妇产科临床早产危险因素分析

目的探讨导致妇产科临床早产发生的相关危险因素。方法选取我院2014年度治疗的早产产妇140例,与同年的120例足月分娩产妇,通过临床记录进行对比分析,探讨与产妇早产有关的危险因素。结果导致早产的危险因素有很多,其中最主要的是孕妇在怀孕期间胎膜早破、还有两个或多个胎儿、未按要求做产前检查、中重度妊高症以及产前出血等。早产的新生儿与足月分娩的胎儿相比,体质弱,更容易发生窒息,死亡率也比较高。结论造成孕妇早产的因素有很多。主要是胎膜早破、产妇未按要求做产前检查等。     

自然早产与干预早产对妊高征围产儿的影响

本文分析了1984年1月至1990年12月住院治疗并分娩的妊高征合并早产的病例共58例,比较妊高征孕妇的自然早产与人为干预引起的早产对围产儿的影响。结果提示:因妊高征病情需要而终止妊娠者,在孕34周后以剖宫产结束分娩对围产儿有益。术前或分娩前使用促胎肺成熟药物有利于降低围产儿死亡。     

早产影响因素的多中心病例对照研究

目的探讨北京市二级专科医院早产发生的影响因素。方法以2009年8月至2010年8月期间在北京市5家二级专科医院住院分娩的早产产妇为研究对象,按照同分娩医院、产妇年龄、分娩时间进行1∶1配对,共统计早产产妇1323例和足月分娩产妇1323例,通过查阅病例、询问产妇来完成问卷调查。结果产前保健、均衡饮食、常住地址为城镇是早产的保护性因素,受教育程度低、负性生活事件、孕期性生活、前置胎盘、妊娠期糖尿病、妊娠期高血压疾病、早产史、胎膜早破是早产的危险因素。结论早产与多种因素相关,需要从个体、家庭、社会等多方面采取措施,进行广泛有效的健康教育和医疗保健服务,尽量减少和预防早产的发生。     

早产与围产儿死亡

对１９８１年１月～１９９５年３月在我院分娩的２９４例死亡围产儿进行了回顾性研究，其结果：围产儿死亡率为１３．３‰，尸检率７７．９％。早产儿共１６７例，占５６．８％。早产发生与产前出血、双胎、妊高征、ＩＵＧＲ、胎膜早破等因素有关。早产儿主要死亡原因顺位为：缺氧（４９．７％），肺部疾患（２３．９％），畸形（１１．４％），感染性疾病（５．４％），颅内出血（４．２％）。降低围产儿死亡率首先要防治早产。应加强围产期保健及监护，积极防治生殖道感染，加强早产的预测，合理使用宫缩抑制剂，监测并促进胎肺成熟。     

早产55例临床分析

目的 探讨诱发早产的危险因素，从而降低早产率，降低围产儿死亡率。方法 本文对55例早产进行了回顾性分析，早产发生率为4．56％；并选足月妊娠60例作对照。结果 发现胎膜早破、未做产检或只产检一次、产检并发症是早产发生的主要危险因素。早产儿的新生儿窒息、围产儿死亡率明显高于足月分娩，差异有非常显著性。结论 做好孕前保健降低诱发早产的危险因素是预防早产的重要措施。     

早产原因及对母婴的影响分析

早产是围生儿发病和死亡的主要原因。随着围产医学及新生儿监护治疗技术的发展 ,早产儿存活率逐年提高 ,但多种高危因素 ,如胎膜早破、妊高征、感染等 ,影响孕妇的安全及早产儿的生存质量 ,需要采取预防措施 ,以降低早产的发生率。1　临床资料1.1　 2 0 0 1年 1月至 2 0 0 3年 1月在我院分娩的产妇共 172 0例 ,其中足月产 15 88例 ,占 92 .33% ;早产 132例 ,占同期分娩的 7.6 7% ,包括单胎妊娠 118例 ,多胎 14例 (3胎妊娠 1例) ;初产妇 119例 ,经产妇 13例 ;年龄最大 4 5岁 ,最小 2 3岁 ,平均 2 9岁。将早产 132例分为两组 ,孕 2 8～ 34周组…     

双胎妊娠早产的临床特点及危险因素分析

目的:探讨双胎妊娠早产临床特点及其危险因素。方法:回顾性分析2009年1月1日至2016年12月31日在广州医科大学附属第三医院分娩的2427例双胎妊娠临床资料,将分娩孕周为28～36~(+6)周的双胎妊娠孕产妇及其新生儿作为早产组(1741例),同期分娩孕周为37～40~(+6)周的双胎妊娠孕产妇及其新生儿作为对照组(686例),比较两组病例临床资料特点,分析导致双胎妊娠早产的危险因素。结果:2009～2016年双胎妊娠分娩量呈上升趋势,平均早产率为71.73%。双胎妊娠早产中自发性早产占47%,医源性早产占28%,胎膜早破占25%。早产组平均分娩年龄、体外受精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)受孕比例、初产妇比例、规律产检比例均较对照组低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);既往剖宫产次、当次分娩剖宫产率及子痫前期、胎膜早破、羊水过少、前置胎盘、胎盘植入/粘连、瘢痕子宫比例均较对照组高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,子痫前期、胎膜早破、羊水过少、前置胎盘及不规律产检是双胎妊娠早产的危险因素(P0.05)。结论:双胎妊娠早产原因以自发性最多,其次为医源性及胎膜早破。子痫前期、胎膜早破、羊水过少、前置胎盘及不规律产检是双胎妊娠早产的独立危险因素。     

产后出血的高危因素分析

目的　分析产后出血发生的相关危险因素 ,探讨预防和减少产后出血的措施。方法　对我院1 990年 1月～ 2 0 0 2年 1 2月间住院分娩的产妇出现产后出血的产妇 31 9例 ,对照 6 38例。通过多元Logistic回归分析评价各危险因素的相对危险性。结果　产后出血的发病率为 2 0 9%。相对独立的多个危险因素作用大小的顺位为 :胎盘粘连或植入、前置胎盘、多胎妊娠及胎儿体重≥ 4 0 0 0g、重度妊高征、流产次数≥ 2次、胎盘早剥 ;在阴道分娩的产妇中 ,作用相对独立的危险因素的顺位为胎盘粘连或植入、胎儿体重≥ 4 0 0 0g、妊高征、第三产程 >1 0min、流产次数≥ 2次。结论　避免产前非意愿妊娠以减少前置胎盘、胎盘粘连或植入 ;减少巨大儿、多胎的发生 ,有助于预防和减少产后出血     

双胎妊娠合并贫血与妊娠结局的分析

目的：探讨双胎妊娠合并贫血对妊娠结局的影响，方法：将496例双胎妊娠分为两组，妊娠合并贫血者（贫血组）共321例，其余175例为对照组，对两组病的妊高征，产前出血，产后出血，早产，胎膜早破发生率与平均孕周，平均出生体重分别进行对照分析。结果：贫血组妊高征，产后出血，早产，胎膜早破发生率显著高于对照组（P＜0．05），且贫血严重程度与妊高征，产后出血发生率呈正相关（P＜0．05），与平均孕周呈负相关（P＜0．05）。两组新生儿平均出生体重无显著差异（P＞0．05），但重度贫血病例的新生儿平均出生体重与对照组比较，有显著性差异（P＜0．05）。结论：双胎妊娠合并贫血时各种并发症发生率成倍增加，特别是重度贫血对孕产妇和围生儿有严重的威胁。     

妊高征合并胎儿宫内发育迟缓围产儿预后相关因素多元逐步回归分析

收集近１５年来在我院分娩的妊高征合并胎儿宫内发育迟缓（ＩＵＧＲ）围产儿３０５例,选择可分析资料２６３例,应用多元逐步回归分析方法从妊高征病情、新生儿Ａｐｇａｒ评分、出生体重、胎龄、分娩方式等多方面探讨妊高征合并胎儿宫内发育迟缓（ＩＵＧＲ）围产儿预后的危险因素。结果显示：新生儿Ａｐｇａｒ评分前６位相关因素依次为：子痫与先兆子痫、出生体重、平均动脉压、尿蛋白、产前住院治疗时间及胎龄。围产儿死亡前６位相关因素依次为：新生儿Ａｐｇａｒ评分、新生儿出生体重、胎龄、产前住院治疗时间、子痫与先兆子痫及分娩方式。提示：围产儿预后受多因素影响,而妊高征病情危重致新生儿低Ａｐｇａｒ评分,出生体重过低及早产是围产儿预后不良的主要危险因素。     

Recurrent preterm birth

Recurrent preterm birth is frequently defined as two or more deliveries before 37 completed weeks of gestation. The recurrence rate varies as a function of the antecedent for preterm birth: spontaneous versus indicated. Spontaneous preterm birth is the result of either preterm labor with intact membranes or preterm prelabor rupture of the membranes. This article reviews the body of literature describing the risk of recurrence of spontaneous and indicated preterm birth. Also discussed are the factors which modify the risk for recurrent spontaneous preterm birth (a short sonographic cervical length and a positive cervicovaginal fetal fibronectin test). Patients with a history of an indicated preterm birth are at risk not only for recurrence of this subtype, but also for spontaneous preterm birth. Individuals of black origin have a higher rate of recurrent preterm birth.     

Primiparity: An ‘intermediate’ risk group for spontaneous and medically indicated preterm birth

Objective.?Most women in their first pregnancy are at ‘unknown’ risk for preterm birth. We hypothesized that such women may be at an increased risk for preterm birth in comparison to those with a prior term birth.

Methods.?We used Missouri's maternally-linked data (1989–97), comprised of women delivering their first singleton live birth (N = 259 431) and women delivering their first two consecutive singleton live births (N = 154 810). We compared preterm birth (<37 weeks) rates among women with a previous term birth, women with no reproductive history (primiparous women), and in those with a previous preterm birth. Risks of spontaneous and medically indicated preterm birth were also examined after adjustments for confounders through multivariate log-binomial regression models.

Results.?Preterm birth rates were 8.1%, 9.6%, and 23.3% among women with a previous term birth, among primiparous women, and among those with a previous preterm birth, respectively. In comparison to women with a prior term birth, risks of spontaneous preterm birth among primiparous women and among women with a prior preterm birth were 1.1-fold (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.0, 1.2) and 2.5-fold (95% CI 2.4, 2.6) higher, respectively. These risks were higher for medically indicated preterm birth among both primiparous women (RR 1.3, 95% CI 1.2, 1.4) and those with a prior preterm birth (RR 3.2, 95% CI 3.0, 3.5) than for spontaneous preterm births.

Conclusions.?Primiparous women are at increased risk of both medically indicated and spontaneous preterm birth. The findings suggest that studies on preterm birth should consider a risk assignment to include three groups: low-risk (prior term birth), intermediate risk (primiparity), and high-risk (prior preterm birth). This strategy will be informative for the identification of women with impending risk of delivering preterm, and complications associated with prematurity.     

Understanding Preterm Labour: The Use Of Path Analysis

A retrospective study was performed on 465 spontaneous preterm and 13,949 term births, in order to analyze the sequence of events that culminate in preterm labour. Twenty-one variables were investigated by the mathematical technique of Path Analysis. Nine direct and independent precursors of preterm labour were identified. These were antepartum haemorrhage, poor antenatal attendance, previous delivery of a small baby, multiple pregnancy, proteinuria, grand multiparity, cervical suture, low maternal weight, and a history of bleeding before 20 weeks.     

Previous induced abortions and the risk of very preterm delivery: results of the EPIPAGE study

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the risk of very preterm birth (22-32 weeks of gestation) associated with previous induced abortion according to the complications leading to very preterm delivery in singletons. DESIGN: Multicentre, case-control study (the French EPIPAGE study). SETTING: Regionally defined population of births in France. SAMPLE: The sample consisted of 1943 very preterm live-born singletons (< 33 weeks of gestation), 276 moderate preterm live-born singletons (33-34 weeks) and 618 unmatched full-term controls (39-40 weeks). METHODS: Data from the EPIPAGE study were analysed using polytomous logistic regression models to control for social and demographic characteristics, lifestyle habits during pregnancy and obstetric history. The main mechanisms of preterm delivery were classified as gestational hypertension, antepartum haemorrhage, fetal growth restriction, premature rupture of membranes, idiopathic preterm labor and other causes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Odds ratios for very preterm birth by gestational age and by pregnancy complications leading to preterm delivery associated with a history of induced abortion. RESULTS: Women with a history of induced abortion were at higher risk of very preterm delivery than those with no such history (OR + 1.5, 95% CI 1.1-2.0); the risk was even higher for extremely preterm deliveries (< 28 weeks). The association between previous induced abortion and very preterm delivery varied according to the main complications leading to very preterm delivery. A history of induced abortion was associated with an increased risk of premature rupture of the membranes, antepartum haemorrhage (not in association with hypertension) and idiopathic spontaneous preterm labour that occur at very small gestational ages (< 28 weeks). Conversely, no association was found between induced abortion and very preterm delivery due to hypertension. CONCLUSION: Previous induced abortion was associated with an increased risk of very preterm delivery. The strength of the association increased with decreasing gestational age.     

Fetal sex and indicated very preterm birth: results of the EPIPAGE study

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to explore the association between fetal sex, mode of onset of labor, and principal cause of very preterm birth.Study design The analysis uses data on 2624 very preterm singleton births less than 33 weeks' gestation from a prospective study of all very preterm births in 9 French regions in 1997. RESULTS: Fifty-seven percent of the spontaneous births were male versus 50.8% of births after medical decision (P=.005). This pattern was explained by sex differences in causes of preterm birth. Male infants had a greater incidence of very preterm birth after spontaneous labor (relative risk [RR]=1.42 [1.21-1.66]), but one third less risk of indicated preterm birth associated with hypertension both with and without growth restriction (RR=0.73 [0.55-0.97] and 0.77 [0.60-0.97]). CONCLUSION: These results support previous reports of greater male susceptibility to preterm labor. The finding that pregnancies carrying female infants have a greater predisposition to indicated very preterm birth associated with hypertension has not been reported previously and merits further study.     

First trimester serum markers stability during sample transportation from the obstetrical site to the screening laboratory

A growing body of evidence suggests that defective placentation may play a major role in the genesis of preterm birth, indicating that preeclampsia, intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR), and spontaneous preterm birth can share a similar mechanism of disease. A recent meta-analysis of low-dose aspirin trials for the prevention of preeclampsia and IUGR in high-risk women demonstrated that, when started early in gestation, aspirin could prevent more than half of preeclampsia and IUGR cases but was also linked with a significant decrease of preterm births (relative risk 0.22, 95% confidence interval: 0.10–0.49). Unfortunately, most studies did not report specific data on the cause of preterm deliveries and, therefore, we could not estimate the proportion of this effect that could be related to spontaneous preterm births. Therefore, we hypothesize that low-dose aspirin could become an additional weapon in the prevention of preterm births and we suggest that further studies should be performed in this area of research.     

Spontaneous late preterm births: what can be done to improve outcomes?

Despite the increase in indicated late preterm births, spontaneous preterm labor and preterm premature rupture of the fetal membranes are the most common antecedent diagnoses leading to births between 34-0/7 and 36-6/7 weeks of gestation. Regional and institutional variation in the rates of late spontaneous preterm birth suggests that there may be opportunities to reduce the number of these births. This article summarizes the factors contributing to late spontaneous preterm birth and offers suggestions to improve care for these mothers and infants.     

The Effects of Antenatal Steroid Use in Premature Rupture of Membranes

Summary: We sought to determine if antepartum steroid treatment offers any clinical benefits to patients with premature rupture of membranes. One hundred and forty-five maternal-neonatal pairs were studied. Forty-five maternal-neonatal pairs with premature, preterm rupture of membranes received steroids during 24–35 weeks' gestation. One hundred maternal-neonatal pairs received no antenatal steroids. The 2 groups were identical with regard to gestational age at rupture of membranes, gravity, parity, race, fetal gender, socioeconomic status, smoking, and preterm labour risk factors. Study of the data revealed that maternal chorioamnionitis was less frequent in the steroid group (p<0.001). Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (oxygen dependent at discharge at term gestational age) was less frequent in the steroid group (p<0.05). The remainder of the data revealed no statistically significant differences in preterm delivery rate, necrotizing enterocolitis, respiratory distress syndrome, intraventricular haemorrhage rate or severity of haemorrhage, hospital days, latency to delivery, or ventilator days. Antepartum steroid use in preterm rupture of membranes appears to offer clinical benefit in premature infants by lessening the rate of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in those infants receiving antepartum steroids.     

A polymorphism in the promoter region of TNF and bacterial vaginosis: preliminary evidence of gene-environment interaction in the etiology of spontaneous preterm birth

OBJECTIVE: The rarer of 2 alleles of a polymorphism in the promoter of the tumor necrosis factor alpha gene (TNF) has been associated with spontaneous preterm birth following preterm premature rupture of the fetal membranes in some populations. The aim of this study was to assess if the presence of symptomatic bacterial vaginosis amplifies the risk of spontaneous preterm birth in those with a "susceptible" TNF genotype. STUDY DESIGN: A case-control study was performed at our institution. Cases (n=125) were defined as women who delivered before 37 weeks as a result of ruptured membranes or preterm labor, while control subjects (n=250) were defined as women who delivered after 37 weeks. DNA was collected from maternal blood and analyzed for the TNF genotype. Information on symptomatic bacterial vaginosis and other risk factors for preterm birth was obtained by review of the antenatal record. Multiple logistic regression was also used to test the interaction between bacterial vaginosis, the TNF genotype, and preterm birth. RESULTS: Maternal carriers of the rarer allele (TNF-2) were at a significantly increased risk of spontaneous preterm birth [odds ratio (OR) 2.7, 95% CI 1.7-4.5]. The association between TNF-2 and preterm birth was modified by the presence of bacterial vaginosis, such that those with a "susceptible" genotype and bacterial vaginosis had increased odds of preterm birth compared with those who did not (OR 6.1, 95% CI 1.9-21.0). CONCLUSION: This study provides preliminary evidence that an interaction between genetic susceptibilities (ie, TNF-2 carriers) and environmental factors (ie, bacterial vaginosis) is associated with an increased risk of spontaneous preterm birth.     

Epidemiology of preterm birth and its clinical subtypes

Preterm birth (<37 weeks) complicates 12.5% of all deliveries in the USA, and remains the leading cause of perinatal mortality and morbidity, accounting for as many as 75% of perinatal deaths. Despite the recent temporal increase in preterm birth, efforts to understand the problem of prematurity have met with little success. This may be attributable to the under-appreciation of the etiologic heterogeneity of preterm birth as well as the heterogeneity in its underlying clinical presentations—spontaneous onset of labor, preterm premature rupture of membranes, and medically indicated preterm birth. In this paper, we review data regarding preterm births with particular focus on its incidence, temporal trends, and recurrence. Studies of births from the USA indicate that the recent temporal increase in the overall preterm birth rate is driven by an impressive concomitant increase in medically indicated preterm birth. However, the largest temporal decline in perinatal mortality has also occurred among medically indicated preterm births (relative to other clinical subtypes), suggesting that these obstetric interventions at preterm gestational ages are associated with a reduction in perinatal mortality. Recent data indicate that spontaneous preterm birth is not only associated with increased recurrence of spontaneous, but also medically indicated, preterm birth, and vice versa. This suggests that the clinical subtypes may share common underlying etiologies. Since medically indicated preterm birth accounts for as many as 40% of all preterm births, efforts to understand the reasons for such interventions and their impact on short- and long-term morbidity in newborns is compelling. Further research is necessary in order to understand the mechanisms and etiology of preterm birth, thus leading to the possibility of effective preventive or therapeutic strategies.