血液透析室透析液细菌污染检测与分析

目的了解透析液细菌含量超标的原因,以确定有效的解决措施,选择一种更符合无菌技术的采样方法。方法对血透室透析液采用安尔碘消毒后取样（A方法）和直接快速冲洗接头入口取样（B方法）方法进行比较现场采样。倾注法培养,计数细菌菌落。结果2008-06-／12血液透析器入口检测显示,细菌菌落数超标主要集中于Ⅳ、Ⅴ号机型,合格率分别为57．14％、71．43％,A方法采样合格率为100．00％,B方法采样细菌超标率11．07％,超标样品平均达25份。结论透析机因采样方法不同,其细菌污染差异有统计学意义,与操作人员采样方法的差异也有统计学意义。     

血液透析细菌感染预防与对策

目的了解医院血液透析中心透析液、透析用水水质状况,分析细菌内毒素及菌落数超标的原因及相关性,实现规范化管理的同时督促持续质量改进。方法收集分析自2006年1月-2010年7月透析用水和透析液的监测数据,分别比较A、B两种方法,水处理管路更换前后监测结果,对透析用水、透析液现场采样并对照监测细菌菌落数及内毒素,为采取防治对策提供依据。结果使用不同的内毒素检测方法对透析液、透析用水内毒素检测合格率差异有统计学意义,A方法为69.23%,B方法为100.00%;对照透析液、透析用水细菌菌落数与内毒素含量,两者差异无统计学意义,细菌菌落数合格率为81.58%,内毒素合格率为90.79%。结论探索一种科学可行的内毒素含量检测方法;透析用水、透析液含菌量与内毒素含量不成正比;透析用水、透析液的水质状况与水处理系统管路长短、有无死腔、使用年限、有无生物膜形成,配制过程是否被污染有关,重在预防。     

高校内两种常用直饮水机的细菌总数和大肠菌群数检测及对比分析

目的通过检测高校内两种常用直饮水机的细菌总数和大肠菌群数,为学生直饮水卫生提供实验依据。方法 2016年1月下旬-3月底,三次随机在两种直饮水机(A、B)共采集水样12份和15份,按《GB/T 5750.12-2006》和《GB5749-2006》的方法对水样进行细菌总数和大肠菌群的检测和评估。结果 A、B两种直饮水机平均菌落数分别为(29.83±71.41)CFU/ml、(421.63±402.14)CFU/ml;A型直饮水机细菌总数和大肠菌群的合格率分别为91.6%、100%;B型直饮水机细菌总数和大肠菌群的合格率分别为6.7%、93.3%;两者细菌总数合格率经确切概率计算差异有统计学意义(P=0.0000104),大肠菌群数合格率经确切概率计算差异无统计学意义(P=1.0)。结论 A型直饮水细菌总数显著低于B型,基本达标,无大肠菌群检出;而B型直饮水细菌总数普遍超标,且有一次大肠菌群检出。B型直饮水未达标的原因有直饮水机自身构造问题、管理维护部门执行力度不一样及维护的难度不同等,相关院校应当引起足够重视。     

滤膜法与涂抹法检测血液透析相关用水微生物的效果

目的 探讨滤膜法和涂抹法检测血液透析相关用水微生物的效果,为选择合适的检测方法提供依据。方法 回顾性收集某三级甲等综合性医院2018年1-12月同时采用滤膜法和涂抹法检测血液透析相关用水微生物的结果,对比分析滤膜法和涂抹法检测细菌检出率、单位菌落数、超干预值检出率和微生物合格率。结果 共收集274份血液透析相关用水微生物检测结果,其中透析液131份,反渗水39份,B浓缩液（下简称B液）14份,置换液34份,其他透析用水56份。滤膜法细菌检出率均高于涂抹法,其中透析液、反渗水、置换液、其他透析用水标本使用两种方法的细菌检出率比较,差异有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。透析液、B液、其他透析用水标本单位菌落数滤膜法数值上低于涂抹法,但仅其他透析用水标本使用两种方法检测结果单位菌落数差异有统计学意义（t=-3.011,P=0.004）。超干预值检出率其他透析用水滤膜法低于涂抹法,差异有统计学意义（χ²=6.596,P=0.010）。置换液、反渗水标本微生物合格率滤膜法数值上低于涂抹法,但仅置换液标本微生物合格率差异有统计学意义（χ²=18.987,P<0.001）。结论 滤膜法检出细菌的能力高于涂抹法,但其在血液透析相关用水微生物检测中存在一定局限性,除用于置换液比较适合外,应用在其余血液透析相关用水微生物的检测效果并不优于涂抹法。     

血液透析用水污染状况调查及预防控制对策

目的 调查分析血液透析用水污染状况和探讨采样方法,促进医院加强对血液透析用水管理.方法 回顾性调查2008-2011年徐州市10～12所医院血液透析用水微生物和化学污染物监测结果,对污染状况进行分析,对监测采样方法进行对比.结果 反渗水细菌总数检测值范围0～5600 CFU/ml,总合格率75.58％,致病菌检出率22.09％,近端反渗水中游离氯、硝酸盐和钙3种化学污染物超标,合格率分别为93.02％、86.05％和97.67％;透析液细菌总数检测值范围0～25 000 CFU/ml,总合格率78.10％,致病菌检出率15.33％;近、末端反渗水细菌总数差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);直接接取法和注射器抽取法采集透析液作微生物监测,差异无统计学意义.结论 该地区透析用水污染尤其细菌污染较为普遍和严重,有潜在发生血液透析医院感染的可能,必须加以预防和控制.     

血液透析用水及透析液细菌污染情况监测结果分析

目的探讨血液透析用水及透析液细菌污染的情况,分析其主要污染的菌株。方法采用倾注法对水及透析液中细菌含量进行检测,采用常规方法对细菌进行分离鉴定,采用定性凝胶法对水及透析液中的内毒素含量进行检测。结果透析用水的平均菌落数为132CFU/mL,其内毒素的阳性率为6.1%,透析器的入口处透析液的平均菌落数为263CFU/mL,透析器出口处平均菌落数为651CFU/mL,透析时透析液中平均菌落高于透析用水,两者间差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),主要的污染细菌为革兰阴性杆菌、革兰阳性杆菌及球菌。不同时间其细菌含量不同,在4～10月份其平均细菌含量较同年其它月份高,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论血液透析液在制备、运输等多个环节中均可能引起透析用水及透析液的再次污染,对水路进行合理设计及定期消毒是减少透析用水再次污染的主要措施,同时建立定期开展细菌学监测。     

四种不同干手措施对医务人员手细菌污染的研究

目的为了防止临床医护人员洗手后由于干手方法选择不当导致再次污染,规范医护人员的干手方法,探讨规范的人性化的干手措施。方法随机抽取临床科室医务人员50名,进行完各种操作,按六步洗手法洗手后,采用四种不同的干手方法:自然晾干法(A组)、干手纸巾法(B组)、公共毛巾法(C组)、隔离衣擦手法(D组),固定1名感染管理专职人员,分别进行现场采样监测,对四种不同的干手方法手细菌污染情况进行对比。结果自然晾干法(A组)手细菌数0.29±0.58、干手纸巾法(B组)细菌数0.51±0.73、公共毛巾法(C组)细菌数7.76±4.11、隔离衣擦手法(D组)细菌数10.33±5.58,A、B两组手细菌数比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),A、B两组与C、D两组手细菌数比较,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05),C组与D组手细菌数比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。A、B两组检出菌落例数比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),A、B两组与C、D两组检出菌落例数比较,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。A、B两组手卫生合格率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),A、B两组与C、D两组手卫生合格率比较,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05),C组与D组手卫生合格率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论隔离衣和公共毛巾擦手导致手的二次污染严重,采用干手纸巾或自然晾干法可有效降低医务人员洗手后的手细菌再污染,可有效降低因医务人员手污染而导致的医院感染发生。     

洗手后两种不同干手方法的选择与效果

目的比较两种干手方法对手部细菌菌落数的影响,为临床医务人员选择正确的洗手后干手方法提供依据,避免手部的二次污染。方法某院104名临床医务人员按六步洗手法洗手后,采用两种不同的干手方法：同一人左手使用一次性干手纸巾(A组)、右手使用烘干机(B组)干手。由专人分别采样检测,比较两种干手方法的手部细菌菌落数。结果A、B两组各采样104份,其中A组菌落计数为（2.92±2.83）CFU/cm2,B组为（3.71±3.11）CFU/cm2,两组比较,差异无统计学意义（t=1.92,P＞0.05）;A、B两组合格率分别为96.15%（100/104）和92.31%（96/104）,差异无统计学意义（χ2=1.41,P＞0.05）。结论使用一次性干手纸巾和烘干机两种方法干手效果均安全可靠,均可用于临床工作。     

移动换药车换药前后细菌污染状况调查

目的调查移动换药车换药前后细菌污染状况。方法采用现况调查方法,分别于2016年3月23日—6月26日和2017年8月8日—9月13日对某院整形烧伤病房的一辆换药车进行采样,换药车使用前、后及消毒静置3h后分别于车把手、抽屉把手和车顶层采样,进行细菌培养,并计算单位面积细菌菌落数,比较不同采样时机菌落数差异。结果本研究共采样303份,其中换药前样本90份,换药后样本123份,消毒静置3h后样本90份。不同采样时机换药车顶层菌落数比较,差异有统计学意义(P=0.003);组间比较结果显示,换药后车顶层菌落数较换药前及消毒静置3h后均增加(均P0.05)。不同换药时机车把手、抽屉把手菌落数比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05)。相同采样时间点换药车各部位间菌落数比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05)。换药前换药车3个部位的样本合格率均为100.00%,换药后车把手、抽屉把手和车顶层样本合格率分别为100.00%、97.56%和97.56%,3个部位消毒静置3h后样本合格率也均为100.00%。结论移动换药车采用的物体表面消毒方法可达到我国医院消毒卫生标准对于II类环境物体表面的卫生标准,换药车消毒后在3h内移动使用基本安全。     

医院使用中消毒液污染状况分析与对策

目的 规范使用中消毒液的管理，以保障使用消毒液安全。方法 医院感染控制专职人员定期对各科室使用中消毒液进行监测，按《消毒技术规范》要求采样并检测细菌总数和真菌生长情况。结果 共采样704份，平均合格率为99％。使用中消毒液更换前1d有8份样本细菌总数超标；使用24h的消毒液合格率为100．00％，48h为95．00％，72h为85．00％。结论 使用中消毒液的污染来自许多方面，使用时间越长合格率越低。医院感染控制专职人员应针对监测结果提出改进措施。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.