胚胎卵巢移植的免疫学研究

目的：探讨在胚胎卵巢移植中,组织抗原的配型、受体的免疫学反应及 其卵巢存活,发育、功能和治疗前景的关系。方法：分别以血清学和PCR－SSP方法进行供、受体的HLA－A、B和DR抗原分型,以ELISA方法测定术后受体血清中抗卵巢抗体,以B超监测卵巢和以放射免疫方法测定受体血清中FSH、LH、E2和P的水平。结果：供、受体之间至少2个HLA抗原位点相同,移植的4例卵巢全部存活,卵巢发育良好,FSH、LH水平下降,E2、P水平上升,但2例受体血清抗卵巢抗体阳性,结论：胚胎卵巢移植有较好的前景。     

围绝经期妇女血清FSH、LH和E2的检测及临床意义

妇女在围绝经期由于性腺功能逐渐衰退，出现内分泌紊乱，以致体内性激素水平发生明显变化。为了解围绝经期妇女体内性激素变化情况，我们测定了140例围绝经期妇女血清FSH、LH及E2水平，现将结果报告如下。     

Intervention of Ovary Reserve Function in Patients After Endometriomas Removal with Therapy of Tonifying Kidney and Activating Blood

[目的]探讨卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿剔除术对卵巢储备功能的影响及补肾活血中药对术后卵巢储备功能的干预作用.[方法]选择拟行腹腔镜下卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿剔除术的病例70例,随机分为中药组和对照组各35例,中药组术后给予补肾活血中药口服,对照组术后不予中药治疗.术前、术后第1个月、第4个月观察月经等情况,检测血清基础卵泡刺激素(FSH)、黄体生成素(LH)、雌二醇(E2)、抑制素B (INHB)水平,评估患者手术前后的卵巢储备功能.[结果](1)术后第1个月,2组患者月经异常率稍增加,但与术前比较差异无统计学意义(P＞ 0.05),且随术后时间延长,月经情况逐渐恢复.(2)术后第1个月2组的LH、FSH水平均升高,E2、INHB水平均下降,与术前比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).术后第4个月,中药组LH、FSH水平降低,E2、INHB水平升高(与术后第1个月比较,P＜0.05),并基本恢复到术前水平(与术前比较,P＞0.05);2组间比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05),表明中药组在改善血清性激素及INHB水平方面优于对照组.[结论]补肾活血中药可降低术后患者的血清基础FSH、LH水平,升高抑制素B、基础E2水平,达到改善卵巢储备功能的目的.     

PCOS患者血浆leptin和血清T、E2、FSH、LH、PRL检测的临床意义

目的：探讨多囊卵巢综合征（PCOS）患者血浆leptin和血清T、E2、FSH、LH、PRL水平的变化及临床意义。方法：应用放射免疫分析和发光法对31例PCOS患者进行了血浆leptin和血清T、E2、FSH、LH、PRL测定,并以正常妇女作对照。结果：PCOS患者血浆leptin和血清T、LH、PRL水平非常显著地高于正常妇女组（P〈0.01）,FSH、E2水平与正常妇女组比较无显著性差异（P〉0.05）,且血浆leptin水平与血清T、LH、PRL水平呈正相关（r=0.5784、0.5411、0.6082,P〈0.01）。结论：检测PCOS患者血浆leptin和血清T、E2、FSH、LH、PRL水平的变化与疾病的发生和发展密切相关。     

绝经后的妇女骨丢失与性激素和骨钙素测定的临床研究

为了解绝经妇女血清Ca、P、AKP(碱性磷酸酶)、性激素和骨钙素的水平，探讨绝经妇女的骨合成和骨丢失的发病机理，本文对177例绝经妇女，按不同绝经年限分为5组，用放免法测定血清总雌二醇(E2)、睾酮(T)、骨钙素(BGP)；用免放法测定血清促黄体生成素(LH)、促卵泡激素(FSH)、泌乳素(PRL)；用生化分析法测定Ca、P、AKP。结果显示：绝经妇女E2、T降低，E2最为明显，LH、FSH升高，PRL略降低。结论：绝经妇女雌激素缺乏和卵巢功能衰退是骨丢失的重要原因。     

血清抑制素B检测值预测卵巢储备功能的临床研究

目的探讨血清抑制素B检测值范围及其预测卵巢储备功能的临床价值。方法检测正常体检妇女150例、控制性促超排卵卵巢反应低下妇女33例、早期卵巢功能衰竭妇女39例血清中抑制素B、FSH、E2水平及FSH/LH比值。结果血清中抑制素B水平检测值正常妇女组为(71.66±29.53)pg/m l,卵巢反应低下组为(51.27±24.80)pg/m l,早期卵巢功能衰竭组为(13.91±9.50)pg/m l,三组间都有显著性差异。正常妇女组的E2、FSH水平与卵巢反应低下组无明显差别,但与早期卵巢功能衰竭组比较有显著性差异。FSH/LH比值正常妇女组最低,卵巢反应低下组最高,卵巢功能衰竭组反而低于卵巢反应低下组。结论血清1NHB水平下降是反映卵巢储备功能下降的直接指标,较FSH水平升高、E2水平下降和FSH/LH比值改变更早期、更敏感。血清抑制素B检测值对预测卵巢储备功能具有一定的临床价值。     

绝经妇女经雌三醇治疗后生殖内分泌功能的研究

目的 :研究绝经妇女在使用长效雌三醇治疗 3年后生殖内分泌的功能状况。方法 :用放射免疫分析 (RIA)测定了 136例自然绝经后的妇女 (绝经时间为 1～ 5年 ) ,4 8例绝经后 ,用长效雌三醇作激素替代治疗3年的妇女 ,以及 131例正常育龄妇女卵泡期和黄体期血清的六项生殖激素FSH、LH、PRL、T、E2 、P的水平。结果 :正常育龄妇女无论是卵泡期 ,还是黄体期 ,血清的六项生殖激素FSH、LH、PRL、T、E2 、P的水平与绝经后妇女相比较 ,均有非常显著性差异 (所有p<0 0 1;除了 1例绝经后妇女为泌乳素血症外 )。绝经后妇女在使用长效雌三醇治疗 3年后 ,FSH、LH和PRL的水平都明显降低 ,有非常显著性差异 (p <0 0 0 1)而其中以FSH和LH的降低幅度为最大 ,更年期综合征的临床症状亦随之改善。而E2 、P、T水平变化不大 ,无显著性差异 (p >0 0 5 )。结论 :测定生殖激素水平在中老年妇女的雌激素替代治疗中具有非常重要的意义。     

经阴道小卵泡穿刺治疗多囊卵巢综合征不孕患者80例观察

目的探讨经阴道小卵泡穿刺抽吸对多囊卵巢综合征（PCOS）不孕患者卵巢窦卵泡计数及妊娠的影响。方法将80例行人绝经期促性腺激素（hMG）促排卵的PCOS患者随机分为二组,观察组40例,于卵泡直径达8~10mm时行经阴道小卵泡穿刺;对照组40例,仅行常规促排卵,连续观察6个月,观察穿刺治疗前后性激素FSH、LH、T水平的变化,比较二组患者卵巢窦卵泡计数及妊娠情况。结果观察组与治疗前比较,21例患者的血清LH/FSH、T降低,其中5例血清LH/FSH、T恢复正常,穿刺前后LH/FSH、T有统计学差异（P〈0.01）,对照组变化不明显,观察组40例患者卵巢基础窦卵泡计数降至10个/卵巢以下,无1例发生卵巢过度刺激综合征（OHSS）,6个月内16例妊娠;对照组患者的血清性激素水平无明显变化,卵巢基础窦卵泡计数仍为10个/卵巢以上,发生OHSS者1例,6个月内仅3例妊娠。结论常规治疗无效的PCOS不孕患者,经阴道行小卵泡穿刺抽吸为有效治疗途径。     

电化学发光检测性激素六项在妇科疾病诊断中的应用

目的 观察各种妇科疾病时六项性激素与正常妇女的差异，探讨这些疾病时性激素六项的变化规律。方法 通过对2008年至2009年临夏州人民医院体检的350名正常妇女和临夏地区三家医院妇科住院患者共220例，抽血样进行促黄体生成素（LH）、促卵泡成熟激素（FSH）、垂体泌乳素（PRL）、雌二醇（E2）、睾酮（TESTO）、孕酮（P）、六项激素水平检测。结果 测定50例不孕症患者血清LH、FSH有23例降低，27例在正常值范围。其中15例PRL增高明显,22例E2降低，19例TESTO增高，PORG平均值均低。闭经溢乳症以PRL增高明显，睾酮（TESTO）也增高，而孕酮（PROG）明显减低；功能性子宫出血患者以LH、FSH、下降为主。50例更年期妇女E2值明显降低，FSH、LH值明显增高，PILL、TESTO、PORG值无明显变化。结论 正常妇女在月经周期中LH、FSH、E2、PORG都有明显的周期变化，而PRL及TESTO无明显的周期变化,激素检测在生殖内分泌系统疾病的诊断中有一定价值，对不同时间血清中的激素的测定，可以帮助医生诊断，指导治疗，观察疗效。     

悬吊式腹腔镜卵巢囊肿剥除术对自然妊娠和性激素水平影响的分析

目的 探讨悬吊式腹腔镜进行卵巢囊肿剥除术对自然妊娠率和性激素水平的影响.方法 选取2012年1月至2014年1月在唐山市协和医院妇产科手术的卵巢囊肿患者99例,腹腔镜51例为观察组,开腹手术48例为对照组.采用电化学发光法检测患者血清促卵泡激素(FSH),促黄体激素(LH),雌二醇(E2)水平,并随访其妊娠情况和结局.结果 观察组术后1个月、3个月血清FSH、LH、E2低于同期对照组水平,差异有统计学意义(t=2.769 ～4.153,P＜0.05),术后6个月FSH、LH恢复到术前水平,而E2低于术前水平,差异有统计学意义(t=5.863,P＜0.05);两组不同时期比较,术后血清FSH、LH先升高,后逐渐降至术前水平,而E2则先下降,后又逐渐升高;差异有统计学意义(t=4.672 ～ 9.326,P＜0.05);观察组术中出血量少于对照组,差异有统计学意义(t=4.767,P＜0.05);观察组自然妊娠率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(x2=4.390,P＜0.05).结论 悬吊式腹腔镜优于开腹手术,出血少,术后自然妊娠率高;性激素水平可作为疾病治疗,预后判断的重要指标.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.