杭州产大米中重金属污染状况调查及暴露风险评估

目的了解杭州地区本地产大米中砷、汞、铅、镉、铬、镍污染状况,对杭州农村居民大米重金属暴露进行风险评估。方法随机采集杭州地区主要产粮区的大米样品,用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法检测;用人均月(周)摄入大米量和平均体质量估算米中重金属摄入量占暂定每月(周)允许摄入量的比重。结果 113份大米中镉含量为0.010 mg/kg～2.46 mg/kg,超标率为42.6%;铅含量为0.000 14 mg/kg～0.262 mg/kg,超标率为0.88%;总汞含量为0.001 4 mg/kg～0.019 6 mg/kg;铬含量为0.005 8 mg/kg～0.377 mg/kg;总砷含量为0.051 mg/kg～0.204 mg/kg;镍含量为0.041 mg/kg～1.003 mg/kg;总汞、铬均未有超标。估算农村居民每月通过大米摄入镉为22.30μg/kg·BW;每周分别摄入铅的平均量为0.46μg/kg·BW;摄入汞的平均量为0.21μg/kg·BW;摄入铬的平均量为1.87μg/kg·BW;摄入砷的平均量为2.44μg/kg·BW;摄入镍的平均量为5.68μg/kg·BW。结论本地产大米中砷、汞、铅、镉、铬、镍均有检出,其中镉含量偏高,暴露风险较高,应加强监测,采取措施,控制污染。     

野生及栽培蔓荆子生药材中重金属元素分析

采用原子吸收分光光度法分别测定野生及栽培蔓荆子生药材中铅、砷、汞、镉、铜。结果蔓荆子野生品各一批次砷、汞含量超标,蔓荆子栽培品中重金属平均含量铅0.15μg/g、砷0.05μg/g、汞<0.01μg/g、镉0.18μg/g、铜3.95μg/g,符合绿色中药材重金属元素限量要求。     

杭州市售调味品中6种有毒元素污染状况调查与膳食暴露评估

目的了解杭州市售调味品中铅(Pb)、铬(Cr)、汞(Hg)、砷(As)、镉(Cd)和镍(Ni)6种有毒元素的污染状况,并对通过调味品摄入情况进行评估。方法随机采集杭州市售调味品,用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法检测;用人均每周摄入调味品量和平均体重估算6种有毒元素每周摄入量。结果 92份调味品中均检出镉和镍,浓度分别为0.002 0 mg/kg~0.21 mg/kg和0.084 mg/kg~5.8 mg/kg。37份香辛料及香辛料加工品除总汞的检出率为81.1%外,其他5种有毒元素的检出率均为100.0%。调味品膳食铅、镉、砷、铬、汞和镍的每周平均暴露量分别为3.1μg/kg BW、0.26μg/kg BW、0.58μg/kg BW、3.7μg/kg BW、0.045μg/kg BW和12.1μg/kg BW,均未超过PTWI值。结论杭州市售调味品中普遍检出铅、铬、汞、砷、镉和镍,但风险评估结果显示目前居民通过调味品摄入的这6种有毒元素对健康造成的风险处于低水平。     

成都市居民膳食中重金属及有害元素摄入水平的调查及分析

目的了解成都市城乡居民重金属及有害金属元素的的膳食摄入水平。方法应用总膳食研究方法,测定了１２类混合食物样品中铅、砷、镉、铬、汞、钡、铜、锌、镍、锶、钴、锰有害重金属元素含量。结果城乡居民摄入的铅、砷、镉、汞均低于相应的ＡＤＩ值。但进一步观察其含量水平发现城市居民摄入的蛋及蛋制品、乳及乳制品铅分别为允许限量的２４４．５０％、１９３．６０％,农村居民摄入的薯及薯制品汞含量,也超过食品卫生允许限量标准。结论环境中重金属及有害元素污染食品问题不容忽视。     

郑州市售坚果中有害元素含量的分析

目的初步了解郑州市售坚果中铅、砷、汞、镉4种有害元素的污染状况,为有关部门加强监管提供科学依据。方法从郑州市超市和农贸市场随机采集各类坚果168份,采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定样品中的铅和镉,原子荧光光谱法测定砷和汞,并按照GB 2762—2012《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》、NY/T 1042—2014《绿色食品坚果》对检测结果进行评价。结果 168份样品中,铅、砷、汞、镉的检出率分别为53.0%、31.0%、19.0%、63.7%,合格率分别为96.4%、98.8%、100.0%、91.1%,含量的平均值分别为0.036 mg/kg、0.031 mg/kg、0.830μg/kg、0.050 mg/kg。花生、葵花籽中铅、砷、镉的含量较高;各类坚果中汞的含量较低。结论郑州市售坚果中有害元素的含量总体较低,但部分产品存在不同程度的污染,应引起重视,加强监管,确保坚果的质量安全。     

酒泉戈壁设施蔬菜重金属含量的测定及健康风险评估

目的 了解酒泉市戈壁设施种植的番茄、葫芦、黄瓜、辣椒、豆角中铅、砷、汞、镉的污染状况,评估人体摄入后的健康风险。方法 利用国家标准检验方法,在酒泉市总寨和东洞戈壁农业产业园区采集检测274份主栽蔬菜中铅、砷、汞、镉含量,结合单因子污染指数和内梅罗污染指数法对蔬菜受重金属污染的程度进行评价,利用靶标污染系数法对蔬菜中重金属对人体的健康风险进行评估。结果 274份蔬菜中铅、砷、汞和镉的含量范围分别为0～0.050 1 mg/kg、0～0.053 8 mg/kg、0～0.001 0 mg/kg和0～0.048 8 mg/kg,平均含量分别为0.010 3、0.010 3、0.000 2和0.008 7 mg/kg,均未超出国家标准规定的食品中污染物限量。5种蔬菜中4种重金属的污染指数均低于0.7,靶标危害系数均小于1。结论 酒泉市总寨和东洞戈壁农业产业园区主栽的5种蔬菜受铅、砷、汞、镉污染程度较轻,属于清洁水平,处于安全级别,膳食摄入风险较低。对比其它地区蔬菜,酒泉戈壁设施蔬菜中重金属含量总体不高,与有机设施蔬菜基地结果接近。     

不同来源白及药材中重金属及有害元素含量测定及其评价

目的考察野生与人工栽培白及中重金属及有害元素含量情况,并对污染情况进行评价。方法收集不同来源的野生与人工栽培白及药材,用原子吸收光谱法测定样品中铅、镉、铜含量,原子荧光分光光度法测定样品中汞、砷的含量。以《药用植物及制剂进出口绿色行业标准》和污染指数方法对野生和栽培白及药材中重金属及有害元素进行评价。结果被测定的5种重金属及有害元素分别在选定的范围内线性关系良好(r≥0.999),铅、镉、铜、汞、砷的检出限分别为8μg/kg、0.03μg/kg、10μg/kg、4μg/kg和6μg/kg,回收率为95%~105%,RSD8.8%,精密度RSD5.1%,重复性RSD9.6%,表明该方法可行。采用所建立的方法对52批不同来源的白及药材中重金属及有害元素的含量进行了测定,结果人工栽培白及药材综合污染指数明显小于野生白及药材。结论人工栽培白及因其生长环境因素较野生白及药材可控,故其重金属及有害元素较野生白及更易控制。     

2014年广东省居民重点食品中金属污染物的健康风险评估

目的 了解广东省居民食品中金属污染物的含量及健康风险.方法 采用中国总膳食研究方法,运用2014年广东省重金属污染监测工作所采集的居民食用的大米(n=899)和蔬菜(n=879)中的铅、镉、砷、汞检测数据,评估居民膳食中铅、镉、砷、汞的暴露情况.计算居民铅的暴露边界比、镉的每月摄入量和砷、汞的每周摄入量,并进行健康风险评估.结果 广东省大米和蔬菜中铅、镉、砷、汞总体超标率分别为0.7％,6.5％,0.4％和1.9％,除了大米中镉超标率最高(11.2％)以外,其余元素在大米、蔬菜中含量的超标率都处于较低水平.广东省人群铅的暴露边界比为10.1～80.5;镉的每月摄入量为0.27～19.0 μg/kg,占镉暂定每月可耐受摄入量的1.1％～76％,砷、汞的每周摄入量为0.31～4.19 μg/kg和0.031～0.083 μg/kg,分别占暂定每周可耐受摄入量的2.1％～27.9％和0.8％～2.1％.结论 广东省大米、蔬菜中铅、镉、砷、汞的含量及人群摄入总体处于安全水平;而大米镉的污染不容乐观且有地域性差异,人群食用大米的镉暴露潜在一定的风险,以粤中北部地区为甚.     

猪肉、肝脏中部分重金属监测结果分析

目的了解涪陵地区猪肉及肝脏中砷、铅和汞等重金属污染现状。方法随机采集黑猪饲料和配合饲料饲养的猪肉、肝样品各30件,饮用水10份、土壤5份,用氢化物-原子荧光法、等离子体原子发射光谱法和直接测汞仪法分别测定砷、铅和汞含量。结果砷、铅和汞含量均值黑猪肉分别为0.037mg/kg、0.161mg/kg、1.800μg/kg,黑猪肝分别为0.067mg/kg、0.339mg/kg、3.339μg/kg;配合饲料猪肉分别为0.073mg/kg、0.203mg/kg和2.738μg/kg,配合饲料猪肝分别为0.100mg/kg、0.456mg/kg和4.722μg/kg。黑猪猪肉及猪肝中的砷、铅和汞含量均低于配合饲料猪肉和猪肝;土壤和饮用水均低于国标限量要求。结论应采取有效措施控制饲料中重金属含量,减少对猪肉及肝脏的污染,减少对人体健康的危害。     

市售中药材类保健食品中铅、总砷、总汞、铬检测及暴露评估初探

【目的】了解上海市市售中药材类保健食品中铅、总砷、总汞、铬残留水平和健康风险。【方法】开展市售中药材类保健食品中重金属的风险监测,结合保健食品外包装标示每日推荐服用量,运用点评估法对中药材类保健食品中的重金属铅、总砷、总汞、铬进行暴露评估。【结果】200件中药材类保健食品中有2件样品的重金属超标,合格率为99.0%。铅、总砷、铬三种重金属检出率均超过70%。上海市居民通过食用中药材类保健食品摄入重金属铬每周暴露量的均值和高端值P_(95)分别为每kg体重0.000 5 mg/kg和0.001 3 mg/kg,各占铬的暂定每周耐受摄入量(PTWI)(0.006 7 mg/kg)的7.26%和19.59%。【结论】上海市市售中药材类保健食品重金属残留水平整体安全状况良好,正常按照保健食品外包装标示每日推荐服用量食用,发生健康安全风险较低。     

2018—2021年天津市市售螃蟹中四种重金属污染状况及评价

目的 了解天津市市售螃蟹中重金属污染水平及其在螃蟹体内分布,为水产品的重金属污染防控提供依据。方法 根据《国家食品污染物及有害因素风险监测工作手册》要求,在天津市范围内采用随用机抽样方法,采集市售代表性螃蟹样品275份。按照国家标准检测方法对其中的铅、镉、汞、砷含量进行检测,并采用单因子污染评价指数法评价污染程度。结果 275份螃蟹样品中四种重金属元素总体含量水平依次为镉(0.058 mg/kg)、铅(0.056 mg/kg)、无机砷(0.027 mg/kg)、甲基汞(0.019 mg/kg)。四种元素中镉超标率最高(49.09%),无机砷次之(4.29%),铅最低(0.48%);海水蟹中镉、无机砷超标率(75.71%、7.48%)高于淡水蟹(22.66%、0.97%);蟹黄/蟹膏中镉超标率(46.91%)高于胸肌(8.36%)、腿肌(3.27%)。单因子污染指数评价结果显示,海水蟹蟹黄/蟹膏中镉处于重度污染水平(Pi = 5.12),胸肌中镉(Pi = 0.25)及蟹黄/蟹膏中无机砷(Pi = 0.22)处于轻度污染水平;淡水蟹蟹黄/蟹膏中镉(Pi = 0.44)处于轻度污染水平。结论 天津市市售螃蟹中铅、镉、甲基汞、无机砷均存在不同程度的污染,镉、无机砷污染较为严重,建议加强监管并引导居民合理膳食。     

Total Mercury,Methylmercury, Inorganic Arsenic and Other Elements in Meat from Minke Whale (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Balaenoptera acutorostrata</Emphasis>) from the North East Atlantic Ocean

Meat samples of 84 minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) mainly from the Barents Sea, collected between 1 May and 16 August 2011, were analyzed for total mercury, methylmercury, cadmium, lead, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic and selenium. The average total mercury concentration found was 0.15?±?0.09 mg/kg, with a range from 0.05 to 0.49 mg/kg. The molar ratio of selenium to mercury varied between 1.0 and 10.3. Cadmium content ranged from 0.002 to 0.036 mg/kg, while the content of lead in whale meat ranged from <0.01 to 0.09 mg/kg. None of the whale samples exceeded established EU maximum levels for metals in fish muscle, but 4.8% and 6.8% of the samples exceeded Japanese maximum levels for total mercury and methylmercury, respectively, in whale meat. There was only minor variations in element concentrations between whales from different geographical areas, and cadmium was the only element were the concentration increased with increasing length.     

中药材中重金属的测定

采用微波消解样品、石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定植物药材中铅和镉 ,冷原子吸收分光光度法测定植物药材中的汞。用此方法测定了美国NBS15 70标准参考物质菠菜粉 ,以及 2 3种 2 6 4份植物药材。铅、镉、汞方法的平均回收率分别为 95 8%、97 5 %、99 2 % ;检出限 (LOD)分别为 0 0 0 6mg kg、0 2 0 8μg kg、0 0 2 6 μg kg;定量限 (LOQ)分别为 0 0 19mg kg、0 6 94μg kg、0 0 87μg kg。此方法同样适用于食物样品中铅、镉和汞的检测工作     

江西省蔬菜中重金属污染状况调查及评价

目的 了解江西省市售蔬菜中重金属的污染状况,评估经蔬菜途径摄入重金属的健康风险。方法 2012-2017年在全省范围内采集9类蔬菜共1533份,检测其铅、镉、砷、汞含量,采用单项污染指数及综合污染指数评价不同蔬菜中各重金属的污染状况,并对其健康风险进行评估。结果 9类蔬菜铅、镉、砷和汞的超标率分别为2.22%、1.40%、0.35%和0.91%,平均含量分别为0.046、0.022、0.042和0.0015 mg/kg;叶菜类铅、镉和汞的平均值和P95值最高,其中小白菜/青菜污染较为严重。9类蔬菜的单项和综合污染指数均处于安全、清洁水平;居民日常经蔬菜摄入各重金属的健康风险处于可接受水平。结论 江西省市售蔬菜总体上受重金属污染程度较轻,但部分蔬菜受铅和镉污染相对突出,应继续加强监测和控制。     

电感耦合等离子体-质谱法测定婴幼儿食品中铅镉汞砷

目的 为保障婴幼儿食品的质量安全,建立婴幼儿食品中铅镉汞砷的电感耦合等离子体-质谱法并对石家庄市各个品牌的婴幼儿食品中铅、镉、汞、砷进行安全风险监测。方法 按照国家食品污染和有害因素风险监测工作手册方法:经微波消解处理,采用电感耦合等离子质谱(ICP-MS)测定;按照国家食品安全相关标准对检测结果进行卫生学评价。结果 在2013年所检测的70份样品中,铅、镉、汞和砷总检出率分别是11.4%、27.1%、0%、0%,总合格率分别是92.8%、100.0%、100.0%和100.0%,样品中除铅外,其他重金属的含量均无超标现象,但部分婴幼儿食品仍检出微量重金属。结论 石家庄市市售婴幼儿食品重金属污染较轻,食品污染物风险监测应该继续加强。     

Renal and neurologic effects of cadmium, lead, mercury, and arsenic in children: evidence of early effects and multiple interactions at environmental exposure levels

Lead, cadmium, mercury, and arsenic are common environmental pollutants in industrialized countries, but their combined impact on children's health is little known. We studied their effects on two main targets, the renal and dopaminergic systems, in > 800 children during a cross-sectional European survey. Control and exposed children were recruited from those living around historical nonferrous smelters in France, the Czech Republic, and Poland. Children provided blood and urine samples for the determination of the metals and sensitive renal or neurologic biomarkers. Serum concentrations of creatinine, cystatin C, and beta2-microglobulin were negatively correlated with blood lead levels (PbB), suggesting an early renal hyperfiltration that averaged 7% in the upper quartile of PbB levels (> 55 microg/L; mean, 78.4 microg/L). The urinary excretion of retinol-binding protein, Clara cell protein, and N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase was associated mainly with cadmium levels in blood or urine and with urinary mercury. All four metals influenced the dopaminergic markers serum prolactin and urinary homovanillic acid, with complex interactions brought to light. Heavy metals polluting the environment can cause subtle effects on children's renal and dopaminergic systems without clear evidence of a threshold, which reinforces the need to control and regulate potential sources of contamination by heavy metals. Key words: arsenic, biomarkers, cadmium, dopaminergic, heavy metals, interactions, lead, mercury, renal.     

Mercury, arsenic, cadmium and lead in lobster (Panulirus homarus) from the Persian Gulf

Concentrations of four toxic metals including mercury, arsenic, lead and cadmium in lobster (Panulirus homarus) muscles from the Persian Gulf were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Heavy metals concentrations in muscle samples were 32-73 μg/kg for mercury, 118-275 μg/kg for arsenic, 379-1120 μg/kg for lead and 101-401 μg/kg for cadmium, with means of 48.7 μg/kg, 184.3 μg/kg, 629.4 μg/kg and 2 50.6 μg/kg, respectively. Most of the heavy metals studied in the edible muscle tissue in P. homarus ranged within the recommended limits for human consumption, except lead, which was found to be above the acceptable level and represents a health risk for consumers.     

Baden-Wuerttemberg Environmental Health Survey (BW-EHS) from 1996 to 2003: toxic metals in blood and urine of children

The environmental health surveillance system in the Federal State of Baden-Wuerttemberg (South Germany), among others, was implemented to monitor pollutant exposures and their temporal and regional trends in children at the age of about 10 years. The investigations were performed in two larger cities, one small city and one rural area. Between 1996 and 2003, in total 5470 children were investigated in consideration of environmental health parameters in four cross-sectional studies. The data presented here cover the results of the determination of the internal load with toxic metals. The median values observed in the investigation in 2002/03 were: 4.6 microg/l urine for arsenic, less than 0.2 microg/l urine for mercury, 20.7 microg/l blood for lead, and 0.25 microg/l blood for cadmium. From 1996 to 2003, mercury concentrations showed a substantial decrease (-0.027 microg/l/year) and lead levels also decreased (-0.25 microg/l/year), whereas arsenic and cadmium levels did not change significantly over time. There was no consistent difference in the mean internal load of the metals between the four investigation areas. Important factors influencing the measured concentrations were consumption of fish in the last 48 h, which had an impact on arsenic (factor 2), and amalgam fillings, which accounted for an increase in mercury (factor 4.6). In the 2002/03 study period, levels above the limit of health concern for children (German HBM values) were found in about 0.5% of the lead measurements (maximum value 180 microg/l blood) and in about 0.2% of the mercury measurements (maximum value 8.2 microg/l urine). In conclusion, this environmental health survey generates objective data on secular trends and regional differences and provides insight into probable sources of toxic metal exposure in children.     

Arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury in king bolete Boletus edulis and tolerance limits

In the article are reviewed and discussed available data on arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury content of the fruiting bodies of king bolete. The values of cadmuim concentration of the fruiting bodies of king bolete collected from the areas unpoluted with metals and metaloids in Poland and other European countries usually are greater than an actual tolerance limits set by E.U. law for 0.2 mg/kg wet weight in cultivated mushrooms. Analogically, as is for cadmium also content of lead to be sometimes greater than tolerance limit of 0.3 mg/kg w.w. set in EU for cultivated mushrooms. The fruiting bodies of king bolete usually are also relatively rich in mercury at concentration much greater when compared to tolerance limit set earlier in Poland (in E.U. there is no tolerance limit for mercury in mushrooms). In the case of cadmium it can bee agreed, that this element content of pooled samples of the fruiting bodies of king bollete collected from unpolluted regions usually will not exceed a value of 20 mg/kg d.m., while at polluted areas will exceed a value of 20 mg/kg d.m. In the case of mercury it can bee agreed, that this element content of pooled samples of the fruiting bodies of king bollete collected from unpolluted regions usually will not exceed a value of 5 mg/kg d.m., while at polluted areas will exceed a value of 5 mg/kg d.m. In the case of lead it can be agreed, that this element content of some percent of pooled samples of the fruiting bodies of king bolete collected from unpoluted regions will sometimes exceed an actual the EU tolerance limit of 0.3 mg/kg w.w. as set only or cultivated mushrooms. In the case of arsenic it can be agreed, that total arsenic contant of some percent of pooled samples of the fruiting bodies of king bolete collected from unpoluted regions will exceed value of 0.50 mg/kg d.m.