大学生的儿童期创伤史及孤独特质与执行功能失常的关系

目的:探讨大学生儿童期创伤史及孤独特质与执行功能失常的关系。方法:使用儿童期创伤问卷(CTQ)评估湖南两所高校2757例大学生的儿童期创伤情况,根据Bernstein等人定义中-重度虐待暴露的阈值定义有无儿童期创伤史,选出有、无创伤史的学生各63例和93例,使用孤独症谱系障碍问卷(AQ)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)和执行功能失常问卷(DEX)测量孤独特质、抑郁水平和执行功能失常。最后,将问卷得分上下27%作为高低分组的界限定义不同类型的创伤组和孤独特质组。结果:高、低情感虐待组,高、低躯体虐待组,高、低性虐待组,高、低情感忽视组,高、低躯体忽视组以及高、低孤独特质组之间的执行功能失常问卷得分差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05),且高变量组的执行功能失常问卷得分均高于低变量组。回归分析显示,儿童期创伤问卷的情感虐待、孤独症谱系障碍问卷得分、SDS得分对执行功能失常问卷得分均有正向预测作用(β=0.17~0.32,均P0.05)。中介分析表明,SDS得分是情感虐待与DEX得分、孤独特质与DEX得分之间的中介变量,中介效应95%的可信区间分别是0.05~0.32和0.07~0.55。结论:儿童期创伤史与孤独特质正向预测执行功能失常,且抑郁在情感虐待与执行功能失常、孤独特质与执行功能失常之间起到中介作用。     

大学生情绪调节自我效能感在虐待与抑郁间的中介作用

目的:探讨大学生情绪调节自我效能感与儿童期虐待经历的关系,以及情绪调节自我效能感在虐待与抑郁间的中介作用。方法:从哈尔滨市4所高校选取475名大学生,采用情绪调节自我效能感量表(RES)的中文版、儿童期虐待问卷(CTQ)、流调中心用抑郁量表(CES-D)进行测查,其中CTQ采用回顾性调查。结果:躯体忽视和躯体虐待负向预测调节积极情绪效能感(POS)(β=-0.38、-0.52);情感忽视和性虐待负向预测调节沮丧/痛苦情绪效能感(DES)(β=-0.35、-0.31);躯体忽视负向预测调节生气/愤怒情绪效能感(ANG)(β=-0.23);躯体忽视和躯体虐待正向预测抑郁(β=0.78、3.20)。POS在情感忽视、躯体忽视、性虐待与抑郁之间具有中介作用(中介效应介于0.021~0.029);DES在情感忽视、躯体忽视、躯体虐待、性虐待与抑郁之间起着中介作用(中介效应介于0.017~0.040);ANG在情感忽视、躯体忽视与抑郁之间存在中介作用(中介效应介于0.016~0.019)。结论:低情绪调节自我效能感可能与儿童期虐待经历有关,情绪调节自我效能感在虐待与抑郁之间具有中介作用。     

435名儿童的儿童期虐待问卷调查

目的 :调查中国儿童的儿童期虐待情况。方法 :采用儿童期虐待问卷自评量表对 4 35名儿童测评。结果 :在被调查的 4 35名儿童中 ,情感虐待、躯体虐待、性虐待和情感忽视发生率分别为 4 5 .1%、32 .4 %、2 5 .5 %和 99.5 %。在儿童期虐待严重程度方面 ,除男性儿童较女性儿童有更严重的性虐待和儿童期虐待总分 (分别为 5 .92± 2 .2 2和 30 .2 7± 6 .8;5 .5 5± 1.34和 2 8.87± 6 .0 7)外 ,余两性之间均无显著性差异。结果还显示儿童期虐待通常是数种虐待类型同时存在。结论 :在本研究样本中 ,儿童期虐待是一种较为普遍的现象     

356名高中生的儿童期虐待问卷调查

目的调查高中生的儿童期虐待情况。方法采用儿童期虐待问卷自评量表对356名高中生测评。结果在被调查的356名高中生中,情感虐待、躯体虐待、性虐待和情感忽视发生率分别为77.0%,33.4%,23.3%和98.5%,其中男性高中生不同程度性虐待发生率与女性比较有显著性差异(15.2%,3.8%)。在儿童期虐待严重程度方面,除男性儿童较女性儿童有更严重的性虐待(5.76±1.83和5.25±0.82)外,余两性之间均无显著性差异。结果还显示高中生儿童期虐待通常是数种虐待类型同时存在。结论儿童期虐待在高中生中是一种较为普遍的现象。     

邻里凝聚与混乱对青少年攻击行为的影响：心理虐待与忽视的作用

目的:探讨邻里凝聚与混乱对青少年攻击行为的影响,以及儿童期心理虐待与忽视在二者关系中的作用。方法:采用邻里凝聚与混乱问卷、儿童心理虐待与忽视量表和攻击行为问卷对740名青少年进行调查。结果:邻里凝聚与混乱和儿童期心理虐待与忽视、攻击行为均呈显著负相关关系,儿童期心理虐待与忽视和攻击行为呈显著正相关关系,且儿童期心理虐待与忽视在邻里凝聚与混乱和攻击行为之间起调节作用和部分中介作用。结论:生活在低凝聚、高混乱邻里环境中的青少年在儿童期的心理虐待与忽视经历往往更多,行为更具攻击性。     

大学生儿童期虐待经历及其与家庭因素的关系

目的本文通过对2653名大一新生进行儿童期虐待问卷调查,描述大学生儿童期虐待经历的状况,并探究虐待经历与家庭因素的相互关系。方法采用儿童期虐待问卷及一般信息调查表进行调查。结果大学生儿童期情感虐待、躯体虐待、性虐待、情感忽视及躯体忽视的发生率分别为:64.8%、17.38%、22.58%、80.44%及70%。父母婚姻状况稳定是避免儿童期虐待的保护因素,父母虐待经历及父母赌博是儿童期虐待的危险因素。结论儿童期虐待现象是普遍存在的,家庭因素对其有重要预测作用。     

成年男性严重躯体暴力行为与儿重期受虐的关系

目的:通过研究成年男性严重躯体施暴行为与儿童期受虐的关系,为家庭暴力行为的成因与干预提供依据。方法:采用单独访谈及问卷评估(冲突策略问卷与儿童期虐待简式问卷),结合当地公安司法部门、妇联等机构备案登记存在严重家庭暴力的资料,对四川省绵阳市某社区38例严重躯体施暴者与38例非施暴者根据年龄、婚姻状况、文化程度、经济状况基本一致配对进行研究。结果:①严重躯体施暴组年龄集中在18～29岁(65.8%);②严重躯体暴力组儿童期虐待问卷各分量表分值及量表总分均高于非暴力组(P<0.05);③严重躯体暴力组目前躯体虐待及躯体虐待严重程度、情感虐待、性虐待分量表分值均高于非施暴组(P<0.05),与访谈结果基本一致;④严重躯体施暴组的CTQ-SF躯体虐待分量表分值与CTS-2躯体虐待分值均呈正相关(P<0.05)。结论:男性儿童期遭受躯体虐待对其成年后严重躯体施暴行为的形成有一定影响;严重躯体施暴者存在其他施暴形式,包括情感虐待与性虐待,单一的施暴形式较为少见。     

南充市两所大学大学生儿童期虐待经历调查

目的:了解南充市两所大学大学生的儿童期虐待经历情况并探讨其影响因素,为预防儿童虐待的发生和维护儿童的健康成长提供参考依据。方法:采用随机整群抽样的方法使用自编问卷对南充市两所高校共918名大学生进行不记名调查。结果:大学生儿童期虐待经历的发生率为67.43%,5种虐待的发生率依次为躯体忽视38.89%、情感忽视36.82%、情感虐待35.29%、躯体虐待16.45%、性虐待7.08%。男生躯体虐待(χ~2=12.774,P0.05)、躯体忽视(χ~2=4.173,P0.05)和性虐待(χ~2=14.240,P0.05)发生率高于女生。不同家庭经济的学生儿童期至少经历1种虐待(χ~2=12.257,P0.05)、情感虐待(χ~2=7.971,P0.05)、情感忽视(χ~2=13.629,P0.05)和躯体忽视(χ~2=10.014,P0.05)的发生率不同。结论:大学生在儿童期经历虐待问题较普遍,以忽视和情感虐待为主,男性和家庭经济状况差的儿童更容易遭受儿童虐待。     

农村青少年的多重侵害与情绪行为问题:执行功能、心理弹性的中介作用

目的:探讨农村青少年多重侵害与情绪行为问题的关系,以及执行功能在两者关系中的中介作用和心理弹性在两者关系中的调节作用。方法:本研究样本来自山东省农村青少年逆境现状研究,共纳入816名11～18岁农村青少年。用青少年侵害问卷自评版(JVQ)测评过去1年内多重侵害的种类,用长处和困难问卷(SDQ)评估情绪/行为问题,并测查执行功能行为评定量表自评版(BRIEF-SR)和心理弹性量表(RS)。JVQ总分≥5分表示存在多重侵害。结果:根据JVQ总分,多重侵害组90人,非多重侵害组726人。多重侵害组在BRIEF总分、SDQ总分上均高于非多重侵害组(均P<0.01),而在RS总分上低于非多重侵害组(P<0.01)。SDQ总分与JVQ总分、BRIEF总分呈正相关(r=0.23、0.45;均P<0.01),JVQ总分与BRIEF总分呈正相关(r=0.25,P<0.01),BRIEF总分与RS总分呈负相关(r=-0.26,P<0.01)。执行功能部分中介了多重侵害与青少年情绪行为问题的关系,使多重侵害对SDQ的主效应减小(由β=0.17下降到β=0.11,均P<0.01)。多重侵害与心理弹性的交互作用不显著(β=0.02,P>0.05)。结论:遭受多重侵害的农村青少年更容易存在情绪行为问题和执行功能、心理弹性的损害。执行功能在多重侵害与青少年情绪行为问题关系中起到部分中介作用,尚未发现心理弹性在多重侵害与情绪行为问题关系中的调节作用。     

童年期虐待、依恋与青少年B群人格障碍倾向关系的结构方程模型

目的:探讨儿童期虐待经历和依恋与青少年B群人格障碍倾向的关系模型。方法:采用儿童期虐待问卷(CTQ)、成人依恋问卷(AAQ3.1)和人格诊断问卷(PDQ)B群人格分量表对350名青少年进行调查。结果:相关分析表明除情感忽略与表演型、自恋型,躯体忽略与表演型,情感忽略与父亲依恋无显著相关,其余各因子、各变量间都有不同程度的显著正相关。结构方程模型结果显示,儿童期虐待和依恋对B群人格障碍倾向有显著正向预测作用,儿童期虐待除直接影响B群人格障碍倾向外,还通过依恋间接影响B群人格障碍倾向。结论:儿童期虐待和不安全依恋对B群人格障碍的形成有重要影响。不安全依恋在儿童虐待对B群人格障碍倾向的影响中起部分中介作用。     

Atherosclerosis, and Newton, Poiseuille, Reynolds and Prandtl

Atherosclerotic fibrous plaques typically manifest at inlets of branches and in expansions etc. of large elastic arteries. A resting man with a surface area of 1.78 m(2)produces energy at a rate of 100 W (86 kcal/h), mainly by core organs. Core blood heat is convected to arterial walls and conducted through tissues to be lost from body surfaces. High losses are compensated by an increase in the basal metabolic rate, and vice versa. In laminar flow, the fluid-tube wall heat transfer coefficient is higher close to tube inlets than downstream. Unless lipoprotein etc. suspects are exceptions from the rule that an increase in temperature speeds up chemical reactions, transfer of core heat may contribute to plaque localization. In laminar flow, heat transfer is little influenced by viscosity. Hence correlations between blood viscosity and cardiovascular disease (CVD) may reside in other mechanisms: viscosity limits flow relatively more in small than in large arteries, and viscosity-linked thixotropic properties of blood increase resistance to flow in capillaries and postcapillary venules (exchange vessels). The exchange vessels of large arteries belong to the vasa vasorum, in which reduction of flow induces diffuse parent artery wall changes found also in plaques. Correlations between blood viscosity and peripheral symptoms of CVD may be explained by reduced flow in vascular loops of symptomatic organs, even if maximum flow is limited by upstream plaques. Physiological differences in the type of blood flow and in blood-tissue exchange between vessels of different size may shed light on apparent paradoxes in research on CVD.     

Force-, power-, and elasticity-velocity relationships in walking,running, and jumping

Summary Ground reaction forces and mechanical power were investigated when the subjects walked normally, while they were racing or running at four speeds, and when they performed the running long jump take-off. In addition, the apparent spring constants of the support leg in eccentric and concentric phases were investigated at the four running speeds, during the running long jump take-off, and in the triple jump. Six club level track and field athletes, four national level long jumpers, and six national level triple jumpers took part in the study. Cinematographic technique and a mathematical model of hopping (Alexander and Vernon 1975) were employed in the analysis. Force and power values were found to vary in the following order (from highest to lowest): long jump take-off, maximal running speed, submaximal running (80, 60, and 40% of maximum speed), racing gait, and normal gait. The data disclosed that the measured parameters had the highest values in the long jump take-off performed by the long jump athletes. Their peak values were: resultant ground reaction force 3270±74 N and mechanical power 160.1±10.5 J×kg^–1×s^–1. For the track and field athletes the values were 2010±80 N and 126.0±12.6 J ×kg^–1×s^–1. The apparent spring constant values of the support leg in the national level jumper group were in eccentric phase 30.54±8.38 N×mm^–1 ×kg^–1 and in concentric phase 0.129±0.012 N×mm^–1×kg^–1. In the track and field athletes the values were 13.97±1.01 N×mm^–1×kg^–1 and 0.093±0.003 N×mm^–1×kg^–1, respectively. In general, the increase in force and mechanical power output was related to the value of the apparent spring constant of the support leg in the eccentric phase. The spring constant in the eccentric phase increased with the velocity of motion in running, the long jump take-off and the triple jump. This suggests that it may be possible to use this parameter as a measure of mechanical performance, as it may reflect the combined elasticity of muscles, tendons, and bones.     

Classification, identification, and clinical significance of Proteus, Providencia, and Morganella

This review presents the current taxonomy of the genera Proteus, Providencia, and Morganella, along with the current methods for the identification of each species within the three genera, incorporating both conventional biochemical and commercial methods. While all of these organisms are ubiquitous in the environment, individual case reports and nosocomial outbreak reports that demonstrate their ability to cause major infectious disease problems are presented. Lastly, anticipated antimicrobial susceptibility patterns are reviewed. Many of these organisms are easily controlled, but the advent of newer and more powerful antimicrobial agents has led to some problems of which laboratorians need to be aware.     

Degradation, bioactivity, and cytocompatibility of diopside, akermanite, and bredigite ceramics

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of three bioceramics in the CaO-SiO(2)-MgO systems with different composition on the in vitro degradation, bioactivity, and cytocompatibility. The degradation was evaluated through the activation energy of Si ion release from ceramics and the weight loss of the ceramics in Tris-HCl buffers. The in vitro bioactivity of the ceramics was investigated by analysis of apatite-formation ability in the simulated body fluid (SBF). The cytocompatibility was evaluated through osteoblast morphology and proliferation. The results showed that the activation energy of Si ion release increased and the degradation decreased from bredigite to diopside ceramics with the increase of Mg content, and the apatite-formation ability in SBF decreased. The Ca, Si, and Mg containing ionic products from three ceramics could stimulate cell proliferation at lower concentration, and inhibit cell proliferation with the increase of ion concentrations. Furthermore, osteoblasts could adhere, spread, and proliferate on three ceramic disks, and cell proliferation on diopside was more obvious than that on other two ceramic disks.     

Children,Technology, Problems,and Preferences

Increasingly, young people are using various forms of technology in the service of communicating with others, and many have noted the possibility of various dire consequences of this phenomenon, including sexting, cyberbullying, online harassment, and Internet addiction. In our own survey of over 300 adolescents, we found that texting and face‐to‐face communication were considered the most “convenient” forms of communication, while face‐to‐face communication and phone conversations were perceived as most likely to lead to “feeling understood” and “feeling intimate.” Face‐to‐face communication and texting were perceived as most likely to result in feeling regret for sharing too much information. By choosing to communicate through technology, many young people, including our patients, can continue to be social and, at the same time, keep a somewhat safer emotional distance.