正交试验优选自拟疏肝消脂汤挥发油提取工艺

目的探讨自拟疏肝消脂汤挥发油的提取工艺。方法以加水倍数(A)、浸泡时间(B)、蒸馏时间(C)三因素,挥发油的收得量为指标,按L9(34)正交试验法安排实验。结果C因素影响显著(P<0.05),A、B因素影响较少(P>0.05)。结论自拟疏肝消脂汤挥发油较佳的提取工艺为加8倍量水,浸泡时间3h,蒸馏时间8h。     

淡豆豉多糖的提取工艺研究

[目的]研究淡豆豉多糖的最佳提取工艺.[方法]以多糖提取率为指标,采用正交设计实验,以加水量,提取时间,提取温度,提取次数为因素,考察各因素对多糖提取率的影响.[结果]最佳提取工艺为回流提取0.5h,煎煮2次,温度100℃,加水12倍量.[结论]优选得到的工艺简单、可行,可用于淡豆豉多糖的提取.     

米索前列醇不同给药途径用于初孕无痛人工流产术的临床观察

目的:探讨初孕无痛人流术前应用米索前列醇扩张宫颈的最佳给药方法。方法:选择自愿行无痛人流术的健康初孕妇女160例,随机分为4组(各40例):A组:阴道给药组;B组:直肠给药组;C组:口服给药组,3组均为术前2h应用米索前列醇400μg;D组:术前不使用任何软化宫颈的药物和方法。观察各组宫颈扩张效果、术中出血量、手术时间、子宫收缩幅度、药物不良反应及人流综合征(PAAS)发生情况。结果:A、B、C组均有明显的宫颈扩张效果,与D组相比差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01),其中A组宫颈扩张效果最佳,明显优于B、C组(P<0.01)。人流综合征发生率、手术时间、术中出血量及宫缩幅度3组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但与D组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。C组的药物不良反应发生率显著高于A、B组(P<0.01)。结论:初孕无痛人流术扩张宫颈以术前2h米索前列醇400μg阴道给药为最佳给药途径。     

用正交设计法优选黄芪中黄芪甲苷的提取工艺研究

目的 考察因提取溶媒，溶媒用量，提取时间及加碱量的不同，对提取黄芪中黄芪甲苷含量的影响，以筛选出最佳工艺。方法 以黄芪甲苷的含量为指标，运用正交设计法筛选最佳工艺，采用薄层扫描法测定其含量。结果 提取黄芪中黄芪甲苷的最佳工艺条件为60％乙醇(EtOH)10倍量，加l％的氢氧化钠(NaOH)回流提取90min，即A3B3c3D2。     

葛根提取工艺的研究

目的:研究葛根最佳提取工艺条件.方法:采用3因素3水平L9(34)正交试验法,以葛根素含量为评判指标,对葛根提取工艺进行研究.结果:实验设计3个因素中乙醇浓度具有极显著影响.结论:结合实际生产情况,葛根提取的最佳工艺条件为A1B2C2.     

脂多糖联合D-氨基半乳糖致大鼠急性肝损伤模型的最佳条件研究

目的探讨脂多糖(LPS)联合D-氨基半乳糖(D-GalN)诱导大鼠急性肝损伤模型给药剂量及取材时间的最佳组合。方法按L9(34)正交表设计实验,LPS(A因素)3个水平为20、30、40μg/kg,D-GalN(B因素)3个水平为200、300、400 mg/kg、取材时间(C因素)3个水平为3、6、12 h。腹腔注射给药,检测各实验组在不同时间点血清肝功能,计算各脏器指数,观察肝组织病理变化,筛选最佳造模条件。结果 HE染色示,A1B3C3组肝小叶结构紊乱,肝细胞成点状坏死,细胞核消失,大量炎细胞浸润,其他各组肝细胞坏死及炎细胞浸润较轻。正交实验直观分析法得出ALT极差为RA(1299.79)RB(1215.81)RC(1112.03),AST的极差为RA(2250.57)RB(2094.58)RC(1861.2),即A因素对转氨酶结果的影响最大,C因素对转氨酶的结果影响最小。ALT和AST均为A因素1水平的均值最大,B因素3水平的均值最大,C因素3水平的均值最大,分别为1 470.44、1 453.54、1 308.04;2 582.85、2 555.85、2 285.6。结论 20μg/kg LPS联合400 mg/kg D-GalN于12 h取材即A_1B_3C_3组为诱导大鼠急性肝损伤的最佳造模条件。     

新生儿不同时间2次断脐的处理比较

[目的]探讨新生儿最佳的二次断脐时间。[方法]将720例正常新生儿随机分为3组各240例。各组二次断脐时间在出生后24 h(A组),48 h(B组),72 h(C组),3组断脐的方法、日常护理及出院指导相同。比较新生儿不同时间二次断脐的处理,对脐部愈合时的并发症及脐带残段影响。[结果]B、C组渗血发生率显著低于A组(均P<0.01);A、B组脐带残存率显著低于C组(均P<0.01)。[结论]新生儿出生后48 h二次断脐,渗血发生率低,脐带残存少,是最佳的二次断脐时间。     

正交设计法优选消癖健乳巴布膏水提工艺

目的优选消癖健乳巴布膏组方水提工艺。方法以浸膏量和淫羊藿苷的含量为指标,应用正交试验设计筛选消癖健乳巴布膏水提的最佳提取工艺条件;结果消癖健乳巴布膏水提的最佳提取工艺为A3B2C2,即用12倍量的水,加热提取1 h,提取2次。结论优选得到的工艺稳定可行。     

血液运输过程的冷链控制分析

目的:探讨血液运输过程中的冷链控制方式.方法:将红细胞成分血分为三组,分别以无冰块保温箱(A组)、血液量:冰块量=6:1的冰块保温箱(B组)、血液量:冰块量=3:1的冰块保温箱(C组)保存运输,对三组血液标本进行运输,记录运输途中实时测量标本温度,对比三种血液标本包装方式的最长运输时间.结果:A组的标本最长保存时间为(1.23±0.19)h,B组为(3.51±0.36)h,C组为(9.20±0.63)h.C组的保存时间明显比A、B两组长(P<0.05),A组的保存时间最短,明显比B、C两组更短,P<0.05.结论:血液运输过程中要保证冷链的有效性,需要根据血液的运输距离选择不同的温度控制方式,长距离运输需放置冷源,以延长血液的保存时间.     

《医师进修杂志》2005年第4期(内科版)继续医学教育试题

(从下列多选题中选出一个正确答案 )1.偏头痛患者的发病年龄主要分布于 :A 2 0～ 4 0岁　B .30～ 5 0岁　C .2 0～ 6 0岁　D .4 0～ 6 0岁2 .偏头痛的诱因不包括 :A 遗传因素　B .血管因素　C .神经因素　D .年龄因素3.慢性每日头痛的特点是 :A 每日持续 2h ,每月累计大于 15d　B .每日持续 4h ,每月累计大于 15d　C .每日持续 4h ,每月累计大于 10d　D .每日持续 2h ,每月累计大于 10d4 .偏头痛的三线治疗药物是 :A 非类固醇抗炎药　B .阿斯匹林 +布洛芬　C .曲普坦类　D .对乙酰氨基酚5 偏瘫型偏头痛症状不包括 :A 完全可逆的视觉…     

Mammary cancer prevention by regular garlic and selenium-enriched garlic.

The anticarcinogenic activities of regular (soil-grown) garlic and selenium-enriched garlic (cultivated in the greenhouse) were evaluated using the 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-(DMBA) induced mammary tumor model in rats. In Experiment 1, milled regular garlic powder was added to the basal AIN-76A diet at 20 g/kg. The results from different schedules of supplementation suggested that a continuous treatment, which started before DMBA and persisted for the entire duration of the study, was most effective in tumor suppression. In Experiment 2, selected allyl group-containing sulfides that are normal constituents of garlic extract were given by gavage in three single doses immediately before DMBA. Several structurally related compounds were found to be protective during the initiation phase in the mammary cancer model. Although the present study was not designed specifically to elucidate the structure-activity relationship with respect to sulfur chain length or alkyl versus alkenyl substitution, our data showed that diallyl disulfide was more active than diallyl sulfide or allyl methyl sulfide. In Experiment 3, the anticarcinogenic activity of selenium-enriched garlic (containing 150 ppm Se dry weight from growth in a selenium-fertilized medium) was compared with that of regular garlic as well as selenite. Animals given the selenium-enriched garlic (final concentration 3 ppm Se in the diet) developed the fewest mammary tumors. Tissue selenium levels, however, were lower in these animals than in those fed the same amount of selenium from selenite. Our study demonstrated the feasibility of achieving cancer prevention with the use of a selenium-rich food system.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Mechanisms underlying the antihypertensive effects of garlic bioactives

Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide with hypertension being a major contributing factor to cardiovascular disease–associated mortality. On a population level, non-pharmacological approaches, such as alternative/complementary medicine, including phytochemicals, have the potential to ameliorate cardiovascular risk factors, including high blood pressure. Several epidemiological studies suggest an antihypertensive effect of garlic (Allium sativum) and of many its bioactive components. The aim of this review is to present an in-depth discussion regarding the molecular, biochemical and cellular rationale underlying the antihypertensive properties of garlic and its bioactive constituents with a primary focus on S-allyl cysteine and allicin. Key studies, largely from PubMed, were selected and screened to develop a comprehensive understanding of the specific role of garlic and its bioactive constituents in the management of hypertension. We also reviewed recent advances focusing on the role of garlic bioactives, S-allyl cysteine and allicin, in modulating various parameters implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertension. These parameters include oxidative stress, nitric oxide bioavailability, hydrogen sulfide production, angiotensin converting enzyme activity, expression of nuclear factor–κB and the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. This review suggests that garlic and garlic derived bioactives have significant medicinal properties with the potential for ameliorating hypertension and associated morbidity; however, further clinical and epidemiological studies are required to determine completely the specific physiological and biochemical mechanisms involved in disease prevention and management.     

Effects of garlic on the induction of ventricular fibrillation

OBJECTIVE: Previous studies have shown that oral and intravenous administrations of garlic provide a significant antiarrhythmic effect and improve defibrillation efficacy. We tested the hypothesis that garlic could decrease the inducibility of ventricular arrhythmia. METHODS: Twenty-one pigs (25-30 kg) were divided into three groups. In each group, the ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT) and the upper limit of vulnerability (ULV) were determined. After the control VFT and ULV values were obtained, solutions containing 20 mg/kg (group 1, n = 7) and 40 mg/kg (group 2, n = 7) of garlic (1.3% allicin) were administered intravenously. The VFT and ULV were determined again at the end of garlic infusion. In group 3 (n = 7), 100 mL of normal saline was administered instead of garlic. RESULTS: The VFT values in groups 1 and 2 were not different from the control VFT. The ULV in group 1 was not different from the control ULV. However, the ULV in group 2 (328 +/- 58 V, 8 +/- 3 J) was significantly lower than the control ULV (415 +/- 24 V, 13 +/- 2 J), thus accounting for the reduction of approximately 21% by peak voltage and approximately 38% by energy. The effective refractory period and diastolic pacing threshold were not altered after garlic infusion. Saline did not alter VFT or ULV. CONCLUSION: Garlic cannot alter the VFT, but it significantly decreases the ULV in a dose-dependent pattern, indicating that it can reduce the range of the stimulation strength between the VFT and ULV (vulnerability window) during the vulnerable period of a cardiac cycle.     

Antioxidant effect of garlic and aged black garlic in animal model of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Hyperglycemia in the diabetic state increases oxidative stress and antioxidant therapy can be strongly correlated with decreased risks for diabetic complications. The purpose of this study is to determine antioxidant effect of garlic and aged black garlic in animal model of type 2 diabetes. The antioxidant activity of garlic and aged black garlic was measured as the activity in scavenging free radicals by the trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay. Three week-old db/db mice were fed AIN-93G diet or diet containing 5% freeze-dried garlic or aged black garlic for 7 weeks after 1 week of adaptation. Hepatic levels of lipid peroxides and activities of antioxidant enzymes were measured. TEAC values of garlic and aged black garlic were 13.3 ± 0.5 and 59.2 ± 0.8 µmol/g wet weight, respectively. Consumption of aged black garlic significantly decreased hepatic thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) level compared with the garlic group which showed lower TBARS level than control group (p<0.05). Activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) of garlic and aged black garlic group were significantly elevated compared to the control group. Catalase (CAT) activity of aged black garlic group was increased compared with the control group. These results show that aged black garlic exerts stronger antioxidant activity than garlic in vitro and in vivo, suggesting garlic and aged black garlic, to a greater extent, could be useful in preventing diabetic complications.     

Preparation and deproteinization of garlic polysaccharide

Preparation and deproteinization methods of polysaccharide from garlic (Allium sativum L.) were studied. The crude polysaccharide was prepared by the method of hot water extraction. The percentages of deproteinization and polysaccharide loss were compared as indexes using the hydrochloric acid (HCl) method, trichloroacetic acid method, NaCl method and CaCl₂ method, respectively. The infrared spectra analysis and content analysis showed that the HCl method exhibited the highest percentage of deproteinization, and a little higher percentage of polysaccharide loss than the other three methods. The CaCl₂ method exceeded NaCl method in deproteinization.     

Preparation and deproteinization of garlic polysaccharide

Preparation and deproteinization methods of polysaccharide from garlic (Allium sativum L.) were studied. The crude polysaccharide was prepared by the method of hot water extraction. The percentages of deproteinization and polysaccharide loss were compared as indexes using the hydrochloric acid (HCl) method, trichloroacetic acid method, NaCl method and CaCl(2) method, respectively. The infrared spectra analysis and content analysis showed that the HCl method exhibited the highest percentage of deproteinization, and a little higher percentage of polysaccharide loss than the other three methods. The CaCl(2) method exceeded NaCl method in deproteinization.     

超声波萃取蒜中抑菌物质研究

采用超声波萃取法提取大蒜中抑菌物质,通过抑菌圈直径,比较不同条件下提取的活性物质的抑菌效果,进而选择最优的提取工艺。所选用的菌种为大肠杆菌、白色葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、酵母菌以及鸡蛋表面混合菌种。实验表明:最优的萃取条件为:255 W、30℃1、5 min。     

大蒜浸提液对小鼠细胞免疫功能影响研究

大蒜浸提液对小鼠细胞免疫功能影响研究李锋，王玉（兰州医学院预防医学系，７３００００）大蒜是一种营养价值很高的食品，含多种有效成分。近年来研究表明，大蒜具有明显的防癌抗癌、预防和控制心血管疾病、抗菌消炎及延缓衰老等作用［１，２］。为充分利用开发大蒜资源...     

Spermicidal effect in vitro by the active principle of garlic

The in vitro spermicidal effect of Allitridum, an active principle of garlic, was investigated. The data showed that sperm motility was inhibited with various concentrations of Allitridum at different intervals ranging from 20 seconds-200 minutes as compared to control. An obvious immobilization of spermatozoa occurred at 7.5 mg/ml of Allitridum. The effects on sperm motility appeared to be dose-dependent.