Arthroscopic Cystectomy for Popliteal Cysts Through the Posteromedial Cystic Portal

In the treatment of patients with popliteal cysts (Baker’s cysts), we generally need to address the intra-articular pathologies, most commonly, medial meniscal tears and concomitant connecting valvular mechanisms responsible for the formation and recurrence of the cyst. We introduce here an arthroscopic technique that can treat the associated intra-articular pathology and correct the valvular mechanism of the capsular fold. The most important step is to locate the opening connection between the joint cavity and the popliteal cyst at the posteromedial compartment. The opening is found at the posteromedial side of the medial head of the gastrocnemius after inferior displacement of the capsular fold, which overlies the opening. It is helpful to rotate the bevel of the arthroscope upward to the 11-, 12-, and 1-o’clock positions for most effective visualization of the capsular fold. After the opening connection of the cyst is found, the capsular fold is resected with basket forceps and a shaver inserted through the posteromedial portal to correct the valvular mechanism. Furthermore, we have developed an additional “posteromedial cystic portal,” which is located directly above the popliteal cyst and can be effectively used in cystectomy, especially in treatment of cysts that consist of septa and nodules. Arthroscopic popliteal cyst removal with use of an additional posteromedial cystic portal can be effective in treating a cyst with multiple fibrous septa or membranes.     

Popliteal Artery Pseudoaneurysm After Arthroscopic Cystectomy of a Popliteal Cyst

A case of popliteal artery aneurysm after arthroscopic cystectomy of a popliteal cyst is an uncommon complication, and no case has been reported. We present a case of pseudoaneurysm of the popliteal artery after arthroscopic cystectomy of a popliteal cyst 2 months after surgery. Open excision of the pseudoaneurysm and popliteal artery pin-point repair were done. At 30 months' follow-up, both the tibialis posterior and dorsalis pedis pulsations were felt equally on both sides with normal sensations over the limb. Retrospectively reviewing the case, we found that the relation of the popliteal artery and popliteal cyst on preoperative magnetic resonance images can predict the complication of pseudoaneurysm of the popliteal artery. It is better not to shave the lateral aspect of the cyst while performing arthroscopic cystectomy when magnetic resonance images show that the popliteal artery is close to the cyst.     

关节镜下后内入路治疗腘窝囊肿的疗效分析

目的探讨关节镜下后内入路治疗腘窝囊肿的疗效分析,并将其与传统开放性手术治疗方式作比较。方法回顾性研究自2014年1月至2019年1月于我院收治的68例腘窝囊肿患者,男30例,女38例;年龄33-61岁,平均(43.01±5.39)岁。其中关节镜下后内入路手术治疗组32例,传统开放性手术治疗组36例。统计两组患者的手术时间、手术切口长度、住院时间、复发情况,并采用Rauschning和Lindgren腘窝囊肿分级评分标准、Lysholm膝关节评分、视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS)判定患者的治疗效果。结果所有患者术后均获5-12个月随访,平均(8.46±2.40)个月。术后关节症状明显缓解,关节功能明显改善。关节镜手术组无囊肿复发,开放手术组有2例在手术后3-6个月复发,经关节镜下手术后症状消失。关节镜治疗组患者在手术切口长度、住院时间、复发情况、膝关节VAS、Lysholm膝关节评分、Rauschning和Lindgren腘窝囊肿分级评分标准均明显优于开放手术组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论关节镜下后内入路治疗腘窝囊肿是一种安全、有效的治疗方法。     

Arthroscopic Visualization of the Posterior Horn of the Medial Meniscus

We present a method of visualizing the posterior horn of the medial meniscus through the anterolateral portal that has not been previously described in the literature. It allows easy visualization and instrumentation of the posterior horn, an area that commonly has pathology that can be difficult to identify and treat. The technique involves allowing the knee to flex to 60° to 90° over the side of the bed and applying a varus force to the tibia, opening up the posteromedial part of the joint. It does not require any valgus force and therefore minimizes the risk of injury to the medial collateral ligament.     

Recanalization of an Occluded Popliteal Artery following Posterior Knee Dislocation

Posterior knee dislocation results in popliteal artery injury in up to one-third of cases. Prompt recognition and treatment of arterial injury is essential for limb salvage. We report a case of complete occlusion of the popliteal artery following posterior knee dislocation treated with saphenous vein bypass without exclusion of the injured arterial segment. Follow-up duplex scanning demonstrated a patent vein graft and a patent ipsilateral popliteal artery. This report suggests that, in some instances, a traumatically occluded popliteal artery may recanalize, and that revascularization with a bypass graft may be the preferred method of repair, particularly in young patients.     

Surgical Management of Septic Arthritis of the Knee With a Coexistent Popliteal Cyst

We report a case of knee pyarthrosis in a 54-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis and a popliteal cyst. The onset of infection coincided with a cortisone injection. Initial management consisted of arthroscopic irrigation and debridement (I&D) on 2 consecutive occasions without resolution of the infection. Only after open excision of the popliteal cyst in conjunction with I&D of the knee joint proper did the infection resolve. This is the first reported case of a patient requiring excision of a popliteal cyst to clear pyarthrosis of the knee after failure of arthroscopic I&D. Consideration should be given to open debridement or drainage of popliteal cysts in patients who present with septic arthritis in the presence of a popliteal cyst. A treatment algorithm for managing this clinical scenario is presented.     

关节镜下病灶清理术治疗膝关节骨关节炎的疗效分析

目的 探讨关节镜下病灶清理术治疗膝关节骨关节炎疗效的影响因素.方法 回顾性分析2009年1月1日至2010年12月31日37例膝关节骨关节炎患者术前、术后1个月、术后6个月及术后1年的情况,膝关节的疼痛和功能采用VAS评分及Lequesne指数作出评定,通过Logistic回归分析对影响手术疗效的相关因素进行分析.结果 术后患者VAS评分、Lequesne指数均得到明显降低(P＜0.05).多因素分析结果显示:体重指数BMI(OR=7.15,95％CI:1.52～32.16)、关节面夹角(OR=7.71,95％ CI:1.85～38.19)影响术后疗效,其差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 关节镜下病灶清理术治疗膝关节骨关节炎疗效受到体重指数BMI及患者关节面夹角的影响.     

关节镜下分型治疗膝关节骨性关节炎

目的：探索关节镜下分型治疗膝关节骨性关节炎的临床意义及效果。方法：根据关节镜检查特点及主要病损将骨性关节炎分为５型,并同时分组观察关节间隙正常与间隙变窄有膝内翻对疗效的影响。结果：６１膝中游离体型１１膝,优良率１００％,半月板型１５膝,优良率８６．６７％,滑膜型１３膝,优良率８４．６２％,软骨损伤型１２膝,优良率５８．３３％,混合型１０膝,优良率４０％。结果经秩和检验,ＨＣ＝１６．９２,ｐ〈０．０     

Arthroscopic Bone Grafting of Talar Bone Cyst Using Posterior Ankle Arthroscopy

A subchondral cyst of the talus frequently occurs with an osteochondral lesion of the talar dome. Debridement, curettage, and bone grafting through the articular defect was frequently the recommended treatment in reported studies for a massive cyst. We report a case of a massive cyst of the talar body with a small osteochondral lesion of the talar dome. Our patient was successfully treated by curettage and bone grafting of the cyst using posterior ankle arthroscopy, with minimal disruption of the articular surface of the talar dome.     

关节镜诊断和治疗膝关节骨关节炎

自１９９０年７月￣１９９５年７月，作者对７９例（９１膝）膝关节骨关节炎（ＯＡ）患者进行关节镜检查及镜下清理术。镜检结果：２３例（２７膝）获得早期诊断，关节镜分级与临床表现呈正相关，与Ｘ线片改变程度的符合率较低（４７．１％）。随访２￣５年，平均３．９年。术后综合评估：１￣２年，优良率７７．２％，２年以上优良率６０．８％。软骨退变程度与疗效关系：术后１￣２年优良率：软骨Ｉ度退变１００％、Ⅱ度７１．４％     

关节镜下诊断与治疗膝关节滑膜软骨瘤病

目的 报道膝关节滑膜软骨瘤病１５例,均用关节镜诊断及治疗,所有病例均经病理检查证实。作者对关节镜在术本病诊断中的优点,分型及治疗方法进行探讨,方法 所有１５例病例均为膝关节病变,左膝关节６例,右膝关节７例,双侧膝关节２例。主要临床症状为关节疼痛,交锁及反复肿胀,关节镜术野好,可全面检查关节腔,具有放大作用,可提高本病的诊断率并有助于分型,关节镜下可将本病分为三型,表浅型,深在型和游离体型,治疗采用     

关节镜下治疗膝关节内侧滑膜皱襞综合征

目的探讨膝关节内侧滑膜皱襞综合征的临床诊断、治疗方法及结果。方法自2006年10月至2010年11月期间,我院共诊治膝关节内侧滑膜皱襞综合征患者87例,其中46例采取保守治疗后症状无缓解而接受关节镜下手术切除滑膜皱襞。男24例,女22例;年龄23～72岁,平均年龄为41岁。按Sakakibara法对滑膜皱襞进行分类,在关节镜下行皱襞切除术,并随访记录其疗效。结果 46例经关节镜下皱襞切除的患者,其中A型27例,B型15例,C型3例,D型1例;同时合并9例半月板损伤,5例髌股关节内侧面骨关节炎形成。增生的滑膜皱襞均采用篮钳或刨削器将其切除。43例获得随访,平均随访时间为25个月,无复发病例。膝关节功能根据Lysholm评分进行评定,术后功能较术前明显改善,治疗结果优良率为90.7%。结论膝关节内侧滑膜皱襞综合征根据临床症状和MRI表现即可诊断,关节镜下可以确诊,同时镜下行滑膜皱襞切除可获得满意的效果。     

Arthroscopic Internal Drainage with Cyst Wall Resection and Arthroscopic Internal Drainage with Cyst Wall Preservation to Treat Unicameral Popliteal Cysts: A Retrospective Case–Control Study

ObjectiveTo compare the clinical efficacy and safety of arthroscopic internal drainage for the treatment of unicameral popliteal cysts with or without cyst wall resection.MethodsThis was a retrospective case–control study of 73 patients diagnosed with unicameral popliteal cysts from January 2012 to January 2019 who received arthroscopic treatment. The study included 38 cases with cyst wall resection (CWR group) and 35 cases with cyst wall preservation (CWP group). The CWR group consisted of 14 men and 24 women with an average age of 51.8 years, while the CWP group consisted of 13 men and 22 women with an average age of 52.0 years. All patients were examined for intra‐articular lesions and communicating ports by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) prior to surgery, and recurrence of cysts was evaluated at the last follow‐up examination. Rauschning and Lindgren grade (R–L grade) and Lysholm score were used to evaluate clinical outcomes. In addition, operation time and complications were recorded.ResultsThe average length of follow‐up was 24.2 months (range, 16 to 32 months). There were no considerable differences in age, gender, cyst size, Lysholm score, R–L grade and concomitant intra‐articular cases between the CWR group and CWP group prior to surgery (P > 0.05). The last follow‐up MRI scans showed that in the CWR group, the cyst disappeared in 25 cases and shrunk in 13 cases. In the CWP group, the cyst disappeared in 22 cases, shrunk in 12 cases and persisted in one case. There was no obvious difference in recurrence rate between the two groups (0% vs 2.9%, P = 0.899). At the last follow‐up, there were no differences in the R–L grade (P = 0.630) and Lysholm score (88.3 ± 5.6 points vs 90.1 ± 3.8 points, P = 0.071) between the two groups. Compared with the CWP group, operation time was significantly prolonged in the CWR group (38.3 ± 3.1 min vs 58.3 ± 4.4 min, P < 0.05). In the CWR group, three cases occurred fluid infiltration under the gastrocnemius muscle, which improved after pressure bandaging and cold compress. In another three cases, hematoma was found. The incidence of complications in the CWR group was markedly higher than that in the CWP group (15.8% vs 0%, P < 0.05). During the follow‐up period, none of the patients developed serious complications such as neurovascular injury, deep venous thrombosis, or infection.ConclusionFor unicameral popliteal cysts, arthroscopic internal drainage combined with resection of the cyst wall did not further improve the clinical outcomes or reduce the recurrence rate, while prolonging the operation time and increasing the possibility of complications.