急性ST段抬高性心肌梗死直接经皮穿刺冠状动脉成形术后早期ST段变化的意义

目的探讨急性ST段抬高性心肌梗死(STEMI)直接经皮穿刺冠状动脉成形术(PCI)术后梗死相关动脉(IRA)完全开通、前向血流恢复后,早期ST段变化的临床意义。方法回顾性分析2001-01~12北京朝阳医院心脏中心收治的216例直接PCI后、IRA完全开通、前向血流恢复正常病人的临床、冠脉造影和心电图资料。直接PCI术后,ST段抬高指数≥50%的病人41例,为病例组。从其余175例ST段抬高指数<50%的病人中随机抽取50例,为对照组。结果两组病人的ST段抬高指数、Q波计数、室壁运动积分和平均肌酸激酶值差异有显著性意义(P<0·05);术后2周,ST段早期恢复较ST段持续抬高病人的室壁运动改善,左室射血分数(LVEF)、心排指数(CI)、每搏指数(SVI)增加(P<0·05)。ST段早期恢复合并心功能不全的病人,术后2周室壁运动增强,LVEF、CI、SVI增加(P<0·05),左室舒张末容积、左室收缩末容积减少(P<0·01)。结论STEMI直接PCI后IRA完全开通、前向血流恢复正常而ST段持续抬高病人的梗死范围扩大,左室舒缩功能不全严重,可能与心肌组织没有有效地恢复血流灌注或无复流有关。     

急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死直接冠脉成形术ST段变化的临床价值

目的探讨急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者行直接冠脉成形术,术前和术后ST段变化对远期心血管事件的临床预测价值。方法对54例ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者行直接冠脉成形术,观察术前和术后1h心电图ST段变化,计算ST段回落指数。对所有患者随访12个月,观察12个月内心血管事件（猝死、心肌梗死、再狭窄、再次血管重建、慢性心衰）发生情况。对ST段回落指数和随访心血管事件行ROC分析,并通过COX比例风险模型多因素回归分析ST段回落指数对12个月终点事件的独立预测价值。结果在12个月的随访中,发生心源性死亡2例,再发心绞痛4例,慢性心衰7例。ST段回落指数临界点取63％时,对目标心脏事件预测的ROC曲线下面积0．843,灵敏度76．9％,特异度78．0％。COX比例风险模型多因素回归分析显示ST段回落指数对目标终点事件具有独立预测价值。结论急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者行直接PCI术,术前和术后ST段的变化即ST段回落指数对术后12个月预后具有独立预测价值。     

A survey of primary percutaneous coronary intervention for patients with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction in Canadian hospitals

BACKGROUND:

Historically, access to primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for the treatment of patients with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) has been limited in Canada. Recent studies have identified innovative strategies to improve timely access and reduce reperfusion time. Accordingly, the contemporary use of primary PCI treatment in Canada was ascertained.

METHODS:

A cross-sectional survey of all 38 Canadian hospitals that were capable of performing PCI procedures was conducted from June 2007 to November 2007. The survey focused on the practice of primary PCI for patients with STEMI and whether the hospitals had implemented internal strategies to reduce ‘door-to-balloon’ times. Analyses were performed at the level of geographical regions.

RESULTS:

Overall, 71% of PCI hospitals (27 of 38) provided around-the-clock primary PCI for patients with STEMI, but the proportion of PCI hospitals offering this service varied widely, from 33% to 100% across regions. All Canadian PCI hospitals provided around-the-clock rescue PCI treatment to STEMI patients who had failed fibrinolytic therapy. In terms of strategies that are associated with reduced reperfusion time, it was observed that only 42% of PCI hospitals (16 of 38) provided feedback on door-to-balloon time to the emergency department and to the cardiac catheterization laboratories within one week of the primary PCI procedure. Overall, 24% of the hospitals had not adopted any of the four identified strategies to improve door-to-balloon time.

CONCLUSION:

Although the majority of Canadian hospitals with PCI capability provide around-the-clock primary PCI for patients with STEMI, significant variations in this practice exist across the country. Canadian PCI hospitals have not consistently adopted strategies that are associated with improved door-to-balloon time.     

老年急性ST段抬高心肌梗死患者再灌注治疗的选择

<正>在老年人中,心血管疾病是最常见的致死及致残性疾病。在急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者中,65岁以上患者占56%,院内死亡率增加9倍;75岁以上患者占28%,1个月死亡率为30%,1年死亡率超过     

Significance of T-wave amplitude and dynamics at the time of reperfusion in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention

Background

Peri-interventional T-wave changes may reflect the microvascular reperfusion status and potentially carry early independent, prognostic information in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Methods

The first available electrocardiogram (ECG) (index ECG) and the ECG recorded immediately post-PCI were analyzed for T-wave morphology in 207 patients with STEMI. Absolute T-wave amplitude was recorded and any change in T-wave amplitude from index ECG to post-PCI ECG was calculated. Continuous ST monitoring was performed from hospital arrival until 90 minutes after PCI. Maximum troponin level and left ventricular ejection fraction were evaluated before discharge. Final infarct size was assessed by myocardial perfusion imaging after 1 month.

Results

Large, positive T-wave amplitude in the index ECG and the post-PCI ECG was associated with delayed ST resolution after PCI. In the post-PCI ECG, T-wave amplitude was positively associated with troponin-T value (P < .001) and final infarct size (P = .036), and inversely associated with left ventricular ejection fraction (P < .001). However, T-wave amplitude in the post-PCI ECG was also associated with procedural increase in ST elevation (P < .001) and inversely associated with spontaneous ST resolution (P < .017). A net decrease in T-wave amplitude during reperfusion therapy was associated with faster microvascular reperfusion as evaluated by time to ST resolution.

Conclusion

Large T-wave amplitudes in static pre- and post-PCI ECGs are associated with delayed microvascular reperfusion, whereas the dynamic development of more negative T waves during PCI is associated with earlier microvascular reperfusion. However, in the acute setting, T waves provide little incremental information when compared to ST parameters available in the per-interventional phase.     

Risk stratification for ST segment elevation myocardial infarction in the era of primary percutaneous coronary intervention

Acute coronary syndromes presenting with ST elevation are usually treated with emergency reperfusion/revascularisation therapy. In contrast current evidence and national guidelines recommend risk stratification for non ST segment elevation myocardial infarction(NSTEMI) with the decision on revascularisation dependent on perceived clinical risk. Risk stratification for STEMI has no recommendation. Statistical risk scoring techniques in NSTEMI have been demonstrated to improve outcomes however their uptake has been poor perhaps due to questions over their discrimination and concern for application to individuals who may not have been adequately represented in clinical trials. STEMI is perceived to carry sufficient risk to warrant emergency coronary intervention [by primary percutaneous coronary intervention(PPCI)] even if this results in a delay to reperfusion with immediate thrombolysis. Immediate thrombolysis may be as effective in patients presenting early, or at low risk, but physicians are poor at assessing clinical and procedural risks and currently are not required to consider this. Inadequate data on risk stratification in STEMI inhibits the option of immediate fibrinolysis, which may be cost-effective. Currently the mode of reperfusion for STEMI defaults to emergency angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention ignoring alternative strategies. This review article examines the current risk scores and evidence base for risk stratification for STEMI patients. The requirements for an ideal STEMI risk score are discussed.     

盐酸替罗非班对急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者急诊冠状动脉介入术心肌灌注的影响

目的:探讨盐酸替罗非班对急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者行急诊冠状动脉介入术(PCI)后心肌组织的再灌注影响。方法:符合STEMI入选标准的患者69例,随机分为治疗组(32例)和对照组(37例)。治疗组术前常规给予低分子肝素、阿司匹林、氯吡格雷、调脂药等治疗,术中加用盐酸替罗非班以输液泵持续泵入;对照组除未加盐酸替罗非班外,其他治疗同治疗组。2组术中都常规应用普通肝素。联合应用TMP(TIMI myocardial perfusion)和sumSTR(sum-ST-segment resolution)方法对心肌组织的灌注进行评价。结果:2种评价方法均显示治疗组急诊PCI后心肌组织的再灌注优于对照组(均P<0.05)。结论:盐酸替罗非班能明显改善STEMI患者急诊PCI后心肌组织的再灌注水平。     

急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术中再灌注心律失常的临床特点

目的观察急性sT段抬高型心肌梗死行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）术中再灌注心律失常发生特点,提高救治成功率。方法对188例急性sT段抬高型心肌梗死患者在12小时内行急诊PCI,根据梗死相关动脉,分为前降支组、回旋支组及右冠状动脉组,观察3组再灌注心律失常发生情况,分析再灌注心律失常与梗死相关动脉的关系,了解冠脉再通时间对再灌注心律失常的影响。结果185例患者中185例成功植入支架。其中完全闭塞156例,次全闭塞或部分再通者32例,共发生再灌注心律失常75例,右冠状动脉组缓慢心律失常发生率高于前降支组和回旋支组,而快速心律失常发生率低于前降支组、回旋支组,但无统计学差异。开通时间越早,再灌注心律失常发生率越高,〈4小时组的快速心律失常发生率、缓慢心律失常发生率均大于4～8小时组、〉8小时组。结论直接PCI治疗开通梗死相关血管率高,是治疗急性心肌梗死的有效方法;随着血管的开通,可以发生再灌注心律失常,4小时内开通者发生再灌注心律失常高,右冠状动脉心肌梗死更容易发生缓慢性心律失常,只要及时处理,再灌注心律失常预后良好。     

急诊经桡动脉与股动脉入路介入治疗ST段抬高急性心肌梗死对比研究

目的观察经桡动脉入路行急诊ST段抬高急性心肌梗死直接经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)治疗的有效性和安全性。方法选择沈阳军区总医院2005年1月至2006年10月连续607例ST段抬高性急性心肌梗死(STEMI)住院患者,分别接受经桡动脉入路(273例)或经股动脉入路(334例)途径行PCI治疗,观察两组手术成功率和并发症发生率。结果两组患者PCI成功率差异无统计学意义(97.07%对95.81%,P>0.05)。经桡动脉入路组局部血肿、假性动脉瘤、迷走反射发生率显著低于经股动脉入路组。结论行PCI治疗的STEMI患者经桡动脉入路途径是安全、有效和可行的方法,与经股动脉比较,经桡动脉途径可减少并发症的发生。     

优化急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死的直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗

对ST段抬高型心肌梗死实施直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗不应只是为获得TIMI 3级血流,而应是良好的心肌灌注。可通过上游使用血小板膜糖蛋白Ⅱb/Ⅲa受体拮抗剂、他汀类调脂药,个体化正确使用血栓抽吸装置,必要时延迟支架植入等手段,优化直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术的效果。     

辛伐他汀对急性心肌梗死冠状动脉经皮介入治疗后心肌血流灌注的影响

目的 探讨辛伐他汀对急性心肌梗死患者急诊冠状动脉经皮介入治疗术后心肌血流灌注的影响.方法 81例行急诊冠状动脉经皮介入治疗术的急性心肌梗死患者,按之前服用辛伐他汀的情况分为四组:A组15例,服用时间超过6个月;B组19例,服用时间1～6个月;C组17例,服用时间少于1个月;D组30例,未服用.比较各组校正的TIMI帧数计数(CTFC)和1 h内ST段回落情况.结果 A组和B组CTFC较D组较小(P＜0.01),且术后1 h ST段回落较D组明显(P＜0.01).结论 长期服用辛伐他汀,可有效改善急性心肌梗死患者急诊冠状动脉经皮介入治疗术后心肌血流灌注.     

急性ST段抬高心肌梗死直接经皮冠状动脉介入术冠状动脉无复流现象对预后的影响

目的研究急诊经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)治疗冠状动脉(冠脉)中无复流现象的临床意义.方法自2000年1月至2004年1月,回顾性分析我院336例急性ST段抬高心肌梗死(STEMI)直接PCI患者的临床和影像资料.急诊PCI支架置入即刻,在无影响血流的血栓、栓塞、夹层、痉挛情况下,冠脉造影前向血流≤TIMI2级为无复流,TIMI 3级为正常血流.冠脉无复流患者42例,利用Excel随机函数表,由其余294例急诊PCI冠脉前向血流恢复正常的患者中随机抽取45例,为正常血流组.随访6个月,观察有无心脏性猝死和非致命性心脏事件.结果无复流组发生充血性心衰、恶性心律失常、再发心绞痛、心脏性猝死高于冠脉血流正常组,无复流组6个月后左室射血分数显著低于冠脉血流正常组.结论无复流患者的心肌损害严重,梗死或濒临坏死的心肌范围广泛,强烈提示AMI预后不良.     

SYNTAX评分预测急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死介入后无复流

目的：评价急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死（ST segment elevation myocardial infarction,STEMI）患者诊断性冠状动脉造影获得的SYNTAX评分,与经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI）后无复流现象的相关性。方法：入选在发病后12h内行PCI治疗的397例STEMI患者,进行回顾性分析。根据单纯冠状动脉病变心脏外科与介入治疗狭窄冠状动脉研究（Synergy between percutaneous coronary intervention with TAXUS and cardiac surgery,SYNTAX）评分的中位数,将患者分为高分组和低分组。将冠状动脉造影结果作为无复流的判断标准。采用多元Logistic回归分析,评价SYNTAX评分与急诊PCI后无复流现象的的相关性。结果：PCI术后发生无复流现象的患者共79例（19.9%）,其中SYNTAX评分高分组无复流发生率显著高于低分组。多元Logistic回归分析显示,年龄≥55岁（OR=2.46,95%CI=1.72～3.41;P〈0.001）、入院前服用β阻滞剂（OR=0.62,95%CI=0.41～0.92;P=0.021）、术前Killip分级（4级,OR=3.78,95%CI=2.14～6.48;P〈0.001）、再灌注时间（≥2h,OR=1.37,95%CI=1.02～1.79;P=0.036）、及SYNTAX评分≥15.75（OR=1.16,95%CI=1.01～2.45;P〈0.001）是直接PCI术无复流现象的独立预测因素。结论：STEMI患者急诊PCI前通过冠状动脉造影获得的SYNTAX评分对于预测STEMI患者PCI后无复流现象并进行危险分层具有一定参考价值。     

老年急性心肌梗死患者直接PCI的治疗评价

目的观察直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)对高龄ST段抬高的急性心肌梗死(STEMI)患者治疗的安全性、可行性及治疗现状。方法62例急性STEMI患者分成两组(≥70岁和<70岁)并予梗死相关血管(IRA)给予直接PCI治疗。比较各组患者心血管事件的发生。结果≥70岁组与<70岁组血管再通率、术中及术后24h内死亡和恶性心律失常及心源性休克不良心血管事件的发生及两组患者接受直接PCI治疗的比例差异无显著性。结论年龄≥70岁的STEMI患者可以安全接受直接PCI治疗,并且有较好疗效。     

吸烟对男性急性心肌梗死患者直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗心肌灌注及预后的影响

目的 观察吸烟对男性急性心肌梗死患者直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)心肌灌注及预后的影响.方法 选取513 例接受直接PCI治疗的急性ST段抬高心肌梗死男性患者,根据是否吸烟及吸烟指数(SI)随机分为4个组:A组为不吸烟组,B组SI＜200,C组SI 200～400,D组SI＞400.比较各组患者PCI术后即刻心肌灌...     

急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死直接PCI术后ST段回落的临床研究

目的：通过观察急性ST段抬高型心肌梗塞（STEMI）直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）术后,梗塞相关动脉（IRA）达心肌梗塞溶栓（TIMI）血流3级患者心电图ST段回落程度,探讨ST段回落与心肌损伤及心脏收缩功能的关系。方法：选择在发病12h内接受直接PCI治疗后TIMI血流达到3级的STEMI患者115例,PCI术前、术后行心电图检查,观察ST段回落情况,术前、后测定患者肌酸激酶（CK）、肌酸激酶同工酶（CK-MB）及肌钙蛋白T（cTnT）,术后测定左室射血分数（LVEF）;按照ST段回落幅度（∑STR）不同,患者被分为两组：A组：∑STR〈50%,21例,为心肌灌注不良组,B组：∑STD≥50%,94例,为心肌灌注良好组;分析两组患者ST段回落程度与CK、CK-MB、cTnT及LVEF的关系。结果：（1）两组患者IRA部位、病变血管支数,PCI治疗前TIMI血流分级、cTnT水平,发病到PCI时间等差异均无显著性（P〉0.05）;（2）两组患者术前、后CK、CK-MB水平差异无显著性（P〉0.05）;（3）术后A组cTnT水平明显高于B组[（1.30±0.43）μg/L∶（1.0±0.45）μg/L,P〈0.05];（4）术后A组LVEF明显低于B组[（44.13±4.83）%∶（47.93±5.23）%,P〈0.05]。结论：急性ST段抬高型心肌梗塞直接PCI术后,TIMI血流达到3级,ST段回落良好的患者,心肌组织水平灌注程度较好,心肌损伤程度轻,左心收缩功能较好。     

急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗老年急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死的临床疗效分析

目的评价急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)对老年急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2003年1月~2006年1月间住院首诊为STEMI并且接受急诊PCI治疗的165例老年(≥70岁)患者的临床与6个月随访资料,并与同期的252例非老年患者(<70岁)比较。结果老年组女性(32.7%∶12.3%)、高血压(59.4%∶42.5%,)、糖尿病(23.0%∶10.3%),左主干病变(15.8%∶6.7%)和多支病变(78.8%∶56.0%)均多于非老年组(均P<0.01);非老年组有吸烟史者较老年组多(71.4%∶50.6%,P<0.01)。2组PCI成功率相当(98.2%∶97.2%,P>0.05),老年组患者住院病死率(4.8%∶1.2%,P<0.05)和不良心脏事件发生率(12.1%∶6.8%,P<0.01)较高。随访期间,老年组患者死亡(8.7%∶0.9%)、心力衰竭(20.0%∶5.6%)和总体主要不良心脏事件(42.0%∶26.9%,)的发生率均较非老年组高(均P<0.01)。结论与非老年患者相比,老年STEMI患者的临床与冠状动脉病变特征更高危,尽管急诊PCI的即刻成功率较高,但预后仍明显不如非老年患者。     

急性ST段抬高性心肌梗死患者直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗再灌注时间对ST段回落的影响

目的探讨直接经皮冠状动脉介入(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)治疗中症状发作-球囊扩张时间(symptom-onset-to-balloon,SOTB)对再灌注后心电图ST段的回落、住院期间左心室射血分数、6个月内总的主要心血管事件(包括心绞痛、再发心肌梗死、因心血管事件再入院、心力衰竭和死亡等)发生率的影响。方法回顾性分析2005年1月至2006年7月于北京大学深圳医院行直接PCI治疗的ST段抬高性心肌梗死(ST-elevation myocardial infarction,STEMI)患者225例的基线资料、心电图资料以及随访资料,比较不同时间SOTB(>3 h及≤3 h)术前、术后1 h ST段抬高总和恢复百分比(sumSTR)%、住院期间超声心动图所测的左心室射血分数、随访6个月的主要心血管事件发生率。结果SOTB≤3 h组PCI治疗后1 h ST段完全回落≥70%的患者比例明显高于SOTB>3 h组,差异有统计学意义(57.4%vs.43.2%,P=0.005);住院期间左心室射血分数高于SOTB>3 h组,差异有统计学意义(57.69%±7.64%vs.53.80%±9.03%,P=0.014);6个月主要心血管事件发生率低与SOTB>3 h组,差异有统计学意义(14.9%vs.35.4%,P=0.001)。结论 STEMI患者PCI治疗中SOTB短,ST段回落就迅速而完全,住院期间的左心室射血分数高,6个月主要心血管事件发生率低。     

Door-to-balloon time in radial versus femoral approach for primary percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) is considered the preferred reperfusion strategy for patients presenting with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). This study compares the door-to-balloon (D2B) time between transradial vs. the transfemoral approach in patients presenting with STEMI.MethodsA retrospectively collected catheterization laboratory database was reviewed for the consecutive patients presenting with a STEMI. Specific time parameters were recorded, and our composite end points were time to revascularization, angiographic success, short term clinical success, and procedural vascular complications.ResultsRadial PCI (r-PCI) was performed in 33 patients (67.3%) and in 16 patients (32.7%) PCI was done through femoral artery (f-PCI). No significant difference was observed in the pre-catheter and catheter laboratory times. Mean times from emergency room door-to-catheter laboratory time for r-PCI vs. f-PCI were 82.48 ± 37.42 and 76.29 ± 34.32 min, respectively (P = 0.636). The mean time from patient arrival to the cardiac catheter laboratory-to-balloon inflation was 34.56 ± 14.2 in the r-PCI group vs. 33.12 ± 12.56 min with the f-PCI group (P = 0.215). The total D2B time was not significantly different between r-PCI vs. f-PCI groups (100.32 ± 36.3 vs. 97.31 ± 30.37 min, respectively, P = 0.522). Angiographic success rates were observed in 92.1% of the patients for r-PCI, and in 87.5% for f-PCI (P = 0.712). There were no vascular complications in both groups.ConclusionsPatients presenting with STEMI can undergo successful pPCI via radial artery without compromising patient care.