Impact of acute beta-blocker therapy for patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

Purpose

Early use of beta-blockers is a quality indicator for the treatment of patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), despite limited data from randomized clinical trials in this population. We sought to determine the impact of acute beta-blocker therapy on outcomes in patients with NSTEMI.

Subjects and Methods

We examined acute (<24 hours) beta-blocker use in 72,054 patients with NSTEMI from the Can Rapid Risk Stratification of Unstable Angina Patients Suppress Adverse Outcomes with Early Implementation of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Guidelines (CRUSADE) initiative at 509 US hospitals from 2001-2004. We analyzed patient and provider factors associated with beta-blocker use and the impact of beta-blocker therapy on unadjusted, risk-adjusted, and propensity matched outcomes in the overall sample and among selected high-risk subgroups.

Results

A total of 82.5% of patients without documented contraindications received acute beta-blocker therapy. Factors strongly associated with acute beta-blocker use included prior beta-blocker use, higher presenting systolic blood pressure, lower heart rate, lack of signs of heart failure, and cardiology care. Acute beta-blocker use was associated with lower in-hospital mortality (unadjusted 3.9% vs 6.9%, P <.001, adjusted odds ratio 0.66, 95% confidence interval 0.60-0.72), lower adjusted mortality among most of 6 subgroups determined by propensity to receive acute beta-blockers, and lower adjusted mortality in patients with and without signs of heart failure and in those <80 years and those ≥80 years old.

Conclusions

The majority of NSTEMI patients receive acute beta-blocker therapy. Certain patient subgroups remain undertreated. Because treatment with acute beta-blockers was associated with improved clinical outcomes in nearly all patient subgroups assessed, broader use in patients with NSTEMI appears warranted.     

Day 1 care in patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

In 2007, the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association and the European Society of Cardiology updated their guidelines for the management of patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). Based on evidence from recent clinical studies, both 2007 guidelines recommend early risk stratification, administration of appropriate pharmacologic therapy, and selective use of percutaneous coronary intervention in order to reduce morbidity and mortality in these patients. In this article, we focus on management of patients with NSTEMI during the first 24 h of presentation and present a clinical scenario to illustrate the current guidelines-based management strategy.     

Long-term outcomes in high-risk patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

Greater use of evidence-based therapies has improved outcomes for patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) in recent decades. Consequently, more ACS patients are surviving beyond 12 months; however, limited data exist to guide treatment in these patients. Long-term outcomes have not improved in non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) patients at the same rate seen in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients, possibly reflecting NSTEMI patients’ more complex clinical phenotype, including older age, greater burden of comorbidities and higher likelihood of a previous myocardial infarction (MI). This complexity impacts clinical decision-making, particularly in high-risk NSTEMI patients, in whom risk–benefit assessments are problematical. This review examines the need for more effective long-term management of NSTEMI patients who survive ≥12 months after MI. Ongoing risk assessment using objective measures of risk (for bleeding and ischemia) should be used in all post-MI patients. While 12 months appears to be the optimal duration of dual antiplatelet therapy for most patients, this may not be the case for high-risk patients, and more research is urgently needed in this population. A recent subgroup analysis from the DAPT study in patients with or without MI who had undergone coronary stenting (31 % presented with MI; 53 % had NSTEMI) and the prospective PEGASUS-TIMI 54 trial in patients with a prior MI and at least one other risk factor (40 % had NSTEMI) demonstrated that long-term dual antiplatelet therapy improved cardiovascular outcomes but increased bleeding. Further studies will help clarify the role of dual antiplatelet therapy in stable post-NSTEMI patients.     

急性非ST段抬高型心肌梗死早期介入治疗和早期保守治疗预后对比研究

【摘要】 目的：探讨急性非ST段抬高型心肌梗死早期介入治疗和早期保守治疗疗效及预后。方法：选取2010年3月至2015年2月在我院心内科住院诊断为急性非ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者160例为研究对象,根据早期治疗策略不同分为早期介入治疗组80例(实验组)和早期保守治疗组80例(对照组)。实验组立即行冠状动脉造影检查,依据造影结果进一步予以经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI),对照组予以保守治疗一周后行PCI治疗。随访6个月,比较两组患者治疗前后左心室舒张末期容积(LVEDV)、左心室收缩末期容积(LVESV)和左心室射血分数(LVEF)指标的变化以及住院和随访期间主要不良事件发生率。结果：术后一周实验组和对照组LVEDV、LVESV和LVEF三项指标差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);与术后一周相比,术后6个月实验组与对照组LVEDV、LVESV明显降低,LVEF明显升高(P＜0.05);术后6个月实验组LVEDV、LVESV明显低于对照组,LVEF明显高于对照组(P＜0.05)。实验组住院期间心绞痛发生率、恶性心律失常发生率、梗死复发再次住院率和随访期间心源性死亡率均低于对照组(P＜0.05)。结论：早期介入治疗和早期保守治疗均可改善急性非ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者心功能,早期介入治疗疗效更显著,且降低了患者住院和随访期间主要不良事件发生率,值得在临床上推广。     

Early clinical outcomes and routine management of patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a nationwide perspective

BACKGROUND: Myocardial infarction (MI) in the absence of electrocardiographic ST-segment elevation or new bundle branch block is the cause of hospitalization for a large and steadily increasing proportion of patients with acute ischemic chest pain. Despite its prevalence, the common demographic features, current hospital-based management, and short-term clinical outcome among patients with non-ST-segment elevation MI remain poorly defined. METHODS: A total of 183 113 patients with non-ST-segment elevation MI were identified in the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction database. Using a validated model, 43 928 patients (24.0%) were retrospectively placed in major, 34 917 (19.1%) in intermediate, and 104 268 (56.9%) in minor severity clinical event categories that included hospital death, recurrent myocardial ischemia, and nonfatal recurrent MI. RESULTS: The administration of widely available and universally recommended pharmacologic therapies, including aspirin and beta-adrenergic blocking agents, was suboptimal, particularly among patients with major severity clinical events. In contrast, coronary angiography and mechanical revascularization procedures were commonplace (>60% of all patients) and most frequently performed in patients within the minor (compared with the major) severity clinical event category (58.2% and 42.7%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with non-ST-segment elevation MI are a heterogeneous population, with readily identifiable demographic characteristics and clinical features associated with important early outcomes, including death. Nationwide efforts directed toward maximizing pharmacologic therapy utilization and the performance of invasive procedures according to established guidelines must continue.     

非ST段抬高心肌梗死预后的影响因素分析

目的分析影响非ST段抬高心肌梗死(NSTEMI)预后的相关因素及有效的治疗策略。方法收集2001年1月～2010年1月资料完整的NSTEMI患者206例,随访≥6个月,以随访6个月和2年的预后分别为近期和远期预后,记录心血管事件,包括主要终点事件(心源性死亡)和联合终点事件[心源性死亡和(或)非致死性心肌梗死],应用Cox生存模型对影响预后的多因素进行分析。结果 1 42例完成6个月随访,共发生心血管事件20例,其中心源性死亡1 6例(11.27%)、非致死性心肌梗死4例(2.82%);93例完成2年随访,共发生心血管事件20例,其中心源性死亡15例(16.1 3%)、非致死性心肌梗死5例(5.38%)。影响患者近期预后的因素为年龄、心力衰竭、肾功能不全、阿司匹林,影响患者远期预后的因素为年龄、心力衰竭、肾功能不全、阿司匹林、早期PCI。结论 NSTEMI患者预后不佳,年龄、心力衰竭、肾功能不全是最重要的危险因素,而阿司匹林是重要的保护因素,早期PCI可显著改善患者的远期预后。     

Unstable angina and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

Opinion statement In the last 20 years there have been enormous advances in our understanding of the acute coronary syndromes and how to manage patients presenting with them. In the 1980s, we began to understand the importance of thrombus formation was in the pathophysiology of acute coronary syndromes. Randomized studies also showed that appropriate antithrombotic therapy reduced the subsequent occurrence of myocardial infarction and death. In the 1990s, other therapeutic modalities and particularly percutaneous coronary intervention have come to the forefront as effective therapy in these syndromes. The glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists along with coronary stent implantation have proved extremely beneficial in short- and long-term management. We also have learned the importance of risk-factor modification in preventing subsequent events. In the future, greater efforts will focus on primary prevention.     

亚临床甲状腺功能减退症对非ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者心律失常事件的影响

目的探索亚临床甲状腺功能减退症(SH)对非ST段抬高型心肌梗死(NSTEMI)患者发生心律失常事件的影响。方法收集2016年1月至2018年8月就诊于河北省人民医院的NSTEMI患者。据患者甲状腺激素(TH)水平分组:甲状腺功能正常组(EU):促甲状腺素(TSH)、总甲状腺素(TT4)水平在正常范围内,n=237;SH组:TSH>4.2 mIU/L,TT4在正常范围内,n=28。比较两组患者基线资料、院内心律失常事件、院内终点事件发生情况。结果与EU组相比,SH组住院期间硝酸酯类药物使用(P=0.012)、天冬氨酸转移酶(P=0.022)、肌酸激酶(P=0.004)、红细胞计数(P=0.030)均较低,且左室收缩末期内径较小(P=0.020)。经多因素Logistic回归分析,SH组发生窦性心动过缓(OR=9.564,95%CI:1.634~55.989,P=0.012)、心房扑动(OR=7.824,95%CI:1.652~37.055,P=0.010)、房室交界区期前收缩(OR=4.940,95%CI:1.468~16.625,P=0.010)等心律失常事件风险仍较高。结论与EU组相比,SH组患者出现窦性心动过缓、心房扑动等心律失常风险增高。提前识别SH并监测NSTEMI患者的甲状腺功能有助于提前识别心律失常发作高危患者,从而使更多的患者获益。     

Unstable angina and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: perspectives on combination therapy.

We reviewed recent clinical data on the management of unstable angina and non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. We concentrated on the use of new therapies, particularly in combination with both older agents and other new methods, in order to present health care providers with an overview of available treatment options. The clinical trials reviewed herein provide strong evidence and proof of principle that combination therapies targeting 1) platelet function (aspirin, thienopyridines, and GP IIb/IIIa antagonists), 2) the coagulation cascade (unfractionated heparin and low-molecular-weight heparin), and 3) the physical characteristics of the active lesion (percutaneous intervention) reduce the risk of death or ischemic complications after thrombotic progression of coronary atherosclerosis.     

老年急性非ST段抬高型心肌梗死临床特点分析

目的：分析老年非ST段抬高型心肌梗死（NSTEMI）患者的临床特点。方法：回顾分析我院2008年1月至2010年12月43例急性NSTEMI患者的临床特点。结果：43例急性NSTEMI患者中,（1）危险因素及病史：38例（88．4％）患者伴有2～4个危险因素,40例（93．0％）有心绞痛病史,14例（32．6％）有陈旧性心肌梗死;（2）临床表现：36例有胸痛（83．7％）,35例（81．3％）NYHA心功能2—3级,40例（93．1％）心电图见ST—T段改变,43例（100．0％）心肌肌钙蛋白T水平升高,32例（74．4％）肌酸激酶-同工酶水平升高≥2倍;（3）冠脉造影检查,37例（100％）均有单支或多支病变,多支病变患者35例（94．6％）;（4）治疗、合并症及预后：在常规内科药物治疗基础上,31例（72．1％）行PCI治疗,3例（7．0％）行冠状动脉旁路移植术,合并急性左心衰竭13例（30．2％）,心源性休克5例（11．6％）,恶性心律失常5例（11．6％）,死亡6例（14．0％）。结论：老年非ST段抬高心肌梗死患者合并冠心病的危险因素多,多支病变常见,心功能不全多见,血运重建率高,远期预后较差。     

非ST段抬高的急性心肌梗死临床分析

目的探讨非ST段抬高的急性心肌梗死的临床意义。方法对27例非ST段抬高急性心肌梗死和同期86例ST段抬高急性心肌梗死作比较分析。结果非ST段抬高心肌梗死发生前后心绞痛显著高于ST段抬高急性心肌梗死(P<0.05)。但泵衰竭、心房颤动及室性心律失常等并发症和心肌酶显著低于ST段抬高急性心肌梗死(P<0.05),住院死亡率低(P<0.05),住院4周梗死延展无差别(P>0.05)。结论非ST段抬高急性心肌梗死住院期间心功能相对较好,并发症发生率低。     

老年非ST段抬高心肌梗死患者住院死亡相关因素分析

目的 评价老年非ST段抬高心肌梗死(NSTEMI)患者住院死亡的相关因素. 方法 选择年龄≥65岁的老年NSTEMI住院患者302例,其中死亡32例(死亡组),存活组270例.回顾性分析其临床资料,评价院内死亡相关因素. 结果 两组性别、既住高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症,吸烟、心绞痛、心肌梗死、脑血管病、已知肾功能不全史比较,差异无统计学意义(均为P＞0.05).死亡组并存≥3种慢性疾病、入院心率＞100次/min、入院心功能高Killip分级(Ⅲ、Ⅳ级)、入院血白细胞＞10×109L高于存活组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);两组人院24 h内空腹血糖水平及入院血清肌酐水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),但结合估算肾小球滤过率(eGFR)重新评估肾功能状态后,死亡组肾功能不全高于存活组(P＜0.01);死亡组并存肺部感染者高于存活组(P＜0.01).多因素Logistic分析结果 显示,入院时心功能高Killip分级、eGFR评估的肾功能不全、并存肺部感染是老年NSTEMI患者住院期间死亡的独立预测因素. 结论 并存多种慢性病是老年NSTEMI患者死亡的原因之一;eGFR评估肾功能不全、并存肺部感染是老年NSTEMI患者死亡的独立预测因素.     

Early initiation of statin therapy in patients with acute myocardial infarction after successful percutaneous coronary intervention

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of statins on the prognosis of acute myocardial infarction after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS: We reviewed 280 patients with acute myocardial infarction who underwent PCI within 12 hr after the onset of symptoms. Statin therapy was initiated in 72 patients within 8.6 +/- 7.6 days after the onset (statin group) but not in the remaining 208 (no statin group). The time sequential changes of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, and the angiographic findings at 6 months after PCI were compared. RESULTS: At onset, LDL-C levels in the statin group were significantly higher than those in the no statin group (140 +/- 35 vs 118 +/- 28 mg/dl, p < 0.01). However, at restudy, the values were similar between the two groups (113 +/- 19 vs 118 +/- 21 mg/dl, p = 0.19). CRP levels at restudy tended to be lower in the statin group than in the no statin group (0.11 +/- 0.12 vs 0.14 +/- 0.13 mg/dl, p = 0.07). Although the binary restenosis rates of the culprit lesion were almost equivalent (statin group 29% vs no statin group 23%, p = 0.30), new lesions in the non-culprit vessels tended to be found more frequently in the no statin group than in the statin group (13% vs 4%, p = 0.07). CRP levels at restudy were significantly higher in the patients with new lesions (n = 27) than in those without (n = 253; 0.25 +/- 0.17 vs 0.11 +/- 0.19 mg/dl, p < 0.01), whereas LDL-C levels were similar between the two groups (117 +/- 20 vs 113 +/- 27 mg/dl, p = 0.75). LDL-C, CRP at restudy and the rates of new lesions were similar in the patients receiving water-soluble statins (n = 42) and liposoluble statins (n = 30). CONCLUSIONS: Statin therapy initiated at the early phase of acute myocardial infarction might prevent the development of new lesions in non-culprit vessels without any influence on the restenosis rate of the culprit lesion.     

Safety and efficacy with drug-eluting stent in ST-segment elevation and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

BACKGROUND: Drug-eluting stents (DES) have been shown to reduce the need for repeat revascularization compared with bare metal stents (BMS). However, there is little information regarding the safety and long-term efficacy of DES in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). HYPOTHESIS: The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of DES in patients with AMI. METHODS: Data from 211 consecutive patients with AMI treated with DES were compared with those from 228 consecutive patients with AMI treated with BMS. All patients were treated within 7 days of symptom onset. The incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events ([MACE]: death, reinfarction, and target vessel revascularization) was evaluated at 30 days and 1 year. RESULTS: Baseline clinical and angiographic characteristics were similar for both stent groups. However, patients who received DES had longer lesion lengths (23.0 +/- 12.7 vs. 18.8 +/- 10.6 mm, respectively; p < 0.001) and smaller reference diameters (2.97 +/- 0.52 vs. 3.19 +/- 0.63 mm, respectively, p < 0.001). At 30 days, the incidence rates of MACE (DES vs. BMS: 2.2 vs. 1.9%, p = 1.000) and stent thrombosis (BMS vs. DES: 0.9 vs. 1.7%; p = 0.434) did not differ significantly between the groups. At 1 year, patients with DES had a lower rate of MACE (BMS vs. DES: 14.0 vs. 6.6%; p = 0.011) primarily due to a lower target vessel revascularization rate (BMS vs. DES: 9.6 vs. 4.8%; p = 0.028). CONCLUSIONS: The DES appear to be superior to the BMS in reducing the risk of MACE in patients with AMI.