卡泊芬净与氟康唑治疗慢阻肺急性加重期合并肺部真菌感染疗效对比

目的：分析卡泊芬净与氟康唑治疗慢阻肺（COPD）急性加重期合并肺部真菌感染的临床疗效。方法：选取2018年2月~2020年4月收治的COPD急性加重期合并肺部真菌感染患者60例,采用随机数字表法分为卡泊芬净组和氟康唑组,各30例。在常规治疗基础上,卡泊芬净组采用注射用醋酸卡泊芬净治疗,氟康唑组采用氟康唑注射液治疗,两组连续治疗2周。比较两组患者体温恢复正常时间、肺部真菌涂片检查转阴时间、白细胞恢复正常时间、真菌清除率以及不良反应发生情况。结果：卡泊芬净组患者体温恢复正常时间、肺部真菌涂片检查转阴时间以及白细胞恢复正常时间均短于氟康唑组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;治疗2周后,卡泊芬净组光滑念珠菌清除率及总清除率高于氟康唑组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。治疗期间,两组均未发生明显不良反应。结论：卡泊芬净治疗COPD急性加重期合并肺部真菌感染患者疗效要优于氟康唑,可以加速肺部真菌转阴和白细胞恢复正常,能更有效地清除真菌,且不良反应少,耐受性较好。     

卡泊芬净联合其他抗真菌药物治疗血液病嗜中性粒细胞缺乏合并侵袭性真菌感染疗效观察

目的 分析评价卡泊芬净联合其他抗真菌药物治疗恶性血液病患者中性粒细胞缺乏时合并侵袭性真菌感染的有效性和安全性.方法 选择2005年6月至2007年6月应用卡泊芬净联合其他抗真菌药物治疗恶性血液病患者嗜中性粒细胞缺乏时合并侵袭性真菌感染16例(20例次)患者.16例患者急性淋巴细胞白血病3例,多发性骨髓瘤3例,急性非淋巴细胞白血病5例,淋巴瘤5例.其中确诊侵袭性真菌感染3例,临床诊断8例,拟诊5例.患者第1天用负荷剂量卡泊芬净70 mg静脉滴注,第2天开始用50mg,每日1次,直至血象上升或症状好转后改口服其他抗真菌药,在用卡泊芬净同时联合应用其他抗真菌药(两性霉素B,或伏立康唑,或伊曲康唑),连用7～10 d停用其他抗真菌药,卡泊芬净至少应用7 d,最长应用57 d.平均应用14 d.所有患者在发热时均行真菌抗原检测及其血培养、痰培养,均行胸部CT检查,治疗结束进行疗效评估.治疗成功包括完全反应和部分反应.结果 16例(20例次)患者有17次出现血氧饱和度下降.经联合用药后1～6 d血氧饱和度恢复正常,3次为临床诊断患者大剂量化疗或造血干细胞移植期间治疗用药.16例患者抢救治疗成功率100%,应用卡泊芬净治疗期间未见明显不良反应.结论 对于危重血液病患者粒细胞缺乏期卡泊芬净联合其他抗真菌药物治疗重度侵袭性真菌感染,疗效可靠,副作用小,具有临床应用价值.     

卡泊芬净治疗侵袭性真菌感染27例临床研究

卡泊芬净是第一个上市的棘白菌素类广谱抗真菌药物,对难治性侵袭性念珠菌和曲霉菌感染治疗有效,且有较好的耐受性.我们对2005年1月至2006年9月收治的34例侵袭性真菌感染(IFI)患者应用了卡泊芬净治疗,现将疗程≥3d并资料完整的27例总结如下.     

回顾卡芬净治疗高龄肺部真菌感染的疗效分析

目的：探讨卡泊芬净治疗高龄侵袭性肺部真菌感染患者的疗效和安全性。方法入选北京友谊医院医疗保健中心2010年12月至2012年7月接受过卡泊芬净治疗的侵袭性肺部真菌感染患者32例,对临床资料进行分析。根据诊断分为临床诊断病例（n=19）、拟诊病例（n=13）。根据侵袭性真菌感染的疗效评价标准,判定卡泊芬净对高龄侵袭性肺部真菌感染患者的有效率。同时观察该药的安全性。结果共入选32例80岁以上高龄患者。治疗的总有效率为71.9%。其中,痊愈15例（46.9%）,显效8例（25%）,进步5例（15.6%）,无效4例（12.5%）。治疗过程中2例患者出现谷丙转氨酶升高,考虑为与用药有关的肝功能受损所致。结论卡泊芬净对于治疗高龄患者侵袭性真菌感染安全有效。     

卡泊芬净治疗重症监护病房侵袭性真菌感染13例临床分析

目的探讨卡泊芬净治疗ICU侵袭性真菌感染(IFI)的疗效与安全性。方法回顾分析我院呼吸、急诊和外科ICU接受过卡泊芬净治疗的IFI患者临床资料。结果2005年5月—2006年11月共有13例接受了卡泊芬净治疗。13例中确诊IFI6例,包括念珠菌菌血症4例(白念珠菌2例,光滑念珠菌和近平滑念珠各1例)、肺IFI2例(光滑念珠菌和曲霉各1例);拟诊肺IFI3例(白念珠菌1例,曲霉2例);疑似肺IFI4例,病原真菌不明。基础疾病为心血管外科术后8例,骨科与普外科术后各1例,肺癌术后复发化疗、间质性肺疾病和成人Still′s病各1例。卡泊芬净中位疗程14(1~55d)d。1例于用药当天死于心脏骤停疗效无法判断,12例可评估患者中,痊愈4例(4/12,33.3%),显效4例(4/12,33.3%),总有效率(8/12,66.7%),进步和无效各2例。死亡6例(6/13,病死率46.2%)。治疗过程中未发现与卡泊芬净有关的不良反应。结论卡泊芬净是治疗IFI有效、安全的药物,值得进一步临床验证。     

卡泊芬净治疗中国成年人侵袭性念珠菌病和食管念珠菌病的安全性、耐受性及疗效的非对照、多中心、开放性研究

目的评价卡泊芬净注射剂治疗中国成年人侵袭性念珠菌病和食管念珠菌病的疗效及安全性。方法本研究为非对照、多中心、开放性临床研究,入选对象为年龄≥18岁,确诊为侵袭性念珠菌病或食管念珠菌病需要进行抗真菌治疗的中国成人患者。采用卡泊芬净静脉给药,每日50 mg,首日采用70 mg负荷剂量。在最后一次血液或其他正常无菌部位培养阳性后继续治疗至少14 d。食管念珠菌病患者每日50 mg,疗程至少7 d,症状缓解后继续治疗72 h。结果共入选63例患者,包括侵袭性念珠菌病60例,食管念珠菌病3例,其中安全性分析集（SS）63例,全分析集（FAS）63例,符合方案集（PPS）50例。SS 63例患者中,14例发生19例次严重不良事件,均与研究药物无关;发生与药物有关的非严重不良事件31例73例次,其中4例同时发生临床不良事件和实验室指标异常;8例发生12例次临床不良事件,主要为皮疹等,其中91.7%（11/12）属轻、中度。27例发生实验室指标异常,主要为ALT等肝酶升高、血钾降低等。与研究药物相关的不良事件总发生率为49.2%（31/63）,其中临床不良事件发生率为12.7%（8/63）,实验室指标异常发生率为42.9%（27/63）。1例因不良事件终止治疗,占1.6%（1/63）。FAS和PPS中的总有效率分别为58.1%（36/62）和70.0%（35/50）。FAS中,侵袭性念珠菌病的有效率为57.6%（34/59）,食管念珠菌病为2/3。PPS中,侵袭性念珠菌病的有效率为68.8%（33/48）,食管念珠菌病为3/3。结论卡泊芬净治疗中国成年人侵袭性念珠菌病和食管念珠菌病临床不良反应大多为轻、中度,患者可耐受。卡泊芬净可有效治疗中国成年人侵袭性念珠菌病和食管念珠菌病。     

纤维支气管镜检查在肺部真菌感染诊断中的应用

目的 探讨纤维支气管镜检查在肺部真菌感染诊断中的作用。方法 对12例具有真菌感染高危因素的患者进行纤维支气管镜检查，在病变部位进行支气管肺灌洗或肺活检，分别进行真菌培养和组织病理检查。结果 12例患者中有7例诊断为念珠菌肺炎（4例为光滑念珠菌，2例为热带念珠菌，1例为白念珠菌），3例诊断为曲霉肺炎，1例诊断为肺毛霉感染，1例诊断为奴卡菌肺炎。其中6例患者同时合并细菌感染，所有患者根据体外药物敏感试验进行抗真菌和细菌治疗。有5例患者应用了两性霉素B和脂质体两性霉素B，3例应用了伊曲康唑，2例患者联合应用了卡泊芬净。12例患者中治愈5例．死亡5例。放弃治疗2例。结论 纤维支气管镜检查对肺部真菌感染的诊断有一定的价值。     

卡泊芬净治疗急性白血病并发真菌感染10例临床分析

我们选择因心脏、肾脏功能有损害或年龄≥70岁或因其他抗真菌药物治疗失败的急性白血病患者合并真菌感染的使用卡泊芬净治疗观察临床疗效和不良反应。1资料与方法1.1病例选择按照中国侵袭性真菌感染工作组制定的血液病/恶性肿瘤患者侵袭性真菌感染的诊断标准[1],10例中确诊5例,     

肾移植术后真菌感染诊治探讨

目的：探讨肾移植术后真菌感染的临床防治措施.方法：回顾性分析42例肾移植术后继发肺部真菌感染患者的临床资料.结果：合并真菌感染多与使用多联广谱抗生素及大量激素有关,真菌类型多为白色念珠菌,使用氟康唑与两性霉素B序贯性方法治疗肺部真菌感染安全、可靠.结论：对肾移植术后肺部感染病例,及早进行痰、血真菌培养检查,做到肺部真菌感染早期发现并及时治疗.对诊断为肺部真菌感染合理使用抗真菌药和果断停用免疫抑制剂,尽量减少激素用量是提高肾移植术后肺部真菌感染诊治成功率的关键.     

卡泊芬净治疗危重患者肺部真菌感染的护理

危重患者由于严重的基础疾病、合并疾病、手术、导管留置以及广谱抗菌药、糖皮质激素的应用等,使肺部真菌感染患病率增加。卡泊芬净具有广谱抗真菌作用,对白色念珠菌、非白色念珠菌及曲霉菌均具有很好的抗菌活性,     

老年晚期肺癌化疗后并发肺部真菌感染的临床研究

目的 探讨老年晚期肺癌化疗后合并肺部真菌感染的临床特点、病原菌构成、耐药性及治疗.方法 对老年晚期肺癌患者化疗后常规真菌检测,并对相关病原菌分类、药敏状况及治疗结果 进行统计分析.结果 (1)老年晚期肺癌患者常合并其它疾病,如糖尿病、脑血管疾病、肺结核、慢性阻塞性肺病、支气管哮喘等.(2)62株真菌中白色念珠菌最多,占58.1%;其次为光滑念珠菌,占17.7%.克柔假丝酵母菌及光滑念珠菌耐药率高.(3)62例肺部真菌感染患者中,痊愈和好转者58例(93.5%),死亡4例(6.5%).结论 晚期肺癌患者化疗后易继发肺部真菌感染,早期诊断、早期治疗,则预后良好.     

老年肺部疾病患者并发真菌感染相关因素的临床研究（附49例临床报告）

目的：探讨我院呼吸内科病房老年肺部疾病患者并发真菌感染发病的相关因素,分析其易患因素、临床特征和治疗。方法：采用回顾性调查方法对2002年1月至2008年6月收住内科的经微生物检查证实49例继发真菌感染的患者进行分析,并与同期无真菌感染的肺部疾病患者（对照组）比较。结果：在呼吸内科病房中,老年患者院内肺部真菌感染发生率为3.78%,主要感染部位为泌尿系（21.8%）,呼吸道（26.9%）,消化道（40.9%）。慢性阻塞性肺疾病（49.8%）是继发院内肺部真菌感染最常见的基础疾病,其感染因素为长期使用广谱抗生素（96.2%）和糖皮质激素（33.2%）、营养状况不良（58.3%）出现低蛋白血症及合并糖尿病、白细胞减少和侵袭性诊疗操作等。肺部真菌感染的临床表现无特异性,确诊需结合痰培养,组织病理学和临床表现来确定,感染菌种以白色念珠菌为主,占62.6%。氟康唑治疗有效率91.4%。研究组与同期无真菌感染的肺部疾病患者（对照组）比较：病死率分别为6.12%和0.82%,两组治疗无效的病例（恶化和死亡病例）比较差异有显著性。结论：院内真菌是呼吸系统疾病继发感染的重要病原体,而白色假丝酵母菌是院内肺部真菌感染的主要致病菌,宿主免疫状态、感染播散和疾病严重程度是影响预后的因素。该研究认为老年肺部疾病患者并发真菌感染的相关因素和影响预后的因素对其预防、诊断、治疗、改进预后和生存质量有重要的临床意义。除有效的抗真菌治疗外,积极的综合治疗有助于提高真菌感染的治愈率。     

Infective endocarditis and meningitis due to Scedosporium prolificans in a renal transplant recipient

Scedosporium prolificans is a ubiquitous filamentous fungi that may cause disseminated diseases in neutropenic patients with hematological malignancies. We report a fatal case of renal transplant recipient who developed both infective endocarditis and meningitis due to S. prolificans during treatment with micafungin and itraconazole for chronic necrotizing aspergillosis. Breakthrough Scedosporium infection should be considered among differential diagnosis of invasive fungal diseases in patients with renal transplant recipients receiving antifungal agents.     

Comparison of micafungin and voriconazole in the treatment of invasive fungal infections in kidney transplant recipients

What is known and Objective: Invasive fungal infections are a major threat to renal transplant recipients. Micafungin and voriconazole are two useful antifungal agents for treating such infections. Our objective is to evaluate the comparative efficacy and safety of micafungin and voriconazole in the initial treatment of such infections. Methods: In this prospective, multicentre, open‐labelled, randomized, controlled trial, renal transplant recipients with invasive fungal infections were assigned to receive either micafungin or voriconazole. The enrolled subjects received a kidney transplant between March 2008 and March 2010 at one of the two transplant centres in Henan Province, China. The efficacy and adverse effects of the two treatments were compared. Results and Discussion: The clinical trial enrolled 65 patients, of whom 31 were treated with micafungin, and 34 with voriconazole. The rates of microbiological evidence of infection in the micafungin and voriconazole groups were 64·5% and 70·5%, respectively, whereas the rates of Candida as the major cultured fungus were 80·0% and 75·0%, respectively. Complicated bacterial infection rates in the two treatment groups were 38·7% and 32·4%, respectively, whereas complicated CMV viral infection occurred at a rate of 19·2% and 23·5%, respectively. Fungal infection within one to 3 months after transplant was 83·6% (26/31) and 85·3% (29/34) in the micafungin and voriconazole groups, respectively. There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of efficacy, survival beyond 10 days and discontinuation of treatment because of lack of efficacy (P > 0·05). Mortality rates in the micafungin and voriconazole groups were 9·7% (3/31) and 12·1% (4/33), respectively. Rates of adverse effects in the two groups were 41·9% and 51·6% (P > 0·05), respectively. What is new and Conclusions: This is the first comparison of micafungin and voriconazole in renal transplant patients. Our study shows that the effectiveness of micafungin was similar to that of voriconazole in such patients.     

Caspofungin acetate for treatment of invasive fungal infections

OBJECTIVE: To briefly discuss the changing epidemiology of fungal infections and review currently available agents; provide a review of caspofungin; and discuss its pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, dosing guidelines, safety and efficacy, and role in the treatment of invasive fungal infections as it relates to current antifungal therapy. DATA SOURCES: A MEDLINE (1966 to August 2002) database search using key words caspofungin, echino candins, fungal infections, and invasive aspergillosis, was completed to identify relevant articles including reviews, recent studies, treatment guidelines, and data from Merck and Company. STUDY SELECTION: In vitro studies and all clinical trials were evaluated to summarize the clinical efficacy and safety of caspofungin. DATA SYNTHESIS: The incidence of fungal infections is increasing as the population at risk expands. Cost, resistance, and morbidity and mortality are key issues. Adding to the antifungal armamentarium is necessary to address these therapeutic dilemmas. Caspofungin is the first member of a new class of antifungal agents, the echinocandins, to be approved for clinical use. Caspofungin is classified as a glucan synthase inhibitor and represents a class of agents with a novel mechanism of action. Unlike currently available agents (polyenes, pyrimidines, azoles) that exert their effect on the fungal cell membrane, the echinocandins are the first agents to inhibit fungal cell wall synthesis. Caspofungin exhibits activity against Aspergillus spp. and Candida spp., including non-albicans species. Data from clinical trials demonstrate that caspofungin is effective in patients with invasive aspergillosis as well as candida esophagitis. Its Food and Drug Administration-approved indication is limited to invasive aspergillosis refractory to or intolerant of current therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Caspofungin has activity against Aspergillus spp. as well as a variety of Candida spp. Clinical data support its usefulness in the treatment of invasive aspergillosis and select candida infections. As additional clinical data become available, it seems likely that the therapeutic role of caspofungin will expand.     

Echinocandin antifungals: review and update

The echinocandins are a new and unique class of antifungal agents that act on the fungal cell wall by way of noncompetitive inhibition of the synthesis of 1,3-beta-glucans. All agents of this class are of parenteral formulation, with no oral preparations available. Caspofungin (Cancidas) was the first approved echinocandin, followed recently by micafungin (Mycamine) and anidulafungin (Eraxis). The precise role of the echinocandins in the antifungal armamentarium is still unfolding. Caspofungin is approved for the treatment of candidal esophagitis and candidemia, salvage therapy of Aspergillus infections and for empirical therapy of febrile neutropenia. Micafungin is likewise approved for candidal esophagitis, in addition to antifungal prophylaxis for hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Anidulafungin is also approved for treatment of candidal esophagitis, as well as therapy of candidemia. There has been anecdotal use of these agents to treat less common fungal pathogens, as well as limited use as a component of combination antifungal therapy. The echinocandins are an important addition to the antifungal armamentarium in the treatment of fungal infections in both immunocompromised patients and those with normal immunity.     

Antifungal prophylaxis in solid organ transplant recipients

Solid organ transplantation is life saving for thousands of patients worldwide with end-stage organ failure, but post-transplantation invasive fungal infections (IFIs) remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. To improve patient outcomes, investigators have explored various strategies of prevention, including the use of antifungal prophylaxis with both systemic and topical nonabsorbable agents. Often, the strategy is to identify those patients at highest risk for IFIs who would be expected to derive the most benefit from antifungal prophylaxis. Currently, data support the use of antifungal prophylaxis in liver, lung, small bowel and pancreas transplant recipients. By understanding the epidemiology of post-transplant IFIs and antifungal adverse effects, clinicians may target antifungal prophylaxis more optimally. Herein, we review antifungal prophylaxis with systemic agents among solid organ transplant recipients.     

Antifungal prophylaxis in solid organ transplant recipients

Solid organ transplantation is life saving for thousands of patients worldwide with end-stage organ failure, but post-transplantation invasive fungal infections (IFIs) remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. To improve patient outcomes, investigators have explored various strategies of prevention, including the use of antifungal prophylaxis with both systemic and topical nonabsorbable agents. Often, the strategy is to identify those patients at highest risk for IFIs who would be expected to derive the most benefit from antifungal prophylaxis. Currently, data support the use of antifungal prophylaxis in liver, lung, small bowel and pancreas transplant recipients. By understanding the epidemiology of post-transplant IFIs and antifungal adverse effects, clinicians may target antifungal prophylaxis more optimally. Herein, we review antifungal prophylaxis with systemic agents among solid organ transplant recipients.     

肿瘤患者真菌感染的菌株分布及耐药性分析

目的分析肿瘤患者真菌感染的菌株分布及耐药情况,以便更好地指导临床预防及治疗真菌感染。方法回顾性分析2008年1月至2009年12月从住院肿瘤患者送检标本中分离出的258株真菌的分布及耐药情况。结果 258例真菌感染以痰标本为主,占45.74%;真菌种类以白色假丝酵母菌占首位,为54.26%,其次为热带假丝酵母菌15.89%;真菌药敏试验结果表明,真菌对两性霉素B耐药率为0;对伊曲康唑和伏立康唑耐药率为8.3%～23.3%;对氟康唑耐药率为15.7%～96.7%。结论肿瘤患者并发真菌感染以白假丝酵母菌为主,热带假丝酵母菌、克柔假丝酵母菌感染率较高。临床应及时掌握肿瘤患者治疗过程中引起真菌感染病原菌的分布及耐药情况,为合理应用抗真菌药物提供依据。     

Second-line therapy with caspofungin for mucosal or invasive candidiasis: results from the caspofungin compassionate-use study

OBJECTIVES: To prospectively assess the efficacy and safety of caspofungin as second-line therapy for mucosal or invasive candidiasis in patients enrolled in the caspofungin compassionate-use study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-seven patients with mucosal or invasive candida infections (17 oesophageal, four oropharyngeal and 16 invasive candidiasis) were enrolled in the caspofungin compassionate-use study. All patients were refractory to or intolerant of intravenous amphotericin B or lipid amphotericin formulation(s). Efficacy was assessed at the end of intravenous caspofungin therapy based on clinical (and, where appropriate, microbiological) response. RESULTS: HIV was the most common (91%) risk factor in patients with mucosal candidiasis; patients with invasive candidiasis commonly had acute leukaemia/lymphoma (50%) or diabetes mellitus (31%). Most patients with mucosal candidiasis (91%) and invasive candidiasis (94%) were refractory to >/=1 antifungal agent(s). A favourable response was noted in 82% (14/17) with oesophageal candidiasis, 100% (4/4) with oropharyngeal candidiasis and 87% (13/15) with invasive candidiasis. Caspofungin was generally well tolerated; one serious drug-related adverse event was reported. CONCLUSION: In this study, caspofungin was an effective alternative for patients with refractory candida infections.