肝癌破裂出血(spontane-ous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma,SRHCC)的处理...     

急诊经导管动脉栓塞治疗医源性肝动脉出血

目的探讨医源性肝动脉出血的急诊肝动脉造影表现及经导管动脉栓塞(TAE)治疗的疗效。方法对38例医源性肝动脉出血患者行急诊肝动脉造影,确定出血动脉后,以明胶海绵、PVA颗粒和弹簧圈进行急诊栓塞治疗;对其急诊肝动脉造影表现及TAE疗效进行回顾性分析。结果 38例中,21例肝动脉造影可见对比剂外溢,5例肝动静脉瘘,9例肝动脉假性动脉瘤,3例肝动脉假性动脉瘤合并肝动静脉瘘。急诊TAE后38例出血均停止,总有效率为100%(38/38)。1例术后10天复发出血,再次栓塞治疗后出血停止。随访12个月,所有患者均无肝脏坏死及异位栓塞等严重并发症发生。结论急诊TAE治疗医源性肝动脉出血安全、有效。     

肝细胞性肝癌自发破裂出血的治疗策略

【摘要】 目的 探讨肝细胞性肝癌自发性破裂出血患者的治疗策略。方法〓对江门市人民医院两个不同历史阶段收治的肝癌破裂患者的临床资料进行回顾性对比研究,第一阶段(1992~2002年)肝癌破裂患者47例,采取手术或保守治疗;第二阶段(2003~2013年)肝癌破裂患者58例,采用手术、经肝动脉栓塞或保守治疗,对比两阶段患者的30天、1年生存率和累计生存率。结果〓第一阶段保守治疗22例,急诊肝切除25例,30天死亡22例;第二阶段12例保守治疗,急诊肝切除29例,经肝动脉栓塞17例,其中10例栓塞之后行肝切除手术,30天死亡例16例。两阶段中手术治疗患者较非手术治疗患者累积生存率高(P﹤0.05);第二阶段患者累积生存率较第一阶段高(P=0.036),两阶段中手术治疗患者的累积生存率比较无统计学差异(P=0.234)。结论 对于自发性肝癌破裂出血患者,保守治疗预后差,经肝动脉栓塞为有效的急诊止血措施,对合适的患者实施急诊或分期肝切除可延长患者生存时间。     

急诊肝切除术治疗肝癌自发性破裂附58例报告

目的探讨急诊肝切除术治疗肝癌自发性破裂的适应证、方法和疗效。方法回顾性分析58例肝癌自发性破裂患者行急诊肝切除术的临床资料。结果本组患者58例，男49例，女9例，年龄45～74岁。术前均行CT检查。手术死亡率3．4％（2／58），术后并发症发生率24．1％（14／58）。术后均行肝动脉栓塞（TAE）等综合治疗，1、3、5年生存率分别为84％、52％和46％。结论术前的影像学评估是判断能否行急诊肝切除术的重要依据，完善的围手术期处理可以降低手术死亡率和并发症发生率，急诊肝切除术治疗肝癌自发性破裂可能获得良好预后。     

经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞术治疗原发性肝癌自发性破裂出血的体会

目的观察经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞术(TACE)治疗原发性肝癌自发性破裂出血的临床效果。方法选取2014-12—2017-02间河南理工大学第一附属医院收治的17例原发性肝癌自发性破裂出血患者,均给予TACE治疗,对临床治疗效果进行回顾性分析。结果 17例患者均一次栓塞止血成功。治疗过程中出血量为(168.20±65.26)m L,输血量为(590.25±165.26)m L。治疗后腹痛、休克等症状显著改善,血压、血红蛋白等指标回升并趋于稳定。未出现肝、肾功能障碍等并发症。术后6、12个月的生存率分别为82.35%(14/17)、64.71%(11/17)。结论 TACE治疗治疗原发性肝癌自发性破裂出血,止血迅速,临床效果理想。     

急诊经导管动脉栓塞术治疗医源性肾动脉出血

目的探讨急诊经导管动脉栓塞术（TAE）治疗NN性肾动脉出血的疗效。方法对49例医源性肾动脉出血患者行急诊肾动脉造影,确定出血动脉后,以明胶海绵、PVA颗粒和弹簧圈进行栓塞。结果。肾动脉造影显示31例对比剂外溢,肾动静脉瘘7例,肾假性动脉瘤4例,假性动脉瘤破裂合并肾动静脉瘘5例,肾动脉一肾盏瘘2例。TAE后,所有患者出血完全停止,无严重并发症出现。术后随访12～16个月,均无再次出血。结论急诊TAE治疗医源性肾出血安全、有效,具有较高临床价值。     

急诊肝动脉栓塞治疗原发性肝癌自发破裂出血(附38例报告)

目的 探讨急诊肝动脉栓塞(TAE)治疗原发性肝癌破裂出血的临床效果和意义。方法 收集我院近10年来收治的38例原发性肝癌破裂出血的资料，按治疗方法不同分为保守治疗组、急诊手术组及急诊TAE治疗组，比较3组间的输血且、术后肝功恢复串、住院时间及死亡率。结果 急诊TAE治疗组与保守治疗组及急诊手术组比较，输血量少，术后肝功恢复串高，住院时间短和死亡率低，差异有统计学意义(P＜0．05，P＜0．01)。结论 对于失去根治切除机会或不能耐受手术的原发性肝癌破裂出血的患者，可首选急诊TAE方法，并且还可为一部分患者将来行二次根治切除手术创造机会。     

经导管动脉栓塞术治疗重症急性胰腺炎并发假性动脉瘤破裂出血

目的探讨经导管动脉栓塞术(TAE)在重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)并发假性动脉瘤破裂出血中的应用价值。方法对13例SAP并发假性动脉瘤破裂出血患者行TAE,分析假性动脉瘤DSA表现及栓塞情况。结果 13例SAP患者共并发15个假性动脉瘤,包括感染性假性动脉瘤13个、腐蚀性假性动脉瘤2个。6个(6/15,40.00%)假性动脉瘤的责任动脉为脾动脉,5个(5/15,33.33%)为肠系膜上动脉,2个(2/15,13.33%)为胃十二指肠动脉,1个(1/15,6.67%)为肠系膜下动脉,1个(1/15,6.67%)为胃网膜右动脉(1/15,6.67%)。TAE治疗技术成功率为93.33%(14/15)。1例(1个假性动脉瘤)TAE术后出现脾脓肿,经穿刺引流及抗感染好转。感染性假性动脉瘤患者死亡率为45.45%(5/11),腐蚀性假性动脉瘤无死亡患者。TAE术后复发出血率为15.38%(2/13)。结论 TAE是治疗SAP并发假性动脉瘤破裂出血的有效方法。     

非休克型肝癌自发性破裂出血术后TAE的价值

目的:探讨非休克型肝癌自发性破裂出血术后接受肝动脉栓塞术(TAE)治疗的远期效果。方法:收集162例非休克型肝癌自发性破裂出血并接受手术治疗患者的临床病理资料和随访资料,对影响预后的相关因素行单因素和多因素分析,并根据术后是否接受TAE治疗分为两组,用Kaplan-Meier法比较两组生存差异。结果:单因素分析表明,对于非休克型肝癌自发性破裂出血的患者,肿瘤直径(P=0.008)、肝硬化(P=0.03)、肿瘤位置(P=0.028)以及治疗方法(P=0.012)与预后有关。多因素分析提示,肿瘤直径(HR=1.954,95%CI=1.691~5.526,P=0.007),肝硬化(HR=1.544,95%CI=1.003~2.000,P=0.041),肿瘤位置(HR=1.785,95%CI=1.023~3.114,P=0.026),治疗方法(HR=1.692,95%CI=1.131~2.533,P=0.011)是影响非休克型肝癌自发性破裂出血患者预后的独立危险因素。生存分析表明术后接受TAE治疗者预后较单纯手术者好(P<0.001)。结论:术后接受TAE治疗可改善非休克型肝癌自发性破裂出血患者的预后。     

急诊经导管动脉栓塞治疗肺结核大咯血

目的探讨肺结核大咯血的急诊动脉栓塞(TAE)治疗策略及疗效。方法对38例因肺结核致大咯血患者行急诊经导管动脉造影,明确出血部位后,选用明胶海绵条、弹簧圈及聚乙烯醇(PVA)颗粒对出血动脉行TAE,对治疗结果进行回顾性评价。结果对所有患者均成功栓塞出血动脉。29例栓塞后24h咯血停止;9例栓塞后仍有少量咯血,经保守治疗1～2周后症状消失。术后随访6～20个月,3例1年后复发,行2～3次栓塞治疗后仍有大量出血,转外科治疗。所有患者均未出现严重并发症。结论急诊TAE治疗肺结核所致大咯血安全、有效;彻底全面地栓塞出血动脉是治疗成功的关键。     

Prognosis of patients with spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis

The treatment of cirrhotic patients with spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is controversial and largely dependent on general conditions of the patients and compensation of the underlying cirrhosis. We retrospectively reviewed clinical, imaging and surgical records of 24 consecutive cirrhotic patients (17 males, 7 females; age range 52–88 years) with hemoperitoneum from spontaneous rupture of HCC observed from June 2004 to January 2010 at our Institution. When indicated, patients were referred to surgery or trans-arterial embolization (TAE). Advanced decompensated patients were conservatively treated and clinically followed up. Spontaneous rupture of HCC was assessed by aspiration of bloody ascites at paracentesis in all cases. The presence of large blood-clots over HCC and liver surface at US and/or CT was considered a specific sign of ruptured HCC in 14 cases. In two out of four patients who underwent TAE active bleeding from tumor surface could be demonstrated. In 2 cases, the active hemorrhage from the HCC surface could be assessed by contrast-enhanced ultrasonography. Four out of 24 patients underwent surgery. Three out of four of these patients died within 2 weeks, 8 months, and 20 months after operation, respectively. The remaining patient is still alive at 52 months follow-up. Four patients underwent TAE and died at 1, 2, 6 and 10 months after treatment, because of recurrent peritoneal bleeding and/or liver failure. Sixteen patients with ruptured HCC in the advanced Child C cirrhosis were treated conservatively with blood derivative transfusion and with procoagulant drugs. All patients, but one died within 2–18 days. One patient survived the acute hemorrhage from ruptured HCC and died of liver failure after 3 months. We concluded that spontaneous rupture of HCC is usually a fatal event in patients with poor liver function, even after successful TAE. In compensated patients, timely surgical treatment can result in long term and even tumor-free survival of the patient.     

Management of spontaneous bleeding due to hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND: Spontaneous rupture is a life-threatening complication of HCC, occurring in 4.8-26% of cases. Liver failure is the main cause of death. Debates still remain on the most appropriate treatment in such patients because of the high operative mortality of emergency surgery and the high risk of rebleeding and less satisfying mid- and long-term results of nonoperative procedures like angiographic embolization. Early and long-term results of a surgically oriented treatment, based on prompt evaluation of the functional liver reserve and tumor resectability was retrospectively review-ed. METHODS: From January 1994 to December 2000, 11 patients (7 males and 4 female, mean age 66.2 (11.86 years) were treated for ruptured HCC, in 10 cases involving a cirrhotic liver. Seven patients underwent emergency surgery and 4 patients transcutaneous arterial embolization (TAE). Liver resection was performed in patients with preserved liver function, after ultrasonography and/or CT scan demonstrated hemoperitoneum and a single resectable liver tumour (5 cases). In one patient with cirrhosis, ultrasonography showed only hemoperitoneum. A bleeding nodule was discovered intraoperatively and resected in a liver with a multinodular HCC. Another patient under-went emergency resection after referral at our Unit with a surgical packing. In 4 cases with poor liver function and/or unresectable tumour TAE of the neoplasm was performed, in one case after surgical packing. Mortality, morbidity and patients survival after treatment were analyzed. All patients had at least 1 year follow-up. RESULTS: All patients underwent minor resection; 2 left lobectomies, 1 segmentectomy (VII), 1 bisegmentectomy (VII-VIII), and 3 wedge resections. Postoperative course was complicated by ascites in 5 cases and subphrenic abscess in one case. Four patients died 3, 4, 6 and 62 months after surgery; 3 patients are actually alive 22, 25, and 89 months after surgery. Four patients were submitted to TAE: all patients died within 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: When ruptured HCC is suspected, preserved liver function (Child A-B7) and a resectable hepatic tumour are considered clear indications to surgery. Emergency liver resection achieved good early and long-term results. In cases of advanced liver disease or multinodular HCC a non-operative approach, like TAE, must be attempted. Surgical direct hemostasis or hepatic artery ligation must be reserved for patients with uncontrollable o recurrent bleeding after TAE.     

Spontaneous rupture of a giant hepatic hemangioma. Sequential treatment with preoperative transcatheter arterial embolization and conservative hepatectomy

Hemangioma is the most common benign tumor of the liver and it is often asymptomatic. Spontaneous rupture of liver hemangiomas is a rare but potentially lethal complication. Emergent hepatic resection has been the treatment of choice but carries high operative morbidity and mortality. Recently, preoperative transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) has been used successfully for the management of bleeding ruptured liver tumors and non-operative treatment of symptomatic giant liver hemangiomas. We report a case of spontaneous rupture of a giant hepatic hemangioma that presented with thoracic and abdominal pain and shock due to hemoperitoneum. Once proper diagnosis was made the patient was successfully managed by TAE, followed by conservative hepatic resection.     

Management of spontaneous ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma

Spontaneous rupture is a major life-threatening complication of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC). Ruptured HCC often causes hypovolemic shock and hepatic hypoperfusion. Patients with impaired liver function tend to lapse into liver failure, which is the main cause of death. To prevent liver failure, accurate diagnosis and adequate treatment for the restoration of the efficient liver perfusion are required. Emergent transarterial embolization (TAE) is the most effective and less-invasive treatment for hemostasis. On the other hand, emergent hepatic resection should be avoided because of the increased risk of postoperative liver failure and incomplete resection of the tumor. After achieving hemostasis, a second-stage therapeutic approach for HCC is required. Patients with acceptable liver function should undergo surgery. The prognosis of ruptured HCC treated with second-stage hepatectomy is considered to be comparable with that of nonruptured HCC. In conclusion, spontaneous rupture of HCC is considered to be a combination of acute and severe peritoneal hemorrhage with malignant disease. To improve the prognosis, adequate early treatment for the control of hemorrhage while preserving liver function is an important factor. TAE followed by elective hepatectomy is considered the most effective treatment.     

Long-term result of the transcatheter arterial embolization for ruptured renal angiomyolipoma

PURPOSE: The long-term results were studied in patients who underwent transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) for the spontaneous rupture of renal angiomyolipoma (AML). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Five cases (1 male, 4 females) who underwent TAE for spontaneous AML rupture between November, 1996 and February 2000 were studied. Spontaneous rupture of AML was diagnosed with CT. TAE were carried out by injection of ethanol and lipiodol and application of either a metal coil or gelform. RESULT: In 4 cases, after performing TAE only one time, the tumor size was reduced and there has been no re-rupture or re-bleeding during the ongoing follow-up. In the other case, an enucleation operation was carried out 11 days after TAE in accordance with the patient's request. DISCUSSION: Recently, there have been a few reports on the long-term effectiveness of TAE, a conservative treatment for renal AML rupture. Our study indicated that TAE might be recommended for patients with renal AML rupture not only for stanching and pre-operative treatment but also for a conservative treatment with regular follow-up.     

Successful Resection of Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Bronchobiliary Fistula Caused by Repeated Transcatheter Arterial Embolizations: Report of a Case

Bronchobiliary fistula (BBF) is a rare but life-threatening condition. We herein describe a rescued case of a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who developed BBF as a late complication of transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE). A 66-year-old man underwent repeated TAE for a large HCC during a 3-year period. Massive biliptysis developed after the last treatment and bronchoscopy proved the presence of BBF. Radiological studies exhibited a necrotic HCC in the right liver with a tumor thrombus protruding into the common bile duct. Localized pneumonia was also present in the right lung. A right hemihepatectomy with a bile duct tumor thrombectomy and a right lower lobectomy of the lung were performed. He is presently doing well at 6 months after surgery. Increased intraluminal pressure of the biliary system due to obstruction by the tumor thrombus is considered to have led to the rupture of the liver abscess into the bronchus, thus creating a BBF. This is the first successfully resected case of HCC associated with BBF.     

Propensity score matching study of 325 patients with spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma

BackgroundThis study aims to find out the possible optimal therapy and assess the prognosis properly for patient with spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).MethodsPropensity score matching (PSM) analysis was used to study the data from 325 patients with ruptured HCC (RHCC) and 2,291 patients with non-RHCC.ResultsThe incidence and hospital mortality of RHCC were 5.1% and 0.8% respectively, with a median overall survival (OS) time of 17 months. There was no difference between ruptured and non-RHCC patients undergoing conservation treatment in terms of OS. Trans-arterial embolization (TAE) was carried out in 69 (21.2%) cases with RHCC, with a median OS of 7 months, which was no difference from that of non-RHCC (pre- and post-PSM). One hundred and sixty-nine (52.0%) RHCC cases underwent one-stage hepatectomy, with a median OS and disease-free survival (DFS) of 30 and 6 months respectively, which were shorter than that of non-RHCC (post-PSM). TAE plus two-stage hepatectomy was performed in 30 RHCC cases, with a median OS and DFS of 28 and 10 months respectively; these outcomes were better than that from RHCC patients undergoing TAE alone or one-stage hepatectomy (post-PSM), which were no difference from that of non-RHCC patients undergoing hepatectomy. The risk of death for RHCC patient undergoing one-stage hepatectomy is 1.545 times higher than that of one undergoing TAE + two-stage hepatectomy.ConclusionsTAE plus two-stage hepatectomy might be the optimal treatment for RHCC patient. Under the premise of the same pathological properties, there is no difference in prognosis between ruptured and non-RHCC patients if the therapy is appropriate.     

Successful Left Adrenalectomy for Metastatic Hepatocellular Carcinoma Using Hand-Assisted Laparoscopic Surgery: Report of a Case

A 56-year-old man diagnosed a having multiple hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with liver cirrhosis underwent transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE). Five months later, recurrent HCC was detected in the liver as well as in the left adrenal gland. A second TAE was performed to treat the intrahepatic recurrence, which was followed by hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery (HALS) for the metastatic tumor in the left adrenal gland. The combination of the two procedures successfully controlled HCC. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing an adrenalectomy by HALS for adrenal metastasis from an HCC.     

Ruptured renal angiomyolipoma treated by transcatheter arterial embolization: report of two cases

We report two cases of spontaneous rupture of renal angiomyolipoma (AML). In the first case, a 22-year-old woman was admitted with lower abdominal pain. She was diagnosed with rupture of left renal AML. Transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) was performed for three times to preserve renal function, and the size of AML decreased to 6.5 cm from 10 cm. In the second case (74-year-old woman), the chief complaint was lower abdominal pain. The clinical diagnosis of this patient was rupture of right renal AML. The size of this AML markedly reduced due to TAE. TAE is an effective therapy for rupture of renal AML.