A comparison of mepivacaine versus lidocaine for episcleral (sub-tenon's) block for cataract surgery in an ambulatory setting

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: For eye surgery, motor block is still often requested by the surgeon. For cataract surgery, rapid block resolution allows eyelids to move and allows eye-patch removal. Therefore, short-duration block is useful in early rehabilitation for ambulatory surgery. Lidocaine is classically assumed to have shorter duration than mepivacaine. Therefore, lidocaine alone might be considered as an alternative to mepivacaine. METHODS: In this randomized, double-blind study, we compared mepivacaine 2% (n = 22) and lidocaine 2% (n = 25) in 47 patients who received episcleral (sub-Tenon's) block for cataract surgery. Akinesia score was measured 1, 5, 10, and 15 minutes and 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours after the end of injection. Primary outcome was block duration (time from injection to full recovery). Secondary outcomes were time to block onset and best akinesia score for each patient. Complications were recorded. RESULTS: The 2 groups were similar for demographic and anesthetic features. We observed no significant difference between mepivacaine and lidocaine in terms of onset, quality of akinesia, and block duration. One case of ocular hypertonia and 1 case of strabismus were observed in the lidocaine group, which could be imputed to hyaluronidase unavailability during the study period or to increased lidocaine myotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS: We found no argument to favor lidocaine over mepivacaine in episcleral (sub-Tenon's) eye block, especially in terms of motor-block duration.     

Intrathecal ropivacaine for ambulatory surgery.

BACKGROUND: The rationale of this study was to evaluate intrathecal ropivacaine for ambulatory surgery. METHODS: One hundred fifty patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status 1 scheduled for knee arthroscopy were studied. Patients were randomly assigned to receive 4 ml of one of five isobaric intrathecal solutions: Patients in group 1 (n = 30) received 8 mg of bupivacaine; patients in group 2 (n = 30) received 8 mg ropivacaine; patients in group 3 (n = 30) received 10 mg ropivacaine; patients in group 4 (n = 30) received 12 mg ropivacaine; and patients in group 5 (n = 30) received 14 mg ropivacaine. The level and duration of sensory anesthesia were recorded along with the intensity and duration of motor block. Patients were interviewed to identify transient neurologic symptoms. RESULTS: Intrathecal ropivacaine 10 mg produced shorter sensory anesthesia and motor blockade than bupivacaine 8mg (152 +/- 44 min and 135 +/- 41 min vs. 181 +/- 44 min and 169 +/- 52 min, mean +/- SD; P < 0.05). However, the quality of intraoperative analgesia was significantly lower in the 10-mg ropivacaine group (P < 0.05). Ropivacaine 12 mg produced sensory and motor block almost comparable to bupivacaine 8 mg. Ropivacaine 14 mg produced sensory and motor block comparable to ropivacaine 12 mg but significantly increased the time to void. No sign of transient radicular irritation were noted. CONCLUSION: Intrathecal ropivacaine 12 mg is approximately equivalent to bupivacaine 8 mg. At this dose, ropivacaine offers no significant advantage compared with bupivacaine.     

定容小剂量利多卡因和罗哌卡因蛛网膜下腔麻醉在输尿管镜技术日间手术中的应用研究

目的 探讨定容小剂量利多卡因和罗哌卡因蛛网膜下腔麻醉(腰麻)应用于输尿管镜技术日间手术的有效性和安全性. 方法 前瞻性纳入输尿管镜技术日间手术患者100例,按随机数字表法分为4组(每组25例):L1组,利多卡因10 mg;L2组,利多卡因15 mg;R1组,罗哌卡因10 mg;R2组,罗哌卡因15 mg.分别将所用麻醉药物稀释于脑脊液至3 ml,给药速度0.2 ml/s.记录麻醉前(T0)及麻醉给药后3 min(T1)、6 min(T2)、20 min(T3)、30 min(T4)、60 min(T5)时患者SBP、DBP、HR等指标变化,监测感觉阻滞起效时间、运动阻滞起效时间、麻醉质量和毒副作用,评估痛觉恢复时间、运动阻滞恢复时间和留院时间. 结果 麻醉后L1组、R1组循环稳定,L2组、R2组在30 min内BP和HR下降(P＜0.05).各组感觉阻滞起效时间差异无统计学意义(p＞0.05),L1组、L2组运动阻滞较R1组、R2组起效时间缓慢且效果轻微.Lovett评分L1组显著高于其他3组(P＜0.05),L1组的留院时间显著低于其他3组(P＜0.05),各组均未发现短暂性神经综合征(transient neurologicalsymptoms,TNS)等毒副作用. 结论 定容小剂量利多卡因腰麻方法循环稳定、感觉阻滞完善、运动阻滞弱、留院时间短、神经毒性极小,可以安全有效地应用于输尿管镜技术日间手术.     

Undergraduate surgical education in an ambulatory surgery setting

Ambulatory surgery is now well established as an effective method to treat a wide range of surgical conditions. This has resulted in many surgical cases no longer being available as teaching resources for surgical students undertaking their clinical clerkship on a surgical ward. Changes in the final year surgical curriculum at the University of Adelaide resulted in the formation of a day surgery term as a separate option for undergraduates. Educational outcome in the day surgery students, in the form of examination results, was compared with the remainder of the class. There was no difference in objective assessment between the groups. The ambulatory surgery setting offers a viable and alternative teaching environment for undergraduate surgical students.     

罗哌卡因和利多卡因在局麻下老年腹股沟疝手术中的应用研究

目的对比研究罗哌卡因和利多卡因在局麻下老年腹股沟疝手术中的效果。 方法选择2017年1月至2018年12月,广东省湛江市第二人民医院行择期局麻下Lichtenstein无张力疝修补术的老年患者90例,随机平均分为试验组（罗哌卡因组）和对照组（利多卡因组）,每组45例。2组患者均接受Lichtenstein无张力疝修补术,试验组患者接受0.5%罗哌卡因局部浸润阻滞麻醉,对照组患者接受1%利多卡因局麻。观察并记录2组患者基本生命体征、手术时间、术中出血、术后住院时间、局麻药起效时间、止痛持续时间、术后VAS疼痛评分和并发症发生率。 结果2组患者各时间点平均动脉压、心率和脉氧饱和度的组间及组内差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。2组患者手术时间和术中出血量比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;试验组患者术后住院时间显著低于对照组患者（P<0.05）。试验组患者局麻药起效时间和止痛持续时间均显著长于对照组（P<0.05）;手术结束当时（T4）2组患者疼痛视觉模拟评分（VAS）差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,试验组患者术后4 h（T5）的VAS疼痛评分显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。2组患者相关并发症的发生率比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。 结论罗哌卡因用于局醉下行腹股沟无张力疝修补术的麻醉效果满意,其安全性高,患者术后疼痛轻,恢复快,并发症少,值得在临床推广。     

Small-dose intrathecal clonidine and isobaric bupivacaine for orthopedic surgery: a dose-response study

We examined the dose-response relationship of intrathecal clonidine at small doses (相似文献   

Selective sensory spinal anaesthesia with hypobaric lidocaine for anorectal surgery

Background: Lidocaine has been used for spinal anaesthesia since 1948, seemingly without causing concern until recently. This study aimed at evaluating the feasibility of performing anorectal surgery in outpatient settings with low hypobaric lidocaine doses. Methods: Three groups of 50 patients, physical status ASA I–II, undergoing anorectal surgical procedures in a prone jack‐knife position, received 3 ml (18 mg), 4 ml (24 mg) or 5 ml (30 mg) of hypobaric 0.6% lidocaine. Sensory and motor blockade, time until first urination, ambulation, complications and the need for analgesics were evaluated. Patients were followed until the third post‐operative day. Results: Adequate sensory block was obtained in all patients. Blockade was significantly lower in Group 1. The level at 15 min was L₁ with 3 ml, T₁₁ with 4 ml and T₁₀ with 5 ml. Only 24 patients presented a moderate motor block. There was no hypotension, nausea or vomiting, urine retention, transitory neurological symptom or post‐dural puncture headache in any patients. There was one case of bradycardia with 4 ml and two cases with 5 ml. Conclusions: Hypobaric lidocaine predominantly provided a sensory block after injection in the prone jack‐knife position. The smallest dose (3 ml=18 mg) provides sufficient analgesia with a lesser dispersion and a shorter duration. The major advantages were haemodynamic stability and a high degree of patient satisfaction.     

Small-dose dopamine increases epidural lidocaine requirements during peripheral vascular surgery in elderly patients

We studied 20 patients over the age of 65 yr undergoing prolonged peripheral vascular surgery under continuous lidocaine epidural anesthesia, anticipating that the increased hepatic metabolism caused by small-dose IV dopamine would lower plasma lidocaine concentrations. Subjects were assigned (random, double-blinded) to receive either a placebo IV infusion or dopamine, 2 microg. kg(-1). min(-1) during and for 5 h after surgery. Five minutes after the IV infusion was started, 20 mL of 2% lidocaine was injected through the epidural catheter. One-half hour later, a continuous epidural infusion of 2% lidocaine at 10 mL/h was begun. The epidural infusion was temporarily decreased to 5 mL/h or 5 mL boluses were added to maintain a T8 analgesic level. Arterial blood samples were analyzed for plasma lidocaine concentrations regularly during and for 5 h after surgery. Plasma lidocaine concentrations increased continuously during the epidural infusion and, despite wide individual variation, were similar for the two groups throughout the observation period. During the observation period, the mean maximal plasma lidocaine concentration was 5.8 +/- 2.3 microg/mL in the control group and 5.7 +/- 1.2 microg/mL in the dopamine group. However, the mean hourly lidocaine requirement during surgery was significantly different, 242 +/- 72 mg/h for control and 312 +/- 60 mg/h for dopamine patients (P < 0.03). At the end of Hour 4, the last period when all 20 patients were still receiving the epidural lidocaine infusion, the total lidocaine requirement was significantly different, 1088 +/- 191 mg for the control group and 1228 +/- 168 mg for the dopamine group (P < 0.05). Despite very large total doses of epidural lidocaine (1650 +/- 740 mg, control patients, and 1940 +/- 400, dopamine patients) mean maximal plasma concentrations remained below 6 microg/mL, and no patient exhibited signs or symptoms of toxicity. We conclude that small-dose IV dopamine increased epidural lidocaine requirements, presumably as a consequence of increased metabolism. IMPLICATIONS: We tested dopamine, a drug that increases liver metabolism of the local anesthetic lidocaine to determine if it would prevent excessively large amounts of lidocaine in the blood during prolonged epidural anesthesia in elderly patients. Dopamine did not alter the blood levels of lidocaine, but it did increase the lidocaine dose requirement to maintain adequate epidural anesthesia.     

直肠肛门日间手术临床实践指南（2019版）

为促进和规范直肠肛门日间手术的发展,国家老年疾病临床医学研究中心(湘雅)联合中国日间手术合作联盟组织相关领域的专家,在结合文献和国内实际情况的基础上,经充分讨论,制定了《直肠肛门日间手术临床实践指南》(2019版),希望该指南能够为推动中国直肠肛门日间手术的发展发挥积极的作用。     

Combination of hyperbaric lidocaine and ropivacaine in spinal anaesthesia for day surgery

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Motor function recovers rapidly but the extended duration of sensory block after spinal anaesthesia with hyperbaric ropivacaine may delay patients' ambulation after surgery. We tested whether compensating a reduction of the ropivacaine dose with a small dose of lidocaine would be adequate for surgery and shorten recovery from spinal anaesthesia. METHODS: Fifty-six consecutive outpatients, who were scheduled for lower extremity surgery under spinal anaesthesia, were randomized into two groups to receive either a hyperbaric solution of lidocaine 20 mg and ropivacaine 5 mg (Group LR) or hyperbaric ropivacaine 10 mg (Group R). Sensory block was tested with pinprick and motor block on the Bromage scale at 5-min intervals until 30 min, then at 15-min intervals until 90 min, and thereafter at 30-min intervals until full bilateral recovery. Blinded interviews were performed on the first and seventh postoperative day. RESULTS: The groups did not differ significantly regarding success of sensory block reaching T10 dermatome on the operative side, 24 (86%) in Group LR and 23 (82%) in Group R, median (range) onset time 5 (5-20) vs. 10 (5-25) min or median duration of T10 sensory block 68 (5-115) vs. 50 (20-115) min, respectively. Two patients in each group required general anaesthesia. Recovery did not differ between the groups, median time of full motor recovery was 75 min in both groups, sensory recovery of S2 2.5 h vs. 2.8 h, first voluntary micturition 4.2 (2.2-6.1) vs. 4.5 (2.4-6.6) h in the LR vs. R Group, respectively. Transient neurological symptoms did not appear. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that spinal anaesthesia with hyperbaric lidocaine 20 mg+ropivacaine 5 mg and hyperbaric ropivacaine 10 mg was quite similar regarding frequency, onset, duration of T10 dermatome sensory block and recovery. The patients would have been ready for discharge after voluntary micturition, 4.2-4.5 h from the subarachnoid injection of local anaesthetics.     

Case selection for spine surgery in the ambulatory setting

Advances in modern anesthetic and surgical technique as well as multimodal pain management have contributed to the ease and feasibility of performing spine surgery on an outpatient basis. Multiple considerations impact a surgeon's ability to successfully perform spine procedures outside of the traditional inpatient setting. While the expertise of the surgeon and perioperative staff plays important roles, case/patient selection is arguably the most important factor driving outcomes in ambulatory spine surgery. A standardized, multidisciplinary approach to preoperative patient evaluation and education is paramount for any spine surgeon performing outpatient procedures.     

Patient-controlled analgesia using ropivacaine via an intrathecal catheter

Background and Objectives. A 38-year-old woman presented with severe intractable pain in the sacral and perirectal areas secondary to metastatic stage I.B. squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. Methods. An indwelling epidural catheter was placed to control the patient's symptoms after failure of conservative therapies. Finally, an infusion containing isobaric 0.2% ropivacaine with 0.002% preservative-free morphine and 0.0002% epinephrine was started to treat her pain and preserve motor function to preserve qulaity of life. Results. The patient obtained good pain relief with this regimen and was discharged home. She was able to walk with assistance and maintain good quality of life until her death approximately 7 weeks after the placement of the indwelling epidural catheter. Conclusion. The use of ropivacaine in combination with other analgesics, via an intrathecal catheter for patient-controlled analgesia, was an effective treatment for this patient. In the future, ropivacaine administered epidurally or intrathecally alone, or in combination with other analgesics, may become the local anesthetic of choice due to its preservation of motor function. Certainly, further scientific studies are indicated in the cancer patient population.     

Comparison of ropivacaine and bupivacaine for intrathecal anesthesia during outpatient arthroscopic surgery

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of intrathecal ropivacaine with bupivacaine in a dose ratio of 2:1 for outpatient arthroscopic knee surgery. DESIGN: Randomized, single-blinded study. SETTING: University-affiliated hospital. PATIENTS: 90 patients scheduled for outpatient arthroscopic knee surgery. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were randomized and assigned in single-blinded fashion to receive a 3-mL solution of either 15 mg of isobaric ropivacaine (group R; n = 45) or 7.5 mg of isobaric bupivacaine (group B; n = 45) through a 27-gauge Quincke spinal needle at the L(3) to L(4) interspace, while placed in the lateral decubitus position. MEASUREMENTS: Onset and offset times for sensory and motor block; highest level of sensory block; duration of the sensory and motor block; first ambulation, urination, and discharge time; mean arterial pressure; and heart rate were all recorded. MAIN RESULTS: Onset time for sensory block (mean +/- SD) to L1 and time until sensory block regressed to L2 were shorter in group R. Complete motor block occurred in 40 patients with ropivacaine and 45 patients with bupivacaine. First ambulation and first urination and discharge times were similar between the two groups. Cephalad spread of sensory block was higher with ropivacaine (P < 0.05). The median (range) upper sensory level obtained with bupivacaine was T11 (T6-L1) and T8 (T6-T10) with ropivacaine. Hemodynamic changes were similar between the groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Isobaric ropivacaine 15 mg provided a higher sensory block level and shorter sensorial onset and offset times than did 7.5 mg of isobaric bupivacaine.     

Comparison of ropivacaine with bupivacaine and lidocaine for ilioinguinal block after ambulatory inguinal hernia repair in children

BACKGROUND: We have compared ropivacaine with bupivacaine and lidocaine for ilioinguinal block in thirty children undergoing ambulatory inguinal hernia repair. METHODS: Patients were assigned randomly to receive 0.5 ml.kg(-1) of 0.2% ropivacaine (Group R, n = 10), 0.25% bupivacaine (Group B, n = 10) or 1% lidocaine (Group L, n = 10). The patients' parents, who were not informed of the type of local anaesthetic employed, evaluated the postoperative pain at 2 h and 6 h after operation using the Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in the face scale score between Group R and Group L, and Group B and Group L. There was no difference in the face scale score between Group R and Group B. There were no complications or clinical evidence of local anaesthetic toxicity. CONCLUSIONS: We have confirmed that bupivacaine and ropivacaine are more effective than lidocaine in the prevention of postoperative pain after children's inguinal hernia repair. We suggest that ropivacaine 0.2% is an alternative to bupivacaine 0.25% for ilioinguinal block in ambulatory paediatric surgery.     

Challenging patients in an ambulatory setting

An increasing number of surgical procedures are now performed on an ambulatory basis. This article reviews these conditions and defines the appropriate preoperative evaluation and perioperative management. Our goal is to define those patients who would benefit in having care in an inpatient setting or those who require more intensive medical evaluation or preparation prior to outpatient surgery.     

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the ambulatory surgery setting.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is now a well-established alternative to open cholecystectomy. It is less invasive and recovery generally is quicker and less painful. Several articles have been published in support of outpatient laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The main benefits are cost savings and patient and surgeon convenience. The main obstacles, however, are patient reluctance and surgeons' concern about sending a patient home without benefit of professional supervision after abdominal surgery and a few hours of general anesthesia. A new approach, consisting of surgery in an Ambulatory Surgery Center (ASC) and overnight observation in a free-standing Post Surgery Recovery Center (PSRC), is presented; and the first 100 patients in the study are reported. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the ASC with overnight observation in the PSRC offers the advantages of outpatient surgery, namely, lower cost and greater patient and surgeon satisfaction, while allowing the safety and convenience of remaining under professional supervision for the first 24 hours.     

罗哌卡因混合碳酸利多卡因与等效浓度罗哌卡因用于逆行锁骨下臂丛神经阻滞效果的比较

目的 比较罗哌卡因混合碳酸利多卡因与等效浓度罗哌卡因用于逆行锁骨下臂丛神经阻滞的效果.方法 择期行上肢手术患者60例,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,年龄18～64岁,体重49～ 98 kg,均在超声引导下行逆行锁骨下臂丛神经阻滞.采用随机数字表法,将患者随机分为2组(n＝30),A组应用0.35％罗哌卡因30ml,B组应用0.233％罗哌卡因和0.346％碳酸利多卡因混合液30 ml.于麻醉给药后每隔5 min记录臂丛神经各分支的阻滞效果(感觉阻滞效果评估采用针刺法,运动阻滞效果评估采用Bromage分级),记录感觉和运动阻滞起效时间、麻醉给药后30 min时感觉与运动阻滞有效情况和并发症的发生情况.结果 两组臂丛神经各分支的感觉和运动阻滞起效时间及阻滞有效率比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).两组均未见严重并发症发生.结论 罗哌卡因混合碳酸利多卡因与等效浓度罗哌卡因行逆行锁骨下臂丛神经阻滞效果相似,提示碳酸利多卡因不能增强罗哌卡因的臂丛神经阻滞效应.     

Duration of motor block with intrathecal ropivacaine versus bupivacaine for caesarean section: a meta-analysis

BackgroundBupivacaine is a commonly used local anaesthetic for spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section, but may produce prolonged motor block, delaying discharge from the post-anaesthesia care unit. Ropivacaine may have a shorter time to recovery of motor function compared with bupivacaine. We performed a meta-analysis to assess the time difference in duration of motor block with intrathecal ropivacaine compared with bupivacaine for caesarean section.MethodsWe searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases for randomised controlled trials comparing ropivacaine with bupivacaine in parturients undergoing elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. The primary outcome was the duration of motor block. Secondary outcomes included the time to onset of sensory block, need for conversion to general anaesthesia and the incidence of hypotension.ResultsThirteen trials comprising 743 spinal anaesthetics were included. Intrathecal ropivacaine resulted in a reduced duration of motor block, regressing 35.7 min earlier compared with intrathecal bupivacaine (P<0.00001). There was no difference in the time to onset of sensory block (P=0.25) or the incidence of hypotension (P=0.10). Limited data suggested no difference in the rate of conversion to general anaesthesia, but an earlier request for postoperative analgesia with ropivacaine.ConclusionsCompared with bupivacaine, intrathecal ropivacaine is associated with more rapid recovery of motor block despite similar sensory properties and no increased rate of conversion to general anaesthesia. This may be useful in centres in which recovery of motor block is a criterion for discharge from the post-anaesthesia care unit. However, small numbers of trials and significant heterogeneity limit the interpretation of our results.     

芬太尼对肛门直肠手术患者小剂量罗哌卡因腰麻效果的影响

目的 评价芬太尼对肛门直肠手术患者小剂量罗哌卡因腰麻效果的影响.方法 择期行肛门直肠手术患者40例,性别不限,年龄20 ～ 55岁,BMI 18～ 28 kg/m2,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,采用随机数字表法,将患者分为2组(n=20):0.5％罗哌卡因7.5 mg组(R组)和0.3％罗哌卡因6.0 mg+芬太尼10 μg组(RF组).L3,4间隙行蛛网膜下腔穿刺,穿刺针斜面朝向骶尾部,R组注射重比重0.5％罗哌卡因1.5 ml,RF组注射重比重0.3％罗哌卡因6.0 mg+芬太尼10 μg混合液2.0 ml.记录感觉阻滞起效时间、最高感觉阻滞平面、感觉阻滞持续时间、运动阻滞起效时间和运动阻滞持续时间,记录术毕时改良Bromage评分.结果 与R组比较,RF组感觉阻滞持续时间和运动阻滞持续时间缩短,术毕时改良Bromage评分降低(P＜0.05或0.01);感觉阻滞起效时间、最高感觉阻滞平面、运动阻滞起效时间及不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 10 μg芬太尼混合0.3％罗哌卡因6mg腰麻可满足肛门直肠手术要求,运动神经的阻滞轻,恢复快.