Review of the prevalence,diagnostics, and containment measures of the current mpox outbreak

Monkeypox(mpox), is a disease from the Poxviridae family that can cause several serious medical issues. This mini-review sought to analyze the existing literature regarding the current mpox outbreak with a focus on the prevalence, diagnostics, and containment measures. Mpox cases have been reported to World Health Organization(WHO) from 85 Member States in all six WHO regions during the period of January 1, 2022, through August 3, 2022. Standardized or optimized guidelines for the clinical care ...     

Transfusion transmission of hepatitis A virus with fecal shedding in a previously hepatitis A vaccinated recipient

We describe a rare case of hepatitis A virus (HAV) replication in feces despite presence of hepatitis A antibodies in an acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patient after transfusion with HAV contaminated platelets. The patient has been vaccinated against HAV years before the AML diagnosis. Transient infection and reshedding should thus be considered in antibody-positive hematological patients. Transfusion associated HAV transmission is rare, and little evidence exists on the clinical consequences and possible effect of treatment with immunoglobulin. Further reporting on fecal shedding despite antibodies are needed, as HAV antibody levels are used as course of action for post-exposure prophylaxis and infection control.     

不同方案阻断乙型肝炎病毒父婴垂直传播的初步研究

目的:评价运用不同方案阻断乙肝病毒父婴垂直传播的效果.方法:265例乙肝表面抗体(HBsAb)阳性的孕妇被分为3组(A组:124例,B组:94例,C组:47例),287例HBsAb阴性的孕妇分成D、E组(D组:187例,E组:100例),所有孕妇丈夫的乙肝表面抗原(HBsAg),乙肝病毒e抗原(HBeAg),抗乙肝核心抗体(抗-HBc)均为阳性.对A、D组的孕妇自妊娠第28周起每月肌注200 IU的乙肝免疫球蛋白(HBIC)(28、32、36 W),产前共注射3次;B、E组孕妇仅做常规产检;C组妇女采用洗涤液洗涤精液后人工授精,有47例妊娠,孕28周开始每4周对孕妇肌注HBIG 200 IU至分娩.分娩时新生儿抽脐静脉血查乙肝病毒血清标志物(HBVM).结果:在乙肝病毒阴性的孕妇所生的554例新生儿中,101例感染乙肝病毒,宫内感染率分别为A组12.10%,B组13.82%,C组12.77%,D组22.99%,E组24.00%.结论:主动或被动免疫致孕妇体内HBsAb可以有效地阻断乙肝病毒父婴垂直传播.     

两种方法阻断乙肝病毒母婴传播的效果比较

目的比较对乙肝不同感染状态孕妇实施不同的主被动联合免疫方法后阻断母婴垂直传播的临床疗效。方法将86例HBsAg阳性孕妇随机分为两组,每组43例,实验组孕妇从孕28周起每4周肌注乙肝免疫球蛋白(HBIG)200 IU,共3次,对照组不用HBIG,两组新生儿均于出生后立即和15 d各肌注HBIG200 IU,0、1、6个月分别接种基因疫苗10 ug。新生儿于出生时采脐血和12月龄时抽取股静脉血,检测血清HBsAg、抗-HBs。结果两组乙肝单阳孕妇采用不同的主被动联合免疫所娩新生儿及12月龄的抗-HBs产生率及乙肝感染率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。实验组双阳孕妇所娩新生儿出生时和12月龄抗-HBs产生率分别为33.3%、83.3%,对照组分别为11.1%、44.4%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。对照组双阳孕妇所娩新生儿出生时乙肝感染率(22.2%)明显高于实验组(8.3%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论对乙肝双阳孕妇采用宫内主被动联合免疫阻断乙肝病毒垂直传播的效果优于出生后主被动联合免疫。     

Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus

About 240 million people worldwide are chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV). Vertical transmission is the most important mechanism of infection persistence in endemic areas. About 150 million people worldwide are chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). Mother-to-child transmission of HCV, which occurs in 3–10% of cases, is the leading route of infection in childhood. This review focuses on strategies to reduce the vertical transmission of HBV and HCV. The at-birth prophylaxis of newborns of HBV-infected mothers with specific immunoglobulin and vaccine plus administration of antivirals (tenofovir or telbivudine) in the third trimester of pregnancy (in case of high maternal viral load) greatly reduces the risk of transmission. In contrast, currently there is no drug able to reduce the vertical transmission of HCV infection. We discuss the possibility of reducing mother-to-child HCV transmission using newly available antivirals or antivirals in the pipeline for the treatment of hepatitis C.     

围产期阻断乙肝产妇母婴传播的探讨

目的 :探讨不同乙肝病毒 (HBV)携带状况的产妇围产期母婴传播情况及阻断措施。方法 :将 4 5例乙肝产妇按HBsAg、HBeAg、HBVDNA的不同 ,分成A、B、C 3组 ,分别采取相应的阻断措施 ,产后检测初乳、新生儿静脉血中的乙肝病毒标记物及HBVDNA。结果 :B组与C组母婴传播率明显低于文献报道 ,C组新生儿HBsAb阳转率达 10 0 %。结论 :乙肝孕妇产前及新生儿出生后多次肌注乙肝免疫球蛋白 ,可减少携带传染性HBV标志物的母亲所生新生儿的宫内感染率 ,并能提高乙肝疫苗接种后的免疫效果 ,从而降低母婴传播率     

经宫内传播的丙型肝炎病毒基因分型

目的：探讨经宫内传播的丙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis C virus，HCV)在母亲与子代间的基因型别一致性，进一步确定HCV母婴传播的分子学基础。方法：选择6对母亲与胎儿抗-HCV与HCV RNA(ribonucileic acid)均阳性者为研究对象，以PCR技术检测母亲与胎儿HCV RNA的基因型别。结果：6对母亲与胎儿的HCVRNA基因型均一致，其中5对基因型别属Ⅱ型，1对属Ⅲ型。结论：母亲与胎儿所携的HCV基因型别一致。     

S基因进化树分析证实乙型肝炎病毒存在性传播途径

目的：从分子水平证实乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)存在性传播途径。方法本研究共收集36对婚检时女方乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)阳性而男方HBsAg阴性的夫妻,随访4年后其中10对夫妻中男方HBsAg变为阳性,此10对夫妻作为病例组,随机选择10名无关男性HBV感染者与病例组中女方组成对照组。提取所有实验对象血清中的HBV-DNA,应用巢式PCR扩增HBV S基因,并用高通量测法对HBV S基因进行测序。分别对病例组、对照组中男、女性双方HBV S基因进行序列比对,对所有30个HBV S基因序列进行基因进化树分析。结果病例组S基因序列相似性高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。 S基因进化树分析显示10对夫妻中,5对夫妻间进化距离明显短于女方与无关男性HBV感染者间进化距离。2对夫妻间进化距离和女方与无关男性HBV感染者间进化距离基本相同,3对夫妻间进化距离长于女方与无关男性HBV感染者间进化距离。结论 HBV存在性传播途径,可经性途径由女性传染给男性。     

乙型肝炎病毒母婴垂直传播相关临床因素分析

目的:探讨影响HBV母婴垂直传播的相关临床因素.方法:对2006年6月-2008年10月在中山大学附属第三医院产科产检和分娩的711例孕妇进行回顾性分析,分别比较HBeAg阳性孕妇和阴性孕妇的HBV DNA水平、产科情况、新生儿情况.结果:两组年龄、孕周、孕次、产次、先兆流产发生率、先兆早产发生率、胎膜早破发生率、分娩方式、配偶HBsAg阳性比例、新生儿体质量和性别比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05);阳性组孕妇HBV DNA水平≥109 copies/L者比例、妊娠期肝功能异常发生率、妊娠期注射乙型病毒性肝炎免疫球蛋白比例、新生儿HBsAg阳性和(或)HBV DNA阳性比例、满6个月龄婴儿HBsAg阳性比例均明显高于阴性组(P＜0.05或0.01);HBV母婴垂直传播发生率为0.84％,其母亲入院时HBV DNA水平均超过≥1010 copies/L,HBeAg均为阳性.HBsAg阳性孕妇HBV DNA载量≥1011copies/L时,发生HBV母婴垂直传播的相对危险度为20.00.结论:HBeAg阴性孕妇未见HBV母婴垂直传播,HBV DNA水平越高,HBV母婴垂直传播的危险度越高.     

No intrauterine vertical transmission in pregnancy with COVID-19: A case report

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been a worldwide pandemic diseases, nearly 400,000 people died at now. The data of status of pregnant women and neonates after infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) is limited. We report a case of pregnant woman in her third trimester with critical COVID-19, and amniotic fluid, umbilical cord blood, placenta, and neonatal gastric fluid were retained during cesarean section. The SARS-COV-2 nucleic acid test results of these specimens were negative. There is no evidence of intrauterine vertical transmission during delivery in the third trimester, but the data are limited and need to be further explored.     

不同分娩方式与乙型肝炎病毒母婴垂直传播关系的研究——附290例分析

目的:探讨不同分娩方式对HBV母婴垂直传播的影响.方法:选择290例HBsAg阳性孕妇及其新生儿,按分娩方式不同分为经阴道分娩(阴道产)组168例、剖宫产组122例,分别于孕妇入院时及其新生儿出生24 h内注射乙型病毒性肝炎(乙肝)免疫球蛋白及乙肝疫苗前抽取外周静脉血,检测血清乙肝病毒标志物、HBV DNA水平,以新生儿出生后24 h内血清HBsAg阳性和(或)HBV DNA 阳性(≥106 copies/L)作为HBV母婴垂直传播的诊断标准.分析HBV DNA水平与分娩方式与HBV母婴垂直传播的关系.结果:290例HBsAg阳性孕妇及其新生儿中,发生HBV母婴垂直传播26例(9.0%),其中HBV DNA≤106、107～1011、>1011 copies/L者的HBV母婴垂直传播发生率分别为3.8%、14%、44%.随着HBV DNA水平的升高,HBV母婴垂直传播发生率增加(P均<0.01).阴道产组的HBV母婴垂直传播发生率为10.1%(17/168),剖宫产组的HBV母婴垂直传播发生率为7.4%(9/122).两组母亲血清HBV DNA≤1011 copies/L时HBV垂直传播发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05),母亲血清HBV DNA>1011 copies/L时阴道产组HBV垂直传播发生率明显高于剖宫产组(P<0.05).结论:HBV母婴垂直传播与分娩方式有关,当孕妇血清HBV DNA >1011copies/L时建议采用剖宫产.     

预防免疫阻断乙肝病毒父婴传播效果观察

目的 研究预防免疫阻断乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）父婴传播（P-FT）的价值。方法筛选孕妇丈夫血清HBV DNA（＋）、孕妇无HBV感染的患者为研究对象，A组61例，孕前以乙肝疫苗（HBVac）免疫至抗-HBs（＋）后再妊娠。于孕28、32、36周分别注射乙肝免疫球蛋白（HBIG）200U。B组60例，仅常规产前检查及监护。新生儿分为A1、B1、B2组，A1、B1组新生儿注射HBVac 10μg和HBIG 100U，B2组新生儿只注射HBvac 10μg。结果A组新生儿HBV感染率为9．84％（6／61），而B组感染率为26．67％（16／60）；A1、B2组婴儿6个月龄抗-HBs阳性率分别为88．52％（54／61）和73．33％（22／30），两组比较差异有显著性。结论孕前注射乙肝HBVac，获得免疫后，可显著降低新生儿HBV阳性率；孕期注射HBIG，新生儿出生时应用HBIG和HBVac联合免疫，可以显著提高婴儿6个月龄抗-HBs阳性率。     

Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV Type 1: the role of neonatal and infant prophylaxis

The prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV is one of the great public health successes of the past 20 years. Much concerted research efforts and dedicated work have led to the achievement of very low rates of PMTCT of HIV in settings that can implement optimal prophylaxis. Though several implementation challenges remain, global elimination of pediatric HIV infection seems now more than ever to be an attainable goal. Often overlooked, the role of prophylaxis of the newborn is nevertheless a very important component of PMTCT. In this paper, we focus on the role of neonatal and infant prophylaxis, discuss mechanisms of protection, and present the clinical trial-generated evidence that led to the current recommendations for preventing infections in breastfed and non-breastfed infants. PMTCT of HIV should not end at birth; a continuum of care extending postpartum and postnatally is required to minimize the risk of new pediatric HIV infections.     

Prevention of vertical transmission of HIV-1 in resource-limited settings

One of the most exciting areas of HIV research is that of prevention of vertical transmission from mother to child, since it accounts for 90% of childhood HIV infections, and therefore prevention in this context has an enormous potential impact on the spread of HIV among children. Focused research has yielded highly successful strategies for reducing infant infection rates, particularly in the developed world, and much work is underway to implement appropriate strategies in resource-limited settings, although this is not without challenges. Although transmission rates in some settings have been reduced to approximately 1%, scale-up and widespread implementation and application of strategic interventions for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV during pregnancy, delivery and breastfeeding are needed in the developing world.     

社区新婚夫妻间乙型肝炎病毒传播的干预方法

目的探讨社区新婚夫妻间乙型肝炎病毒传播的干预方法.方法选择社区192对新婚夫妻查体中发现的一方为乙型肝炎病毒携带者,实施有关乙型肝炎病毒夫妻间传播的干预方法：114例乙肝标志物检查（HBV-M）全阴的配偶注射基因工程乙肝疫苗（HBVV）,其中18例注射乙肝疫苗前15d先注射乙肝高效价免疫球蛋白（HBIG）2次,200μg/次;其余78例未采用任何预防措施.2年后检测所有被观察者的血清乙肝标志物检查结果.结果114例正规接种基因工程乙肝疫苗的乙型肝炎病毒感染者的配偶的感染率为2.1%,比未接种者的感染率（11.5%）有明显降低,18例同时注射HBIG者之中没有检测到HBV新发感染者的存在.3组乙型肝炎病毒感染率经行乘列χ^2检验有显著性差异,P＜0.05.结论及时接种基因工程乙肝疫苗和乙肝高效价免疫球蛋白能有效预防乙型肝炎病毒在夫妻间的传播.     

Intra-familial transmission of Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (SDSE): A first case report and review of the literature

BackgroundConcern about Streptococcus dysgalactiae infections has been increasing worldwide, and many cases of invasive infections have been reported. Streptococcus dysgalactiae has two main subspecies: S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (SDSE) and S. dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae (SDSD). The epidemiology of invasive SDSE infections is not well understood, and the exact numbers of human SDSE infections are not known because standard laboratories are not able to identify Lancefield group C streptococci (GCS) or group G streptococci (GGS) to the species level. SDSE is often present in skin lesions, and sites of SDSE colonization and focal SDSE infections serve as the principal reservoirs for the transmission of skin and soft-tissue infections. Although the person-to-person transmission of S. pyogenes infections has been reported, the intra-familial transmission of SDSE has not been reported.Case presentationWe report two cases of cellulitis with bacteremia in a family. A 72-year-old female with cellulitis in her right lower extremity was hospitalized, and a 104-year-old male relative was hospitalized with cellulitis 2 days later. Two strains of Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis were isolated from the blood of the patients. Single nucleotide polymorphism analysis of the bacterial genomes suggested that the two strains had the same origin. This is the first case report about the intra-familial transmission of Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis.ConclusionsThis is the first case report about the intra-familial transmission of Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis.     

Successful treatment of infantile hepatitis B with lamivudine: A case report

BACKGROUNDHow to treat infantile hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a controversial issue. The nucleoside analogue lamivudine (LAM) has been approved to treat children (2 to 17 years old) with chronic hepatitis B. Here, we aimed to investigate the benefit of LAM treatment in infantile hepatitis B.CASE SUMMARYA 4-mo-old infant born to a hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive woman was found to be infected by HBV during a health checkup. Liver chemistry and HBV seromarker tests showed alanine aminotransferase of 106 U/L, HBsAg of 685.2 cut-off index, hepatitis B “e” antigen of 1454.0 cut-off index, and HBV DNA of > 1.0 × 10⁹ IU/mL. LAM treatment (20 mg/d) was initiated, and after 19 mo, serum HBsAg was entirely cleared and hepatitis B surface antibody was present. The patient received LAM treatment for 2 years in total and has been followed for 3 years. During this period, serum hepatitis B surface antibody has been persistently positive, and serum HBV DNA was undetectable.CONCLUSIONEarly treatment of infantile hepatitis B with LAM could be safe and effective.     

部分省市艾滋病异性性传播方式构成及特征分析

目的 了解我国部分省(直辖市)艾滋病异性性传播方式的构成及分布特征。 方法 采用横断面回顾性调查方法,选择艾滋病疫情严重程度及地理分布不同的4个省,选取各省HIV异性性传播报告病例较多且较集中的地区作为调查现场。抽取2009年1月1日至12月31日报告的、经异性性传播的HIV感染者,对其HIV异性性传播方式、社会人口学和性行为特征等进行面对面问卷调查。 结果 共调查符合纳入标准并知情同意的HIV感染者676例,其中经商业性伴传播者占47.6%(322/676);经固定性伴传播者占28.1%(190/676);经非商业临时性伴传播者占24.3%(164/676)。在经商业性伴传播者中,男性占73.9%,50岁年龄组占35.1%。经非商业临时性伴传播者以30岁年龄组为主,占54.9%。 结论 所调查城市/地区HIV异性性传播方式以经商业性伴传播为主,但经非商业临时性伴传播及固定性伴传播HIV感染者同样不容忽视。