老年单侧全髋关节置换与下肢深静脉血栓形成

背景:下肢深静脉血栓形成是全髋关节置换患者围手术期严重的并发症,其发生率较高.目前尚不清楚原发病对老年全髋关节置换后下肢深静脉血栓形成的影响.目的:观察不同原发病对老年全髋关节置换后下肢深静脉血栓形成的影响.方法:选择单侧全髋关节置换患者147例,年龄64～93岁,根据原发病不同分为2组:骨折组68例,置换前经历了创伤,均为股骨颈骨折患者;骨病组79例,术前未经历过创伤.根据患者生理年龄、置换前社会活动能力、骨质情况、预期寿命等选择全髋假体,其中采用生物学假体5例,混合型假体12例,其他全部采用骨水泥型假体.对术后出现患肢肿胀和/或疼痛,下肢伴有或不伴有Homans征/Neuhofs征阳性的患者常规应用加压超声技术进行超声多谱勒检查.结果与结论:骨折组置换后32例出现患侧肢体肿胀,伴有疼痛者20例,出现Homans征/Neuhofs征15例,经超声多普勒检查证实29例下肢下肢深静脉血栓形成阳性;股骨颈骨折后行全髋关节置换1例,无下肢深静脉血栓形成临床症状,于置换后17 d猝死,尸检证实为伤侧下肢混合型下肢深静脉血栓形成合并肺栓塞;骨病组置换后20例出现患侧肢体肿胀,伴有疼痛者11例,出现Homans征/Neuhofs征9例,经超声多普勒检查证实20例下肢深静脉血栓形成阳性.股骨颈骨折患者比骨病组患者具有更高的血液凝固状态,下肢深静脉血栓形成发生率更高(P＜0.05).提示股骨颈骨折是老年全髋关节置换后下肢深静脉血栓形成发生的高危因素.     

全髋关节置换84例早期并发症分析

选择2006-01／2008-04赣州市人民医院骨科进行全髋关节置换84例患者，男48例，女36例，年龄25-82岁。所用羟基磷灰石喷涂非骨水泥柄金属臼全髋由台湾联合公司提供。12例患者出现置换后早期并发症，平均年龄62岁。其中包括：呼吸衰竭1例，肺部感染4例，伤口感染1例，电解质紊乱2例，应激性溃疡1例，发生后脱位1例，坐骨神经损伤1例，肺栓塞1例。除肺栓塞患者因急性呼吸衰竭死亡外，其余经对症处理均恢复正常。无假体松动、断裂和下沉等并发症发生。经分析表明术前准各充分，术中操作仔细、规范，术后针对不同情况采取积极预防措施是避免置换后早期并发症发生的关键。     

单侧全膝关节置换术前两下肢步态差异性分析

目的:比较在单侧全膝关节置换术(TKR)前以美国膝关节协会评分(KSS)为依据确定的手术侧和非手术侧在步态上的差异性。方法:筛选16例即将做单侧TKR手术的患者,使用KSS评分、WOMAC、SF-36评判患者健康状况,并将KSS得分较低的一侧确定为手术侧。使用三维步态分析系统采集患者以自选步速赤脚穿袜行走时的步态数据,比较患者手术侧和非手术侧在时空、运动学和动力学参数上的差异。结果:KSS评分手术侧和非手术侧存在显著差异(P0.001),支撑期非手术侧显著长于手术侧(P=0.002),患者手术侧和非手术侧在矢状面及冠状面上膝、踝、髋关节转角曲线及关节力矩曲线总体相似,关节转角幅值和关节力矩峰值均为未表现出显著差异(P0.05)。结论:单侧TKR术前患者行走时偏向于使用非手术侧,手术侧和非手术侧在关节活动能力和关节受载方面并无明显差异。     

陶瓷对陶瓷的全髋关节置换

背景:目前陶瓷制造工艺方面仍在不断改进,陶瓷对陶瓷摩擦界面的假体成为关节外科领域关注的焦点,并取得了良好的临床疗效,然而随着陶瓷对陶瓷摩擦界面假体的广泛应用,出现了假体碎裂和高调摩擦音等一系列问题. 目的:探讨陶瓷对陶瓷全髋关节置换的初期临床疗效. 方法:对常熟市第一人民医院2006年1月至2010年6月间小于55岁行陶瓷对陶瓷全髋关节置换的50例患者进行随访,其中男19例(20髋),女31例(33髋),平均年龄45岁,随访时间平均20(12-42)个月.置换前后均采用 Harris 评分进行疗效评估,影像学随访包括髋臼假体外展角和前倾角,假体松动采用 Kawamura 及 Engh 标准,骨溶解采用 Engh 标准,异位骨化依据 Brooker 法评价. 结果与结论:置换前 Harris 评分为(48.10±26.33)分,置换后为(91.10±19.78)分.置换后随访无患者有关节异响的主诉,未见假体松动,未发生假体周围感染,无可观察到的磨损和骨溶解,无明显异位骨化.其中,1例因髋臼陶瓷内衬碎裂翻修.可见陶瓷对陶瓷全髋关节置换对于年轻的骨质量较好的患者短期疗效显著,长期疗效有待于进一步随访.     

全髋关节置换治疗CroweⅣ型成人髋关节发育性不良

背景：人工全髋关节置换为治疗髋关节发育性不良晚期患者的最佳选择,然而髋关节发育性不良的患者特别是CroweⅣ型因其髋关节解剖结构的显著异常,增加了手术难度且手术方法颇有争议。 目的：探讨人工全髋关节置换治疗CroweⅣ型成人髋关节发育性不良的疗效及髋臼重建与股骨侧处理的方法。 方法：纳入12例（14髋）CroweⅣ型成人髋关节发育不良患者进行人工全髋关节置换,Harris评分术前平均（35.0±6.8）分,髋臼侧采用小臼杯结合髋臼加深技术安置臼杯假体,股骨侧行转子下短缩截骨放置股骨假体,采用Harris评分评价置换后髋关节功能。 结果与结论：所有患者随访1-7年,平均4.6年,2例2髋发生置换过程中股骨大转子不全骨折,予钢丝固定。1例置换后出现坐骨神经刺激症状,1个月后恢复正常,无感染、假体松动及有明显临床表现的深静脉血栓形成等并发症。股骨侧截骨处均骨性愈合。置换后末次随访Harris评分平均为（84.0±7.0）分,置换后肢体延长4-6 cm,平均5 cm,短缩的肢体得到满意纠正。说明采用小臼杯、髋臼内陷技术、股骨短缩截骨对CroweⅣ型成人髋关节发育性不良患者行全髋关节置换能重建关节功能,恢复下肢长度,长期疗效有待于进一步观察。     

人工全髋关节置换后33例翻修原因解析

背景：人工髋关节置换后出现感染、假体松动、假体磨损断裂、骨溶解、复发性脱位等并发症的数量逐渐增多,最终导致行全髋关节翻修。 目的：分析人工全髋关节置换后进行翻修的原因和治疗措施。 方法：对33例患者全髋关节翻修的原因、假体选择、骨缺损处理及康复进行分析研究。其中髋臼有21例行普通金属杯加内衬置换、8例行大头臼杯置换、4例行聚乙烯臼杯置换。股骨柄有15例行普通柄（11例应用骨水泥固定）置换、18例行加长柄置换（9例应用骨水泥、6例为组合型柄）。 结果与结论：33例患者全部获得随访,翻修后随访24-60个月,平均随访36.5个月;翻修后伤口愈合良好,假体固定可靠,未再次出现感染脱位患者;髋关节功能均得到了较大的改善,Harris评分：翻修前平均为37.1分,翻修后平均为91.3分。中短期临床随访结果示,若翻修手术指征正确,骨缺损处理得当,翻修假体选择正确,行一期人工全髋关节翻修可以获得良好的临床疗效。     

人工全髋关节置换治疗股骨近端骨肿瘤：疗效及安全性分析

背景：随着医疗水平的提高,肢体恶性肿瘤保肢手术的价值日益提高,目前已替代截肢,成为当今肢体肿瘤外科治疗的主流与发展方向。但目前为止,对股骨近端肿瘤还没有统一的手术适应证,仍存在争议。目的：观察人工全髋关节置换联合瘤段扩大切除治疗股骨近端骨肿瘤的效果。方法：选取中南大学湘雅二医院收治的股骨近端骨肿瘤患者并随机分为对照组和观察组,每组30例。对照组患者根据病情选择病灶刮除,瘤体壁灭活,自体和（或）异体骨、人工骨混合植骨后行植入物内固定治疗。观察组患者接受瘤段扩大切除加人工全髋关节置换治疗。比较两组患者手术时间、术中术后出血量、住院时间及关节功能情况。2年后对患者进行回访,比较两组患者的转移复发率、死亡率以及生活质量。结果与结论：两组患者手术时间及术中出血量间无显著性差异（P〉0.05）,但观察组患者住院时间短于对照组,关节功能恢复优良率（83%）高于对照组（53%）,术后2年内转移复发率（7%）和死亡率（3%）均低于对照组（30%,23%）。观察组患者生活质量各项指标均优于对照组,差异有显著性意义（P〈0.05）。提示人工全髋关节置换治疗股骨近端骨肿瘤安全有效。     

数字化模板测量对全髋关节置换后下肢不等长的影响

背景：置换前模板测量是全髋关节置换非常重要的置换前计划步骤。准确的模板测量可以帮助骨科医生选择最合适的假体型号,指导置换中下肢长度的控制,使患者获得满意的下肢长度和偏心距,从而减少置换后并发症的发生。目的：观察置换前进行数字化模板测量对全髋关节置换后下肢不等长的影响。方法：回顾性分析2004年10月至2012年5月在东南大学附属中大医院骨科行人工全髋关节置换的334例患者,根据是否进行数字化模板测量分为对照组（n=124）和测量组（n=210）,分别在置换前未进行数字化模板测量和进行由NEUSOFTPACS／RIS3．0影像系统对骨盆正位进行的数字化模板测量,比较2组患者置换后下肢不等长的发生情况。结果与结论：测量组全髋关节置换患者下肢不等长绝对值小于对照组（Z=-3．638,P〈0．01）,表明测量组比对照组下肢不等长程度更小,更加趋向于下肢等长。以下肢不等长绝对值〉10mm作为下肢不等长的诊断标准,测量组全髋关节置换患者比对照组下肢不等长发生率明显降低（x^2=7．17,P=0．007〈0．05）。说明数字化模板测量能够减少全髋关节置换后下肢不等长的发生。     

全髋关节置换与人工股骨头置换治疗高龄患者股骨颈骨折有效性与安全性的Meta分析

目的:通过Meta分析方法在较大样本量的前提下,比较国内全髋关节置换与人工股骨头置换治疗高龄患者股骨颈骨折的临床疗效和安全性.方法:计算机检索中国生物医学文献数据库CBM(2010-04)、中国期刊全文数据库CNKI(2010-04)、维普中文科技期刊数据库VIP(2010-04)及所有关于全髋关节置换与人工股骨头置换治疗高龄患者股骨颈骨折临床随机对照试验.采用Meta分析方法对假体关节功能、手术时间、术中出血量、出现并发症、髋关节残余疼痛进行综合分析.结果:纳入7个临床对照研究,共624例高龄患者(＞60岁).其中行全髋关节置换实验组329例,人工股骨头置换对照组295例.Meta分析发现:①全髋关节置换组在疗效上优于人工股骨头置换组[OR=2.88和95%可信区间为(1.84,4.49),P＜0.05].②实验组手术时间上长于对照组[WMD=43.35和95%可信区间为(23.96,62.74),P＜0.05].③实验组术中出血量多于对照组[WMD=336.36和95%可信区间为(196.34,476.37),P＜0.05].④两组术后出现并发症无明显统计学差异[OR=0.54和95%可信区间为(0.29,1.02),P＞0.05].⑤实验组髋关节残余痛少于对照组[OR=0.30和95%可信区间为(0.18,0.50),P＜ 0.05].结论:全髋关节置换治疗高龄股骨颈骨折较人工股骨头置换具有更好的远期临床效果,尤其适用于原发髋关节疾病和较强活动能力者.但全髋关节置换手术持续时间与术中出血量明显高于人工股骨头置换,因此在临床工作中对于治疗方法的选择应该谨慎.由于纳入研究数量少且质量不高,论证强度较弱,尚需开展和设计大样本随机对照研究做进一步验证.     

全髋关节置换后夹闭引流管对引流量的影响

背景：目前多采用夹闭引流管方法来减少全髋关节置换后引流量,以促进切口愈合和髋关节功能康复。但夹闭时间是一个值得进一步探讨的问题。目的：探讨全髋关节置换后早期暂时夹闭切口引流管对引流量的影响。方法：2013年1至10月在郑州大学第一附属医院骨科一病区行单侧全髋关节置换患者112例,按入院时间随机分为4组,每组28例,分别于放置引流管后即刻夹闭引流管2,4,6 h以及始终保持引流管畅通。4组均于置换后48 h拔管;准确记录各组置换后48 h的血红蛋白含量下降值、置换后48 h引流量、切口愈合情况和置换后1.5个月随访时髋关节功能评分。结果与结论：置换后48 h血红蛋白下降值和切口引流量：不夹闭引流管组〉即刻夹闭引流管2 h组〉即刻夹闭引流管4 h组〉即刻夹闭引流管6 h组,各组差异有显著性意义（P〈0.05）,置换后切口愈合时间及置换后1.5个月随访时髋关节功能Harris评分各组间比较差异均无显著性意义（P〉0.05）。各组均未出现切口感染、张力性裂开等情况;即刻夹闭引流管6 h组出现6例术肢皮下淤血伴肿胀疼痛,4例术肢出现小腿肌间静脉血栓;即刻夹闭引流管4h组和不夹闭引流管组各出现1例脂肪液化。结果可见全髋关节置换后早期暂时夹闭引流管能减少切口引流量,夹闭时间以4h为宜,且对切口愈合和髋关节功能康复无不良影响。     

Gait in the early days after total knee and hip arthroplasty: A comparison

Purpose.?To evaluate whether gait after Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) is different from gait after Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA) in the early days following surgical intervention.

Method.?The gait was studied in water, thus exploiting its buoyancy force. Twenty consecutive patients underwent TKA and twenty consecutive patients underwent THA. The mean age was 70.2 years (SD 6.9). Twenty age-matched volunteers were the control group.

Results.?At the beginning TKA and THA patients had the same speed and the same step length. At day 15 there was a speed difference in favour of THA patients (t = ? 2.245, df 38, p = 0.031). Likewise, the step length was longer in THA patients (t = ?2.293 df 38, p = 0.027). In contrast to TKA patients, THA patients were unbalanced, having a longer stance phase on the non-operated leg and a longer swing on the contralateral one.

Conclusions.?Gait strategies were completely different after TKA and THA interventions. TKA patients were balanced over their feet and they appeared more cautious and more concerned about gait quality than moving quickly. By contrast, THA patients were unbalanced, having a longer stance phase on the non-operated leg and a longer swing on the contralateral one. However, their speed gain was higher.     

Gait in the early days after total knee and hip arthroplasty: a comparison

Purpose. To evaluate whether gait after Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) is different from gait after Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA) in the early days following surgical intervention.

Method. The gait was studied in water, thus exploiting its buoyancy force. Twenty consecutive patients underwent TKA and twenty consecutive patients underwent THA. The mean age was 70.2 years (SD 6.9). Twenty age-matched volunteers were the control group.

Results. At the beginning TKA and THA patients had the same speed and the same step length. At day 15 there was a speed difference in favour of THA patients (t = - 2.245, df 38, p = 0.031). Likewise, the step length was longer in THA patients (t = -2.293 df 38, p = 0.027). In contrast to TKA patients, THA patients were unbalanced, having a longer stance phase on the non-operated leg and a longer swing on the contralateral one.

Conclusions. Gait strategies were completely different after TKA and THA interventions. TKA patients were balanced over their feet and they appeared more cautious and more concerned about gait quality than moving quickly. By contrast, THA patients were unbalanced, having a longer stance phase on the non-operated leg and a longer swing on the contralateral one. However, their speed gain was higher.     

Gait during hydrokinesitherapy following total hip arthroplasty

Purpose.?To obtain gait parameters during hydrotherapy (HT) in patients who were referred for rehabilitation after total hip arthroprostheses.

Method.?The study had a cohort prospective design. Patients who underwent primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) followed a HT rehabilitation program. Twenty-one consecutive patients were enrolled. Five of them dropped out for various reasons, independently of HT. Therefore 16 patients could be evaluated (5 men and 11 women). Sixteen age-matched healthy volunteers were the control subjects. Nine patients had a right THA and 7 a left THA. On average HT duration was 15.7 days (SD 3.8).

Results.?The patients presented with a mean speed of 749 meters per hour (SD 146) at the baseline. At the last session the mean speed was 1175 meters per hour (SD 396). The mean stance duration was 1.59 s (SD 0.28) on the operated side and 1.67 (SD 0.27) on the non-operated side. By contrast, the mean swing duration was 1.02 s (SD 0.20) on the operated side and 0.95 s (SD 0.16) on the non-operated side. The differences in balance were statistically significant. The step duration was the same on both sides. At the beginning of HT the stance/swing ratio was 1.62 (SD 0.40) on the operated side, whereas it was 1.74 (SD 0.42) on the non-operated side. In the controls the ratio was 1.45. During HT both values fluctuated but the trend was toward a better coherence over time. At the beginning the mean stride length was 0.484 meters (SD 0.116) and the value became 0.628 (SD 0.131) after 15 training sessions. At the individual level, recovery occurred in a non-linear fashion, but the mean regression line had a coefficient of 27.1 and the intercept was at 560.3.

Conclusions.?The study design permits accurate definition of stride parameters during rehabilitation which allows optimization of the programme. Increase in speed and regain of balance are monitored on a daily basis and they appear as the targets of a HT programme.     

Gait during hydrokinesitherapy following total hip arthroplasty

Purpose. To obtain gait parameters during hydrotherapy (HT) in patients who were referred for rehabilitation after total hip arthroprostheses.

Method. The study had a cohort prospective design. Patients who underwent primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) followed a HT rehabilitation program. Twenty-one consecutive patients were enrolled. Five of them dropped out for various reasons, independently of HT. Therefore 16 patients could be evaluated (5 men and 11 women). Sixteen age-matched healthy volunteers were the control subjects. Nine patients had a right THA and 7 a left THA. On average HT duration was 15.7 days (SD 3.8).

Results. The patients presented with a mean speed of 749 meters per hour (SD 146) at the baseline. At the last session the mean speed was 1175 meters per hour (SD 396). The mean stance duration was 1.59 s (SD 0.28) on the operated side and 1.67 (SD 0.27) on the non-operated side. By contrast, the mean swing duration was 1.02 s (SD 0.20) on the operated side and 0.95 s (SD 0.16) on the non-operated side. The differences in balance were statistically significant. The step duration was the same on both sides. At the beginning of HT the stance/swing ratio was 1.62 (SD 0.40) on the operated side, whereas it was 1.74 (SD 0.42) on the non-operated side. In the controls the ratio was 1.45. During HT both values fluctuated but the trend was toward a better coherence over time. At the beginning the mean stride length was 0.484 meters (SD 0.116) and the value became 0.628 (SD 0.131) after 15 training sessions. At the individual level, recovery occurred in a non-linear fashion, but the mean regression line had a coefficient of 27.1 and the intercept was at 560.3.

Conclusions. The study design permits accurate definition of stride parameters during rehabilitation which allows optimization of the programme. Increase in speed and regain of balance are monitored on a daily basis and they appear as the targets of a HT programme.     

全髋关节置换术后99康复训练程序

全髋关节置换术 (THA)后“99康复训练程序”的内容包括肌力训练、关节活动度训练、ADL训练。患者术后即可开始康复训练 ,在院训练时间为 2周 ,分为卧位及坐位、站立位、步行训练 3期。通过训练 ,可使患者恢复患肢功能、减少术后并发症、缩短住院日期。经临床试用 ,证实此法切实可行。     

Cane-assisted gait biomechanics and electromyography after total hip arthroplasty

OBJECTIVE: To quantify the effects of cane use during walking on hip joint kinematics, kinetics, and muscle activity patterns after unilateral total hip arthroplasty (THA). DESIGN: Nonrandomized experimental design. SETTING: Urban inpatient hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Adults (n=9 men, 2 women) with no history of orthopedic or neuromuscular disease who underwent elective unilateral THA. INTERVENTION: Gait was assessed preoperatively and 4 and 8 months postoperatively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Three-dimensional hip joint motion and moments and electromyographic patterns of gluteus medius, tensor fascia latae, lateral hamstring, and vastus lateralis were measured during level walking, with and without use of a straight cane. RESULTS: When a cane was held in the contralateral hand, the abduction moment of the affected hip decreased by 26%, whereas that of the contralateral hip increased by 28%. Use of a cane in THA rehabilitation is important because it reduces the load on the operative hip so that bone and soft tissues can heal. Our results suggest that load reduction was successful on the operative side, but the loads on the contralateral side were increased. CONCLUSIONS: After unilateral arthroplasty, subjects using a cane had increased hip abduction moments on the nonoperative hip and decreased hip abduction moments on the operative hip. Clinicians should be mindful of the effects of cane use on the contralateral hip.     

人工全髋关节置换术后的康复护理

目的总结人工全髋关节置换术后的护理。方法回顾性分析38例人工髋关节置换术患者的术前、术后护理、功能锻炼及康复护理。结果 38例患者经过精心的治疗及护理,取得了较满意的临床效果,住院期间未发生切口、肺部、泌尿道感染,无下肢深静脉血栓形成,无护理并发症的发生,均顺利康复,患者及家属的满意度为100%。结论做好并发症的预防和术后的康复护理,对人工全髋关节置换术的成败起着至关重要的作用。     

老年全髋关节置换术围术期护理体会

目的探讨全髋关节置换术患者围术期的护理方案。方法 2011年1月—2012年12月本院收治的20例全髋关节置换术患者随机分为常规对照组和护理干预组,每组10例。前者施行全髋关节置换术常规护理,后者在前者护理基础上增加康复护理干预。观察术后2个月内2组患者康复程度、康复人数及并发症的发生情况。结果护理干预组康复人数7例,康复程度均较高;常规对照组康复1例,康复程度中等;护理干预组出现并发症1例,常规对照组4例。护理干预组恢复较快,预后良好。结论老年全髋关节置换术围术期施行全面精细的护理措施能有效提高患者康复的概率和生活质量。     

全髋置换术后下肢深静脉血栓形成的预防护理

对94例(102髋)全髋置换术后患进行护理总结，认为术后早期密切观察病情。通过力学方法对患进行周期性充气压力，早期行下肢被动及主动的功能锻炼，对减少下肢深静脉血栓的发生有重要意义。     

Gait during hydrokinesitherapy following total knee arthroplasty

Purpose. To obtain gait parameters during hydrotherapy (HT) in patients who were referred for rehabilitation after primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA).

Method. The study had a cohort prospective design. Patients who had undergone TKA followed a HT rehabilitation programme. Twenty-two consecutive patients were enrolled. Four of them dropped out for various reasons, independently of HT. Therefore 18 patients could be evaluated (5 men and 13 women). Eighteen age-matched healthy volunteers were the control subjects. Nine patients had a right TKA and nine a left TKA. On the average HT duration was 18.4 days (SD 1.4).

Results. The patients presented with a mean speed of 912 (SD 275) meters per hour (m/h) at the baseline. At the last session the mean speed was 1330 (SD 416) m/h. The mean stance duration was 1.75 s (SD 0.34) on the operated side and 1.83 s (SD 0.41) on the non-operated side. By contrast, the mean swing duration was 1.10 s (SD 0.25) on the operated side and 1.13 s (SD 0.34) on the non-operated side. The step duration was the same on both sides. At the beginning of HT the mean stance/swing ratio was 1.94 on the operated side, whereas it was 1.77 on the non-operated side. In the controls the ratio was 1.46. At the beginning the mean stride length was 0.526 m (SD 0.147) and the value became 0.556 (SD 0.138) after 18 training sessions. At the individual level, recovery occurred in a non-linear fashion (Best Fitting, 7th-grade Fourier finite series).

Conclusions. The study design permits accurate definition of stride parameters during rehabilitation which allows optimization of the programme. Increase in speed and regain of balance are the main targets of a HT programme and are monitored on a daily basis.