Sleep duration and the risk of prostate cancer: the Ohsaki Cohort Study

In a prospective study of prostate cancer incidence (127 cases), among 22 320 Japanese men, sleep duration was associated with lower risk; the multivariate hazard ratio of men who slept >or=9 h per day compared with those who slept less was 0.48 (95% confidence interval: 0.29-0.79, P for trend=0.02).     

Sleep duration and the risk of breast cancer: the Ohsaki Cohort Study

In a prospective study of 23 995 Japanese women, short sleep duration was associated with higher risk of breast cancer (143 cases), compared with women who slept 7 h per day, the multivariate hazard ratio of those who slept 相似文献   

Coffee consumption and the risk of prostate cancer: the Ohsaki Cohort Study

Background:

Epidemiological evidence regarding the effect of coffee on the incidence of prostate cancer is inconsistent. We aimed to investigate coffee consumption and the risk of prostate cancer risk in a general Japanese population.

Methods:

We conducted a prospective cohort study in Ohsaki city, Japan, where 18 853 men aged 40–79 years participated in a baseline survey. Coffee consumption was assessed via a validated self-administered questionnaire. During 11 years of follow-up (from January 1 1995 to December 31, 2005), 318 incident cases of prostate cancer were detected. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to calculate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence interval (CIs).

Results:

There was a significant inverse association between coffee consumption and the incidence risk of prostate cancer. Compared with those who did not drink coffee, the multivariate adjusted HRs were 0.81 (95% CI: 0.61–1.07), 0.73 (95% CI: 0.53–1.00), and 0.63 (095% CI: 0.39–1.00) for those who drank coffee occasionally, 1–2 cups per day, and ⩾3 cups per day, respectively, with a P for trend of 0.02.

Conclusion:

This prospective finding from a Japanese population adds evidence that coffee intake is inversely associated with the incidence of prostate cancer.     

Coffee consumption and the risk of colorectal cancer: a prospective cohort study in Japan

An inverse association between coffee consumption and the risk of colorectal cancer has been reported in several case-control studies, but results from prospective cohort studies have been inconclusive. We conducted a prospective cohort study among a Japanese population to clarify the association between coffee consumption and the risk of colorectal cancer incidence. We used data from the Miyagi Cohort Study for this analysis. Usable self-administered questionnaires about coffee consumption were returned from 22,836 men and 24,769 women, aged 40-64 years, with no previous history of cancer. We used the Cox proportional-hazard regression model to estimate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals. During 11.6 years of follow-up (425,303 person-years), we identified 457 cases of colorectal cancer. Coffee consumption was not associated with the incidence of colorectal, colon or rectal cancer. The multivariate-adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) of colorectal cancer incidence for 3 or more cups of coffee per day as compared with no consumption was 0.95 (0.65-1.39) for men and women (p for trend = 0.55), 0.91 (0.56-1.46) for men (p for trend = 0.53) and 1.16 (0.60-2.23) for women (p for trend = 0.996). Coffee consumption was also not associated with incidence of either proximal or distal colon cancer. We conclude that coffee consumption is not associated with the incidence risk of colorectal cancer in the general population in Japan.     

Citrus consumption and cancer incidence: the Ohsaki cohort study

Basic research and case–control studies have suggested that citrus consumption may protect against cancer. However, the protective effect has been observed from few prospective studies. This study investigated the association of citrus consumption with cancer incidence among 42,470 Japanese adults in the Ohsaki National Health Insurance Cohort, which covered an age range of 40–79 years, and was followed up from 1995 to 2003 for all‐cancer and individual cancer incidence. Citrus consumption was assessed using a self‐administered questionnaire. The Cox proportional hazard model was applied to estimate relative risks (RRs) and 95% CIs. During the 323,204 person‐years of follow‐up, 3,398 cases were identified totally. Citrus consumption, especially daily consumption, was correlated with reduced all‐cancer incidence, the RRs were 0.89 (95% CI = 0.80–0.98) for total participants, 0.86 (0.76–0.98) for males and 0.93 (0.79–1.09) for females, as well as multiple cancers at individual sites, especially pancreatic (RR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.38–1.00) and prostate cancer (RR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.41–0.97). Joint effect analysis showed a reduced risk of overall cancer existed only for subjects who consumed ≥1 cup green tea/day (RR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.73–0.93) as well as for males (RR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.71–0.97) or females (RR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.68–0.99). These findings suggest that citrus consumption is associated with reduced all‐cancer incidence, especially for subjects having simultaneously high green tea consumption. Further work on the specific citrus constituents is warranted, and clinical trials are ultimately necessary to confirm the protective effect.     

Green tea consumption and lung cancer risk: the Ohsaki study

We examined the risk of lung cancer in relation to green tea consumption in a population-based cohort study in Japan among 41,440 men and women, aged 40-79 years, who completed a questionnaire in 1994 regarding green tea consumption and other health-related lifestyle factors. During the follow-up period of 7 years (from 1995 to 2001), 302 cases of lung cancer were identified, and the Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The multivariable-adjusted HRs of lung cancer incidence for green tea consumption of 1 or 2, 3 or 4, and 5 or more cups/day as compared to less than 1 cup/day were 1.14 (95% CI: 0.80-1.62), 1.18 (95% CI: 0.83-1.66), and 1.17 (95% CI: 0.85-1.61), respectively (P for trend=0.48). This cohort study has found no evidence that green tea consumption is associated with lung cancer.     

Mushroom consumption and incident risk of prostate cancer in Japan: A pooled analysis of the Miyagi Cohort Study and the Ohsaki Cohort Study

In vivo and in vitro evidence has shown that mushrooms have the potential to prevent prostate cancer. However, the relationship between mushroom consumption and incident prostate cancer in humans has never been investigated. In the present study, a total of 36,499 men, aged 40–79 years, who participated in the Miyagi Cohort Study in 1990 and in the Ohsaki Cohort Study in 1994 were followed for a median of 13.2 years. Data on mushroom consumption (categorized as <1, 1–2 and ≥3 times/week) was collected using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to estimate multivariate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for prostate cancer incidence. During 574,397 person-years of follow-up, 1,204 (3.3%) cases of prostate cancer were identified. Compared to participants with mushroom consumption <1 time/week, frequent mushroom intake was associated with a decreased risk of prostate cancer (1–2 times/week: HRs [95% CIs] = 0.92 [0.81, 1.05]; ≥3 times/week: HRs [95% CIs] = 0.83 [0.70, 0.98]; p-trend = 0.023). This inverse relationship was especially obvious among participants aged ≥50 years and did not differ by clinical stage of cancer and intake of vegetables, fruit, meat and dairy products. The present study showed an inverse relationship between mushroom consumption and incident prostate cancer among middle-aged and elderly Japanese men, suggesting that habitual mushroom intake might help to prevent prostate cancer.     

No association between green tea and prostate cancer risk in Japanese men: the Ohsaki Cohort Study

In a prospective study of 19,561 Japanese men, green-tea intake was not associated with a lower risk of prostate cancer (110 cases), the multivariate hazard ratio for men drinking > or =5 cups compared with <1 cup per day being 0.85 (95% confidence interval 0.50-1.43, trend P = 0.81).     

History of cholelithiasis and the risk of prostate cancer: The Ohsaki Cohort Study

An association between cholelithiasis and prostate cancer has been reported sporadically in previous case‐control and experimental studies, suggesting that cholesterol may play a promotional role in prostate cancer development and progression. However, this relationship remains poorly understood, and population evidence based on a strict study design is needed. The authors examined the history of cholelithiasis and the development of prostate cancer in the Ohsaki cohort followed from 1995 to 2003, in which 230 new cases of prostate cancer were ascertained among 22,458 Japanese men. Baseline information, including history of cholelithiasis, was collected using a self‐administered questionnaire. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The results showed that patients with a history of cholelithiasis had a higher risk of prostate cancer with a multivariate adjusted HR of 1.72 (95% CI: 1.12–2.66), and especially for advanced prostate cancer, the corresponding value was 2.29 (95% CI: 1.21–4.35). The associations were robust after adjustment for different potential confounders. This population‐based prospective cohort study indicates that a history of cholelithiasis is associated with an increased incidence of prostate cancer.     

The risk of colorectal cancer is associated with the frequency of meat consumption in a population-based cohort in Korea

Objective: To date, there have been few prospective cohort studies that have investigated the association between meat consumption and the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) in Asian countries. A large, population-based cohort study was conducted to assess the effect of the frequency of meat consumption on the risk of CRC in Korean adults. Methods: The participants were Korean government employees, school faculty members, and their unemployed dependents, aged 30–80 years, who underwent health examinations between 1996 and 1997. In 2003, information on CRC incidence was obtained during the 6–7 year follow-up period. The final data analysis included 2,248,129 study subjects. The hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of the HR were estimated using the Cox proportional hazards regression model. Results: During the follow-up period, CRC occurred in 4,501 men and 1,943 women (64.19 and 36.34 for age-standardized incidence rates per 100,000 person-years, respectively). In the total population, the estimated HRs and 95% CI for meat consumption of 2–3 times per week and more than 4 times per week compared with consumption of less than once per week were 1.06 (1.01–1.12) and 1.23 (1.13–1.35), respectively. In men only and women only groups, the HRs (95% CI) for consumption of more than 4 times per week compared with consumption of less than once per week were 1.13 (1.02–1.26) and 1.42 (1.21–1.66), respectively. Conclusion: The present findings suggest that frequency of meat consumption is positively associated with the risk of CRC.     

Coffee consumption and risk of colorectal cancer in a population-based prospective cohort of Japanese men and women

We prospectively examined the association between coffee consumption and the risk of developing colorectal cancer in a large population-based cohort study (the JPHC Study) of Japanese men and women. Data were analyzed from a population-based cohort of 96,162 subjects (46,023 men and 50,139 women). A total of 1,163 incident colorectal cancers were identified during the follow-up period, including 763 cases of colon cancer and 400 of rectal cancer. We observed a significant inverse association between coffee consumption and the risk of developing invasive colon cancer among women. Compared with those who almost never consumed coffee, women who regularly consumed 3 or more cups of coffee per day had a RR of 0.44 (95% CI = 0.19-1.04; p for trend = 0.04) after adjustment for potential confounding factors. However, no significant association was found for rectal cancer in women. In men, no significant decrease was observed in any colorectal cancer site. Further, additional analyses on the association of green tea consumption with colorectal cancer risk found no significant association in men or women. These findings suggest that coffee consumption may lower the risk of colon cancer among Japanese women.     

Alcohol intake and risk of colorectal cancer: Results from the UK Dietary Cohort Consortium

Background:

Epidemiological studies have suggested that excessive alcohol intake increases colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. However, findings regarding tumour subsites and sex differences have been inconsistent.

Methods:

We investigated the prospective associations between alcohol intake on overall and site- and sex-specific CRC risk. Analyses were conducted on 579 CRC cases and 1996 matched controls nested within the UK Dietary Cohort Consortium using standardised data obtained from food diaries as a main nutritional method and repeated using data from food frequency questionnaire (FFQ).

Results:

Compared with individuals in the lightest category of drinkers (>0–<5 g per day), the multivariable odds ratios of CRC were 1.16 (95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.88, 1.53) for non-drinkers, 0.91 (95% CI: 0.67, 1.24) for drinkers with 5–<15 g per day, 0.90 (95% CI: 0.65, 1.25) for drinkers with 15–<30 g per day, 1.02 (95% CI: 0.66, 1.58) for drinkers with 30–<45 g per day and 1.19 (95% CI: 0.75, 1.91) for drinkers with ⩾45 g per day. No clear associations were observed between site-specific CRC risk and alcohol intake in either sex. Analyses using FFQ showed similar results.

Conclusion:

We found no significantly increased risk of CRC up to 30 g per day of alcohol intake within the UK Dietary Cohort Consortium.     

Nut consumption and risk of pancreatic cancer in women

Background:

Increasing nut intake has been associated with reduced risk of diabetes mellitus, which is a risk factor for pancreatic cancer.

Methods:

We prospectively followed 75 680 women in the Nurses'' Health Study, and examined the association between nut consumption and pancreatic cancer risk. Participants with a previous history of cancer were excluded. Nut consumption was assessed at baseline and updated every 2 to 4 years. Relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models.

Results:

We documented 466 incident cases of pancreatic cancer. After adjusting for age, height, smoking, physical activity, and total energy intake, women who consumed a 28-g (1 oz) serving size of nuts ⩾2 times per week experienced a significantly lower risk of pancreatic cancer (RR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.47–0.92; P for trend=0.007) when compared with those who largely abstained from nuts. The results did not appreciably change after further adjustment for body mass index (BMI) and history of diabetes mellitus (RR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.48–0.95; P for trend=0.01). The inverse association persisted within strata defined by BMI, physical activity, smoking, and intakes of red meat, fruits, and vegetables.

Conclusion:

Frequent nut consumption is inversely associated with risk of pancreatic cancer in this large prospective cohort of women, independent of other potential risk factors for pancreatic cancer.     

新鲜水果摄入可能降低食管癌长期死亡风险

目的：探究新鲜水果摄入是否可以降低食管癌的长期死亡风险。方法：1985年3 月选取林县年龄为40～69岁受试者29479 例,开展基线人口特征、生活习惯、疾病史和回顾性膳食调查,随后对该人群进行随访至2015年12月约31.79年。以食管癌的死亡病例为研究终点,利用Cox 等比例风险模型估计基线新鲜水果摄入对食管癌死亡风险的长期影响。结果：31.09% 的受试人群基线调查报告每周摄入新鲜水果1 次以上。与不食用新鲜水果的人群相比,每周摄入新鲜水果1 次以上食管癌的长期死亡风险降低7% ,这种现象在男性（11%）和吸烟人群（13%）中尤为明显。结论：新鲜水果的摄入可能降低食管癌的长期死亡风险,其详细的病因学机制仍需进一步研究。     

Magnesium intake and colorectal cancer risk in the Netherlands Cohort Study

Energy-adjusted magnesium intake was nonsignificantly inversely related to risk of colorectal cancer (n=2328) in the Netherlands Cohort Study on Diet and Cancer that started in 1986 (n=58 279 men and 62 573 women). Statistically significant inverse trends in risk were observed in overweight subjects for colon and proximal colon cancer across increasing quintiles of magnesium uptake (P-trend, 0.05 and 0.02, respectively). Although an overall protective effect was not afforded, our results suggest an effect of magnesium in overweight subjects, possibly through decreasing insulin resistance.     

Sugar intake and colorectal cancer risk: A prospective Japanese cohort study

The influence of sugar consumption on the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) remains controversial. Prospective cohort studies focusing on total and specific types of sugar intake among the Asian population who have different patterns of sugar intake sources than American and European populations are scarce. We intended to examine the association of sugar intake with CRC risk among middle-aged adults in a Japanese large-scale population-based cohort study. The participants (42,405 men and 48,600 women) who were 45–74 years old and answered the questionnaire in 1995–1999 in the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study were followed up until December 2013. Total sugars, total fructose, and specific types of sugar intake were estimated using a validated 147-item food frequency questionnaire and divided into quintiles (Q1–Q5). We used Cox proportional hazard regression models adjusted for potential confounders to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). During the follow-up, 2118 CRC cases (1226 men and 892 women) were identified. We did not observe any clear association between all types of sugar intake and an increased risk of CRC. Analyses by tumor sites yielded a positive association of total sugar consumption with rectal cancer in women (1.75 [1.07–2.87] for Q1 vs. Q5; p _{linear trend} = 0.03), but no statistically significant trend was detected among men. Sugar intake was not associated with CRC risk in middle-aged Japanese adults. However, for rectal cancer, the probability of an increased risk among women with a higher total sugar intake cannot be excluded.     

Weight change since age 20 and incident risk of obesity-related cancer in Japan: a pooled analysis of the Miyagi Cohort Study and the Ohsaki Cohort Study

It is unclear whether weight change during adulthood affects the risk of obesity-related cancers such as those of the esophagus, colorectum, pancreas, breast, endometrium, and kidney among Japanese, where obesity is less frequent and less severe. We examined the association between weight change during adulthood and the risk of obesity-related cancer among Japanese by conducting a pooled analysis of two prospective studies of residents in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. A total of 78,743 persons (40,422 women and 38,321 men) aged 40–79 years participated in the Miyagi Cohort Study in 1990 and in the Ohsaki Cohort Study in 1994. Weight change since age 20 was divided into four categories (weight loss; stable weight; moderate weight gain; high weight gain). Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to estimate the multivariate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for obesity-related cancer incidence. During 1,057,899 person-years of follow up, 4,467 cases of obesity-related cancer (women; 1,916 cases, men; 2,551cases) were identified. In women, compared to the stable weight, weight gain was associated with an increased risk of obesity-related cancer (moderate weight gain; HRs = 1.10, 95%CIs: 0.97–1.26, high weight gain; HRs = 1.29, 95%CIs: 1.14–1.47). The results indicate that weight gain since age 20 was associated with a significantly increased risk of obesity-related cancer among Japanese women. By contrast, in men, our study found that weight change is not associated with the incidence of obesity-related cancer.     

No association between fruit or vegetable consumption and the risk of colorectal cancer in Japan

In a pooled analysis of two prospective studies with 88,658 Japanese men and women, fruit and vegetable consumptions, were not associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer (705 cases); multivariate relative risk (95% confidence interval) for the highest vs the lowest quartile of intake being 0.92 (0.70-1.19) and 1.00 (0.79-1.27), respectively.     

Alcohol consumption and prostate cancer risk: results from the Melbourne collaborative cohort study

Although there is little evidence to support an association between alcohol consumption and prostate cancer risk, questions remain concerning the effect on aggressive and nonaggressive tumours and the pattern and type of alcohol consumed. In a prospective cohort of 16,872 men aged 27-70 years at recruitment and followed-up from 1994 to the end of 2003, 732 incident prostate cancers were identified through the local population cancer registry, including 132 aggressive cases and 53 prostate cancer deaths. Detailed information on alcohol consumption was taken at baseline by trained interviewers using a structured questionnaire. Overall, alcohol intake was not associated with prostate cancer incidence. Compared to abstainers, men consuming 1-19 g/d of alcohol had a slightly reduced incidence of aggressive prostate cancers (hazard ratio 0.67; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.43, 1.06) and prostate cancer mortality (hazard ratio 0.56; 95% CI 0.28, 1.14), but their risk of nonaggressive prostate cancers was close to unity (hazard ratio 1.09; 95% CI 0.85, 1.40). No significant association with pattern of drinking or type of alcoholic beverage was found. Our results show that alcohol consumption does not influence overall prostate cancer incidence but we found suggestive evidence that alcohol consumption might decrease the incidence of aggressive prostate cancer and mortality.     

Dietary fatty acids and colorectal cancer risk in men: A report from the Shanghai Men's Health Study and a meta‐analysis

Evidence from animal models suggests that dietary fatty acids have both anticancer and tumor‐promoting effects. Whether dietary fatty acids are associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) in humans remains inconclusive. We investigated associations between dietary fatty acids and risk of CRC among 59 986 men who participated in the Shanghai Men's Health Study (SMHS), an ongoing population‐based prospective cohort study. We identified 876 incident CRC cases in the SMHS during a mean follow‐up of 9.8 years. Associations between dietary fatty acid intake and CRC risk were evaluated by Cox proportional hazard regression analyses. Consumption of saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was not significantly associated with CRC risk. Multivariate hazard ratios (HRs) and respective 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for Quartile 4 vs Quartile 1 were 0.92 (0.74‐1.14; P_trend = 0.47) for SFA, 0.95 (0.79‐1.16; P_trend = 0.74) for MUFA and 1.18 (0.95‐1.46; P_trend = 0.21) for PUFA. No significant associations were found for total n‐6 PUFA or total n‐3 PUFA. Additionally, we performed a meta‐analysis to summarize results from the present study and 28 reports from 26 additional cohorts, which supported the overall null association between dietary fatty acid intake and CRC risk among men. Docosahexanoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid were associated with 11% to 12% reduced risk, and linoleic acid a 19% increased risk, of CRC in the meta‐analysis of combined sexes. In conclusion, this population‐based prospective study and meta‐analysis of cohort studies found little evidence that dietary fatty acid intake was associated with risk of CRC in men.