Value of Adenosine Deaminase Estimation in the Diagnosis of Tuberculous Ascites

Adenosine deaminase was estimated in ascitic fluids of 49 patients with ascites (19 tuberculous, 20 cirrhotic, and 10 malignant). The adenosine deaminase concentration in tuberculous ascitic fluid was 98.8 +/- 20.1 U/L (mean +/- SD), which was significantly more than that noted in cirrhotic (14 +/- 10.6 U/L) or malignant (14.6 +/- 6.7 U/L) ascitic fluids (p less than 0.001 for each). At a cut-off value of greater than 33 U/L, the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value, and the overall diagnostic accuracy for diagnosing tuberculous ascites were 100%, 96.6%, 95%, 100%, and 98%, respectively. We conclude that estimation of adenosine deaminase in ascitic fluid is an easy and reliable method for diagnosing tuberculous ascites.     

Cerebrospinal Fluid Adenosine Deaminase Levels and Adverse Neurological Outcome in Pediatric Tuberculous Meningitis

AbstractBackground: There is a lack of data on the prognostic significance of changes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) parameters in tuberculous meningitis. Our objective was to determine whether changes in CSF parameters are associated with poor neurological outcome in tuberculous meningitis.Patients and Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study on children admitted with a diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis to Government General Hospital in Kakinada, India. On admission, CSF parameters including cell count with fraction of lymphocytes and neutrophil leukocytes, glucose, protein, lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), and adenosine deaminase (ADA) levels were measured. We compared levels in children with and without adverse neurological outcome.Results: A total of 26 children was enrolled over a 2–year period. Ten had an adverse neurological outcome. Six had permanent neurological deficits (four hemiplegia and two cranial nerve palsies), two a hydrocephalus and two died. There was no significant (p > 0.05) difference in age, gender and in CSF parameters, including cell count, lymphocyte and neutrophil leukocyte fraction, glucose, protein, and LDH levels between patients with and without adverse neurological outcome. Patients with adverse outcome had with a mean (SD) of 17.1 (3.2) IU/l a significantly higher ADA level than patients without, who had a mean (SD) level of 11.3 (2.7) IU/l (p < 0.001, t–test).Conclusion: Adverse neurological outcome in childhood tuberculous meningitis is associated with increased cerebrospinal fluid adenosine deaminase levels.     

血清－腹水白蛋白梯度和腹水腺苷脱氨酶对良恶性腹水鉴别意义的探讨

血清－腹水白蛋白梯度（ＳＡＡＧ）是间接反映门静脉压力的一个指标，曾用于良恶性腹水的鉴别诊断。为探讨其对良恶性腹水的鉴别价值，本文对６４例各种病因的腹水患者作ＳＡＡＧ测定。结果显示，肝硬化组ＳＡＡＧ为２５．４４±７．２２ｇ／Ｌ，而腹腔癌组为５．５４±３．１２ｇ／Ｌ两组差异有显著意义（Ｐ＜０．００１）。ＳＡＡＧ鉴别肝硬化与腹腔癌的准确性达９７．９％，但由于肝癌组ＳＡＡＧ亦增大，与肝硬化组相近（Ｐ＞０．０５），而结核性腹水和心源性腹水ＳＡＡＧ则小，与腹腔癌组相近，ＳＡＡＧ鉴别良恶性腹水的准确性降为７９．７％。因此，ＳＡＡＧ不适于良恶性腹水的鉴别。结核性腹水腺苷脱氨酶明显升高，有助于结核和癌性腹水的鉴别。     

Adenosine Deaminase Isoenzymes in Liver Disease

To clarify the clinical significance of increased serum adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity, and its mechanisms in various liver diseases, ADA isoenzyme activities (ADAI and ADA2) in serum and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were studied. High serum ADA activities were found in patients with acute hepatitis, alcoholic hepatic fibrosis, chronic active hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatoma. The ADA2:ADA ratio was decreased in acute hepatitis, but was increased in chronic active hepatitis and liver cirrhosis. Clinically, ADA2 activity was correlated with serum γ-globulin levels. In chronic active hepatitis, total ADA activities in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells were similar to those in controls. Furthermore, ADA2 activities after phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation were significantly lower than those without PHA stimulation, although total ADA activities were increased after PHA stimulation. These findings suggest that serum ADA isoenzyme activities may be a new marker for liver disease, and that the increased serum ADA2 in chronic active hepatitis is unlikely to be the result of an increase in ADA2 production by activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells.     

Adenosine Deaminase Activity in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia: Cytochemical,Immunological and Clinical Correlations

Adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity has been assessed in lymphoid cells of 23 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) in order to attempt a further characterization of ALL cells in addition to the well known cytochemical and immunological T and B lymphoid cell markers. ADA activity did not show any correlation with the immunological characterization of the patients investigated; in fact a wide range of ADA activity was observed with levels ranging from 0 to 32 U in T-ALL patients and nearly similar values (from 1.8 to 36 U) in the group of non T — non B ALL cases. Normal values ranged from 2 to 5 U (mean 2.9 U; s.d. ± 0.8). Some cytochemical patterns (acid phosphatase and PAS) appeared well correlated with T markers of lymphoid cells, whereas they showed no significant relationship with ADA activity.     

ADA检测在淋巴细胞性胸腔积液中的应用价值

目的 研究不同病因产生的淋巴细胞性胸腔积液腺苷脱氨酶(ADA)值的差异，及其与传统的血液生化学参数之间的相互关系。方法 分析l05例淋巴细胞性胸水中的ADA值，其中包括结核性50例、恶性肿瘤性40例、漏出性l5例。结果 以40U/L作为诊断结核的阳性分割值，其特异性为98．2％、敏感性为89．0％；ADA值与白细胞总数、淋巴细胞百分比、中性粒细胞百分比、LDH、蛋白的含量无关。恶性胸水的ADA值与漏出性胸水比较无差异。结论 ADA检测对结核性胸腔积液具有相当高的特异性(98．2％)，但敏感度较低为(89．0％)。血液生化学参数与ADA值的大小无明显相关性。     

Serum Adenosine Deaminase Levels in Pancreatic Diseases

Background: Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is found in most tissues including the pancreas. Its role in inflammation and malignancy has been studied experimentally. To date, serum ADA levels in pancreatic diseases have not been studied before. Aim: To assess the levels of ADA in patients with pancreatitis and cancer of the pancreas. Methodology: Serum levels of ADA were investigated in 14 cases with acute pancreatitis (mean age 46 years; male/female 5/9), 38 with chronic pancreatitis (mean age 46 years; male/female 25/13), 21 with cancer of the pancreas (mean age 67 years; male/female 11/10), and 21 healthy controls (mean age 40 years; male/female 11/10). The ADA levels were also compared among patients with pancreatic cancer with regard to tumor size and localization and the presence of métastases. Correlation analysis between ADA and CA 19.9 was also performed. Results: Serum ADA levels were 12.66 (9.54–20.72), 12.51 (8.88–26.64), 15.36 (10.20–21.05) and 9.39 (6.58–11.84) U/l in patients with acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, and healthy controls, respectively. Serum ADA levels were significantly higher in acute and chronic pancreatitis, and pancreatic cancer patients compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Pancreatic cancer patients had significantly higher serum ADA levels when compared with acute and chronic pancreatitis cases (p < 0.05). The serum ADA levels were comparable according to tumor size and location and the presence of metastases. There was a linear correlation between serum ADA and CA 19-9 levels (p = 0.027, r = 0.552). Conclusions: Our data suggest that the ADA enzyme may play a role in inflammatory diseases of the pancreas. Serum ADA levels increase in pancreatic disorders especially in pancreatic cancer. It may be a serum marker for the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.     

Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) Activity in Lymphocytes of Normal Individuals and Patients with Chronic Lymphatic Leukaemia

S ummary . Adenosine dcamiiiase (adenosine aminohydrolase, ADA) activity was found to be low in lymphocytes of chronic lymphatic leukaemia (CLL) patients compared to normal lymphocytes. This was determined on 42 controls and 49 CLL patients. The mean activity in normal lymphocytes was found to be 4.35±3.34 μmol/h/10⁸ cells while in CLL cells it was 2.45±2.54 μmol/h/10⁸ cells.
The association of red cell adenosine deaininase (ADA) deficiency with the autosomal recessive form of combined immune deficiency syndrome has been well established (Giblett & Anderson, 1972; Knudsen & Dissing, 1973; Meuwissen et al , 1975). Low levels of ADA were also described in children with acute lymphatic leukaemia in relapse and remission as well as in their parents (Zimmer et al , 1974). Since an immunologic handicap frequently evolves during the course of chronic lymphatic leukaemia (CLL), it is of special interest to determine the activity of this enzyme in lymphocytes of such patients as compared to normals.     

Purification and Properties of Adenosine Deaminase in Normal and Hereditary Hemolytic Anemia with Increased red Cell Activity

Red cell adenosine deaminase from normal subjects and from a patient with hereditary hemolytic anemia with a 40-fold increase in activity were purified using antibody affinity chromatography. The purified enzymes were completely homogeneous on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. There were no differences in the molecular weight, specific activity, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Michael is constant for adenosine, inhibition constant for guanylurea, utilization of 2-deoxyadenosine, thermal stability, optimum pH, immunological reactivity, amino acid composition and tryptic peptide mapping. These results strongly suggest that increased red cell adenosine deaminase activity is caused by an overproduction of a structurally normal enzyme.     

Adenosine Deaminase Activity and its Isoenzyme Pattern in Patients with Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is involved in purine metabolism and plays a significant role in the mechanisms of the immune system. The aim of this study was to investigate the activity of total ADA (tADA) and its isoenzymes ADA1 and ADA2 in serum and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) of children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in different phases of the diseases. The study comprised 34 patients with rheumatic disease, 24 with JRA and 10 with SLE, and 64 healthy controls. The tADA activity and its isoenzymes were measured in serum and PBLs of all patients by the method of Giusti and by the presence or absence of EHNA (erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine) during the active phase of the disease (before treatment), as well as during remission and relapse. Our data show that increased tADA activity in the serum and PBLs of patients with JRA and SLE is correlated mainly to increased levels of ADA2 activity in serum and ADA1 activity in PBLs. It also closely correlates with clinical disease activity and relapse. The cause of this increased tADA/ADA2 activity in serum and tADA/ADA1 activity in PBLs in JRA and SLE remains to be elucidated. Nevertheless, it may be noted that the measurement of tADA activity, together with ADA2 activity in serum and tADA with ADA1 activity in PBLs, could offer a biochemical approach to the assessment of the pathophysiology of JRA and SLE. Also, tADA and its isoenzymes could be used as alternative parameters representing disease activity. Received: 31 July 2000 / Accepted: 5 June 2001     

γ-干扰素、腺苷脱氨酶对结核和非结核性胸腔积液的诊断价值

目的联合检测胸腔积液和血清 γ-干扰素浓度及腺苷脱氨酶水平,探讨其对结核和非结核性胸腔积液的鉴别诊断价值。方法应用酶联免疫吸附法和速率法,检测46例结核性胸液、42例非结核性胸液及其相应血清中IFN-γ浓度和ADA水平,并与30例对照组比较。结果结核性胸膜炎患者胸液IFN-γ浓度为（497．13±200．79）ng／L,明显高于癌性胸液组（72．16±78．58）ng／L和漏出性胸液组（13．61±5．92）ng／L（P〈0．001）。结核性胸膜炎患者胸液ADA水平（54．45±15．33U／L）明显高于癌性胸液组（18．67±16．54）U／L和漏出液组（8．97±1．96）U／L,P〈0．001。结论联合检测胸液INF-γ浓度和ADA活性对结核性胸腔积液的鉴别诊断有较高的临床应用价值。     

Adenosine Deaminase in the Diagnosis of Pleural Effusions

ABSTRACT The activity of adenosine deaminase (ADA) was determined in serum and pleural fluid of 90 patients with pleural effusions of various aetiology. Tuberculous pleural effusions, empyemas and rheumatoid pleural effusions demonstrated significantly higher activities of ADA than parapneumonic, nonspecific and malignant pleural effusions and effusions in systemic lupus erythematosus and congestive heart failure. In tuberculosis, empyema and rheumatoid arthritis ADA activity was significantly higher in pleural fluid than in serum, indicating a local synthesis of ADA by cells within the pleural cavity in these diseases.     

Sjögren's Syndrome with Pleural Effusion: Difficult to Distinguish from Tuberculous Pleurisy Because of a High Adenosine Deaminase Level

An 84-year-old woman visited our hospital for dyspnea due to right pleural effusion, with lymphocytic dominance and a high adenosine deaminase (ADA) level, that had been noted 1 month earlier. She was suspected of having tuberculosis pleurisy; however, anti-tuberculosis treatment yielded no improvements. She was diagnosed with pleural effusion due to primary Sjögren''s syndrome (SjS) based on her dry eyes and mouth, positivity for anti-Sjögren''s-syndrome-related antigen A/B, and histopathologic findings of a lip biopsy and thoracoscopic pleural biopsy. Her symptoms improved after starting steroid therapy. Cases of pleural effusion due to SjS with a high ADA level may be misdiagnosed as tuberculosis pleurisy.     

腺苷脱氨酶及结核抗体在糖尿病合并肺结核诊断中的价值

目的评价腺苷脱氨酶和结核抗体检测用于辅助诊断糖尿病合并肺结核的价值。方法对116例糖尿病合并肺结核患者、133例糖尿病合并非结核肺部感染患者以及120例健康人群的血清腺苷脱氨酶（ADA）、结核抗体（TB-Ab）进行检测并分析。结果糖尿病合并肺结核患者血清ADA水平（22.7±7.3 u/L）和阳性率（70.3%）明显高于其它两组,均有显著性差异（P〈0.01）。糖尿病合并肺结核患者TB-Ab阳性率（71.5%）较糖尿病合并非结核肺部感染患者（8.5%）和健康人群对照组（7.5%）有显著性差异（P〈0.01）。结论 ADA和TB-Ab联合检测对于辅助诊断糖尿病合并肺结核特别是结核症状不典型的病例有一定价值。     

ADA检测在淋巴细胞性胸腔积液中的应用价值-105例临床病例分析

目的 ADA检测可作为诊断结核性胸膜炎的一种辅助方法,但在其他原因引起的淋巴细胞性胸腔积液中常出现假阳性.本文研究不同病因产生的淋巴细胞性胸腔积液ADA值的差异,分析ADA与传统的血液生化学参数之间的相互关系.方法共分析105例淋巴细胞性胸水中的ADA值,其中包括核性50例、恶性肿瘤性40例、漏出性15例.结果以40U/L作为诊断结核的阳性分割值,其特异性为98.2%,敏感性为89.0%,ADA值与白细胞总数、淋巴细胞百分比、中性细胞百分比、LDH、蛋白的含量无关.恶性胸水的ADA值与漏出性胸水比较无差异.结论 ADA检测对结核性胸腔积液具有相当高的特异性(98.2%),但敏感度较低为89.0%.血液生化学参数与ADA值的大小无明显相关性.     

Moderate Alcohol Consumption is Associated with Decreased Platelet Activity in Patients Presenting with Acute Myocardial Infarction

Moderate alcohol consumption (MAC) and platelet inhibition have been independently associated with a reduced risk for the development of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The effects of MAC on the initial platelet status in patients presenting with AMI are not elucidated. Here we sought to define the effects of MAC on platelet characteristics in AMI patients before applying any reperfusion strategies. The study was designed as an analysis within the cohort study in 23 patients with AMI enrolled in the GUSTO-III. Platelets were investigated by different techniques, including aggregometry, flow cytometry, and ELISA. MAC patients exhibited mild, but consistent, inhibition of platelet aggregability, surface receptor expression, and released substances as compared to non-alcohol consuming patients. These differences were significant for 5 µM ADP (p = 0.04), 10 µM ADP-induced aggregation (p = 0.02); P-selectin (p = 0.01), and PECAM-1 (p = 0.02) platelet-bound expression. Our study confirms that moderate alcohol consumption is associated with diminished platelet activation in patients presenting with AMI. The ability of MAC to favorably modulate the pre-reperfusion platelet status in such patients is of clinical importance, and further investigation in large-scale clinical trials seem warranted.