347例大肠息肉及其癌变的粘液组化和免疫组化观察

对大肠息肉及其癌变347例的粘液组化和223例的免疫组化研究显示,它们的粘液分泌改变和四种结肠癌相关抗原表达与其组织学类型、体积大小和不典型增生程度相关,并且PAT/KOH/PAS粘液组化染色显示氮乙酰化、侧链C_7、C_9位氧乙酰化唾液酸粘液分泌可能代表了息肉的恶变倾向,结肠癌单克隆抗体CL-2、CL-4的免疫组化染色对判断腺瘤癌变有较大参考价值。     

球状细胞和潘氏细胞化生与大肠腺瘤异型增生的关系

大肠腺瘤内异型增生灶和癌灶,不仅有粘液含量和性质改变,而且有杯状细胞形态异常和潘氏细胞化生。本文着重讨论球状细胞形态异常和潘氏细胞化生与异型增生及癌变的关系。材料和方法选择本科1964～1984年间有明确异型增生或早期癌变的大肠腺瘤85例(共91个)。将原蜡块分别作连续切片3张,染HE、AB(pH2.5)/PAS和HID(pH1.0)/AB(pH2.5)以观察杯状细胞形态、粘液含量及性质、潘氏细胞化生和刷状缘分化等形态特征。另选潴留性息肉,增生性息肉各25例,炎性息肉12例作同样染色。以比较腺瘤和非腺瘤性息肉各种病变发生率差异。     

正常胃肠道上皮粘液性质及其显示方法

应用组织化学方法包括PAS,AB/PAS,HID/AB,OR/AB,PAPS,mPAS,PB/KOH/PAS,PAT/KOH/PAS,PATB/KOH/PAS观察正常胃肠道粘膜分泌粘液的成分.对各种组织化学方法进行了比较,并对国内尚无报告的新方法进行了介绍.在正常胃粘膜表面上皮及胃窦腺体以分泌中性粘液为主.小肠主要分泌氮乙酰化唾液酸粘液,大肠上皮分泌以硫酸粘液及氧乙酰化唾液酸粘液为主.     

大肠腺瘤粘液变化与癌变的关系

自从Filipe提出大肠癌旁移行粘膜的粘液性质异于正常以后,人们对移行粘膜及炎性大肠疾病异型增生上皮的粘液改变,从临床和病理方面作了大量研究。大肠腺瘤属癌前病变,为观察腺瘤与大肠癌的关系,我们选择85例(共91个)伴明确异型增生或早期癌变的大肠腺瘤,着重探讨腺瘤粘液含量、粘液性质改变与异型增生及癌变的关系。材料和方法     

结直肠异常隐窝灶中BAI1、VEGF蛋白表达及意义

目的观察BAI1、VEGF在结肠异型增生性异常隐窝灶(aberrant crypt foci,ACF)、管状腺瘤及腺瘤癌变中的表达。方法联合放大内镜窄带成像(narrow-band imaging,NBI)技术观察ACF,采用免疫组化法检测40例异型增生性ACF、40例结肠管状腺瘤伴异型增生、35例管状腺瘤癌变及32例结直肠正常黏膜标本中BAI1和VEGF的表达。结果 BAI1蛋白在结直肠正常黏膜、异型增生性ACF、结肠管状腺瘤伴异型增生及管状腺瘤癌变组中的阳性率逐步降低,分别为93.8%、72.5%、45%、11.4%,且异型增生性ACF组阳性率明显低于结直肠正常黏膜组(P0.05),结肠管状腺瘤伴异型增生组阳性率明显低于异型增生性ACF组(P0.05),管状腺瘤癌变组阳性率明显低于管状腺瘤伴异型增生组(P0.05);VEGF蛋白在结直肠正常黏膜、异型增生性ACF、管状腺瘤伴异型增生及管状腺瘤癌变组中的阳性率逐步升高,分别为9.4%、52.5%、62.5%、94.3%,且异型增生性ACF组阳性率明显高于结直肠正常黏膜组(P0.05),管状腺瘤癌变组阳性率明显高于异型增生性ACF组及管状腺瘤伴异型增生组(P0.05);在异型增生性ACF、管状腺瘤及管状腺瘤癌变过程中BAI1和VEGF表达呈负相关(rs=-0.656,P0.05)。结论 BAI1低表达与VEGF高表达可能在结直肠癌前病变中起一定作用,可能为结直肠肿瘤的早期诊治提供新的作用靶点。     

正常胃粘膜屏障血型抗原的表达及其生物学意义

首次应用国产单克隆抗体、ABC法,检测国人胎儿、成人正常胃组织石蜡切片A、B、H、M和N血型抗原(BGA)的定位,结合粘液组化AB(pH 2.5)/PAS染色,判断粘液分泌性质。结果表明:胎儿胃粘膜表面和小凹上皮大部分由粘液细胞组成,BGA表达阳性,分泌混合型粘液;成人胃粘膜表面和小凹上皮完全由粘液细胞组成,BGA表达可分为分泌性(A、B、H)和非分泌性(M、N、A、B)抗原;胃粘液中分泌性抗原主要由表面和小凹上皮粘液细胞分泌。提出BGA为胃粘膜屏障的重要组成,为进一步研究胃疾病提供正常形态学和免疫遗传学对照资料。     

人胎盘型GST-π抗体对大肠腺癌和腺瘤免疫组化标志的意义

应用人胎盘型谷胱甘肽-S转移酶(GST-π)抗体,以免疫组化PAP法检测85例大肠癌、34例腺瘤、9例腺瘤癌变组织GST-π活性。结果显示:27例正常大肠粘膜GST-π均呈阴性。大肠癌组织中GST-π呈阳性者74例,总阳性率为87.05%;绒毛状腺癌和高分化管状腺癌阳性率为93.33%,未分化癌和粘液腺癌阳性率只达77.27%。视为癌前疾病的异型增生腺瘤34例,总阳性率为64.7%,轻度和中～重度异型增生阳性率分别为42.85%和80%,腺瘤癌变9例为阳性。结果表明GST-π抗体免疫组化的检测,可作为大肠癌早期诊断一项新的较灵敏的指标。GST-π在大肠癌组织中的含量及分布除标志分泌、释放的不同外,可能有助于判断大肠癌的预后。     

结肠腺瘤癌变过程中MTA1、RECK的表达及意义

目的分析MTA1、RECK在结肠腺瘤及结肠癌组织中的表达,探讨MTA1、RECK在结肠腺瘤癌变过程中的作用。方法应用免疫组化SABC法检测104例结肠癌组织、114例结肠腺瘤组织、30例正常结肠组织中MTA1、RECK蛋白表达,并复习相关文献。结果正常结肠组织、管状腺瘤、绒毛状腺瘤至结肠癌组织中MTA1的阳性率呈逐渐增高趋势(P0.05);结肠腺瘤(中重度异型增生)组中MTA1的阳性率高于结肠腺瘤(轻度异型增生)组(P0.05);MTA1在结肠癌中的阳性率随肿瘤临床Dukes分期的提高、淋巴结转移及肿瘤分化程度的降低而升高(P0.05)。RECK在正常结肠组织、管状腺瘤、绒毛状腺瘤、结肠癌组中的阳性率分别为100%、78.57%、77.27%、53.85%;正常结肠组织、管状腺瘤、绒毛状腺瘤至结肠癌组中RECK的阳性率呈逐渐降低趋势;中重度异型增生结肠腺瘤组中RECK的阳性率明显低于轻度异型增生结肠腺瘤组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);RECK在结肠癌中的阳性率随肿瘤临床Dukes分期的提高、淋巴结转移及肿瘤分化程度的降低而降低(P0.05)。结论结肠癌组织中MTA1呈高表达,RECK表达缺失。MTA1、RECK参与正常组织、癌前病变、癌组织的发生、发展,在结肠腺瘤的癌变过程中起着重要作用。     

大肠癌及癌旁粘膜上皮细胞核DNA含量的研究

应用组化和显微分光光度技术观察,结果表明正常大肠粘膜无论从组织学还是从组织化学上看来均为近二倍体(2 N),其核DNA含量变异甚小,但癌细胞核内DNA含量则明显高于正常和癌旁粘膜。高、中分化大肠腺癌之间的DNA含量存在着统计学上的差异,提示DNA含量与肿瘤的分化有关。在移行粘膜中可见典型增生和异常粘液分泌,与正常粘膜相比,它的二倍体细胞较少而三、四倍体细胞较多,有少数细胞核DNA含量超过四倍体,提示有与其细胞增生周期不一致的异常增生存在。鉴于移行粘膜不典型增生程度与DNA含量之间所存在的联系,作者等支持大肠的移行粘膜可能是一种癌前期变化的观点。     

肿瘤转移抑制基因nm23在良,恶性大肠组织中的表达及临？…

应用免疫组织化学方法对９６例大肠癌１２例大肠腺瘤７例幼年性息肉，６例增生性息肉，５６例癌旁粘膜及９例正常大肠粘膜组织ｎｍ２３／ＮＤＰＫ表达进行研究，结果在上述大肠组织中ｎｍ２３表达阳性率分别为９６．８％（９３／９６），９１．７％（１１／１２），８５．７％（６／７），１００％（６／６），８３．９％（４７／５６）和８８．９％（８／９），各组是差异无显著性，而在大肠癌中ｎｍ２３／ＮＤＰＫ常增强表达，分布     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.