A new technique for securing a chest tube

Most techniques described for securing a chest tube in position do not discuss closing the orifice in the chest wall after removal of the tube. An air tight closure of the chest wall and good approximation of the wound edges after removal of the chest tube must be done to prevent complications and obtain a cosmetically good scar. A technique for securing a chest tube is described that permits excellent approximation of the wound edges upon removal.     

单胸腔引流管在肺癌上叶切除术后的应用

目的比较肺癌上叶切除术后置入单、双胸管的临床效果。方法 2013年3月-2014.12月江苏省昆山市第一人民医院43例肺癌(肿瘤位于上叶)患者,分为双胸腔引流管组[22例,男13例、女9例,年龄(57.2±9.0)岁]和单胸腔引流管组[21例,男12例、女9例,年龄(56.5±9.5)岁]。观察两组的引流管持续时间、引流量、术后住院时间。结果单胸腔引流管组引流量显著少于双胸腔引流管组[(746.4±215.9)m L vs.(522.4±190.1)m L,P0.05]。两组术后带管时间、住院时间无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论肺癌(肿瘤位于上叶)上肺切除术后单胸腔引流管引流效果不亚于双胸腔引流管效果,且能减轻患者术后疼痛,带管时间更短,值得临床推广。     

Peptic ulcer of the gastric tube after esophagectomy for cancer: clinical implications

The use of the stomach as an esophageal substitute has become a well-established treatment procedure after esophagectomy for cancer. During the procedure, a bilateral truncal vagotomy is performed, which should prevent the occurrence of acid-related diseases in the gastric tube and in the remaining esophagus. We report the case of a man who presented a plugged perforated peptic ulcer that subsequently decompensated following endoscopic examination 1 year after a transthoracic esophagectomy with neoadjuvant chemo-radiation for a middle third squamous cell carcinoma. Resection of the ulcer and suture with a pleural patch was performed. There was no evidence of recurrent malignancy at time of surgery. The pathophysiology of gastric tube ulcer is multifactorial. Long-term treatment with an anti-secretory proton pump inhibitor may decrease esophageal complications of duodeno-gastric-esophageal reflux and could prevent the recurrence of gastric tube ulcers.     

管状胃代食管与传统食管癌手术后肺部并发症的对比研究

目的探讨管状胃代食管与传统食管癌手术后肺部并发症的比较研究。方法按手术方式将228例食管癌患者分为管状胃（A）组92例,和传统手术（B）组136例。临床资料,其中男137例,女91例;年龄31～72岁,平均年龄62．36岁,手术均采用改良Ivor—Lewis术式,统计两组术后各种肺部并发症的发生率。结果228例食管癌患者中管状胃组合并肺部并发症18例,传统手术组术后合并肺部并发症36例。结论管状胃代食管可明显减轻及减少食管癌术后肺部并发症。     

Endoscopic surveillance strategy after endoscopic resection for early gastric cancer

Early detection of early gastric cancer(EGC)is important to improve the prognosis of patients with gastric cancer.Recent advances in endoscopic modalities and treatment devices,such as image-enhanced endoscopy and high-frequency generators,may make endoscopic treatment,such as endoscopic submucosal dissection,a therapeutic option for gastric intraepithelial neoplasia.Consequently,short-term outcomes of endoscopic resection(ER)for EGC have improved.Therefore,surveillance with endoscopy after ER for EGC is becoming more important,but how to perform endoscopic surveillance after ER has not been established,even though the follow-up strategy for more advanced gastric cancer has been outlined.Therefore,a surveillance strategy for patients with EGC after ER is needed.     

Adenocarcinoma in a gastric tube after esophagectomy for esophageal carcinoma

The development of an adenocarcinoma in a reconstructed tube after subtotal esophagectomy for esophagus squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is uncommon and has been reported in articles from the Japanese medical community. We report three cases of patients who had this clinical presentation. We suggest an approach to postoperative management of ESCC to identify early tumors in gastric tubes and to allow endoscopic or surgical curative treatment.     

Enhanced recovery after surgery for laparoscopic gastrectomy in gastric cancer: A prospective study

Background:Laparoscopic distal gastrectomy (LDG) has been highlighted for its safety and better short-term clinical outcomes in treating gastric cancer. However, only a slight reduction of the post-operative hospital stay was observed in gastric cancer patients undergoing LDG with conventional perioperative management, compared to patients undergoing open surgery. Thus, an enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) program for LDG is needed to further reduce the post-operative hospital stays. This prospective, open-label, single-arm cohort study aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of the ERAS program for gastric cancer patients undergoing LDG.Material and Methods:All patients with gastric cancer indicated for LDG were consecutively enrolled from December 2016 to January 2018. The ERAS program included short fasting time, effective perioperative pain management, early, goal-oriented ambulation, and oral feeding. The safety assessment was the incidence of post-operative complications, mortality, and readmission in 30 days. The primary efficacy assessment was recovery time defined by post-operative hospital stays and rehabilitative rate on post-operative day 4.Results:Ninety-eight of 114 patients were finally enrolled. The incidence of post-operative complication, mortality, and readmission in 30 days was 20. 4%, 0%, 7.1%, respectively. The Clavien-Dindo grade III complication rate was 6.1%, while the pulmonary complication rate was 1% only. The median post-operative stay was 6 days (5.0-7.0 days), and the rehabilitative rate on post-operative day 4 was 78%.Conclusions:The ERAS program might be optimal perioperative management for gastric cancer patients after LDG without compromising safety.Trial number:{"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT03016026","term_id":"NCT03016026"}}NCT03016026     

A study of metachronous cancer after endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer

Abstract

Objective. Endoscopic resection is commonly used for early gastric cancer (EGC) in Korea and Japan. There are only a few reports of metachronous cancer after endoscopic resection. The aim of this study was to identify clinical factors associated with metachronous gastric cancer after endoscopic resection. Methods. A total of 176 patients with EGC who had underwent endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) were periodically followed-up with endoscopic examinations from January 2004 to December 2007. The incidence and variable factors of metachronous gastric cancer were investigated in a retrospective study. Results. The median interval between the diagnosis of primary cancer and the diagnosis of the first metachronous cancer was 30 months (range 18–42 months). Metachronous gastric cancer had developed in nine patients (5.1%) during follow-up period and seven patients (4.0%) had synchronous gastric cancer lesions within 1 year of the initial endoscopic treatment. Annual incidence rate of metachronous cancer was approximately 3.3%. Antrum atrophy and old age were significantly associated with the incidence of metachronous cancer. The status of Helicobacter pylori, size, location and gross finding of lesion had no significant relationship with metachronous occurrence. Conclusions. We should examine more carefully older patients who have atrophic gastritis because secondary cancer including metachronous cancer might occur in remnant stomach after initial successful endoscopic resection. And prospective study will be needed for the optimal endoscopic surveillance interval.     

Curative resection of gastric tube cancer by hand-assisted thoracoscopic surgery

We report a 78-year-old male who underwent successful resection of a gastric tube cancer by hand-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. The patient was initially placed in the supine position, and the abdominal portion of the gastric tube was mobilized via upper midline laparotomy. A pedicled colonic graft supplied by the left colic artery was prepared. The patient was then moved to the left decubitus position, and five ports were placed in the right chest wall. The surgeon stood in front of the patient, and inserted his left hand into the right pleural cavity through the laparotomy incision. After the whole gastric tube was successfully mobilized, the patient was returned to the supine position. The gastric tube was reconstructed with the pedicled colonic graft via the subcutaneous route. The surgical resection margins were free of cancer. The patient currently survives more than 16 months after surgery.     

Endoscopic mucosal resection for treatment of early gastric cancer

BACKGROUND: In Japan, endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is accepted as a treatment option for cases of early gastric cancer (EGC) where the probability of lymph node metastasis is low. The results of EMR for EGC at the National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, over a 11 year period are presented. METHODS: EMR was applied to patients with early cancers up to 30 mm in diameter that were of a well or moderately histologically differentiated type, and were superficially elevated and/or depressed (types I, IIa, and IIc) but without ulceration or definite signs of submucosal invasion. The resected specimens were carefully examined by serial sections at 2 mm intervals, and if histopathology revealed submucosal invasion and/or vessel involvement or if the resection margin was not clear, surgery was recommended. RESULTS: Four hundred and seventy nine cancers in 445 patients were treated by EMR from 1987 to 1998 but submucosal invasion was found on subsequent pathological examination in 74 tumours. Sixty nine percent of intramucosal cancers (278/405) were resected with a clear margin. Of 127 cancers without "complete resection", 14 underwent an additional operation and nine were treated endoscopically; the remainder had intensive follow up. Local recurrence in the stomach occurred in 17 lesions followed conservatively, in one lesion treated endoscopically, and in five lesions with complete resection. All tumours were diagnosed by follow up endoscopy and subsequently treated by surgery. There were no gastric cancer related deaths during a median follow up period of 38 months (3-120 months). Bleeding and perforation (5%) were two major complications of EMR but there were no treatment related deaths. CONCLUSION: In our experience, EMR allows us to perform less invasive treatment without sacrificing the possibility of cure.     

Function-preserving gastrectomy for gastric cancer in Japan

Surgery used to be the only therapy for gastric cancer, and since its ability to cure gastric cancer was the focus of attention, less attention was paid to functionpreserving surgery in gastric cancer, though it was studied for gastroduodenal ulcer. Maki et al developed pylorus-preserving gastrectomy for gastric ulcer in 1967. At the same time, the definition of early gastric cancer(EGC) was being considered, histopathological investigations of EGC were carried out, and the validity of modified surgery was sustained. After the development of H2-blockers, the number of operations for gastroduodenal ulcers decreased, and the number of EGC patients increased simultaneously. As a result, the indications for pylorus-preserving gastrectomy for EGC in the middle third of the stomach extended, and various alterations were added. Since then, many kinds of function-preserving gastrectomies have been performed and studied in other fields of gastric cancer, and proximal gastrectomy, jejunal pouch interposition, segmental gastrectomy, and local resection have been performed. On the other hand, from the overall perspective, it can be said that endoscopic resection, which was launched at almost the same time, is the ultimate function-preserving surgery under the current circumstances. The current function-preserving gastrectomies that are often performed and studied are pylorus-preserving gastrectomy and proximal gastrectomy. The reasons for this are that these procedures that can be performed with systemic lymph node dissection, and they include three important elements:(1) reduction of the extent of gastrectomy;(2) preservation of the pylorus; and(3) preservation of the vagal nerve. In addition, these operations are more likely to be performed with a laparoscopic approach as minimally invasive surgery. Of the above-mentioned three elements, reduction of the extent of gastrectomy is the most important in our view. Therefore, we should try to reduce the extent of gastrectomy if curability of the gastric cancer can still be achieved. However, if we preserve a wider residual stomach in functionpreserving gastrectomy, we should pay attention to the development of metachronous gastric cancer.     

Ulcer in the gastric tube for esophageal replacement: a comparison of 12 esophageal cancer patients with or without postoperative radiotherapy

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Ulcer in the gastric tube for esophageal replacement, which was caused by peptic factors or postoperative radiotherapy (Rx), are occasionally reported. The aim of this study was to clarify the clinicopathologic features of the ulcers in the gastric tube. METHODS: In 62 patients with a reconstructed gastric tube, after esophagectomy for esophageal cancer, esophagogastroduodenoscopy was performed. Ulcers of the gastric tube were detected in 12 patients: six with postoperative Rx and six without Rx. The 12 patients with gastric tube ulcers (GU-group) were reviewed and compared to the remaining 50 patients without ulcers of the gastric tube (Control-group). Clinicopathologic features of gastric tube ulcers were compared between the patients with and without Rx. RESULTS: There was no difference in any parameter between the patients of the GU- and Control-groups. Comparing the patients of the GU-group with and without Rx, the ulcers of the gastric tube in the patients without Rx were frequently located in the lower part of the gastric tube (P = 0.067), detected in a later period after surgery (P = 0.055), associated with cervical esophagitis (P = 0.03), and less associated with gastritis (P = 0.03). In three patients of the GU-group without Rx, Helicobacter pylori was detected in the gastric tube. Two of the three patients had a history of peptic ulcers before surgery, and had recurrence of the gastric tube ulcers. CONCLUSIONS: Gastric tube ulcers without postoperative Rx may have different characteristics compared to those induced by Rx.     

Proximal gastrectomy with double-tract reconstruction versus total gastrectomy for proximal early gastric cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background:The incidence of proximal gastric cancer in the gastric fundus, cardia, and other parts is increasing rapidly. The purpose of this study was to systematically compare the short-term and long-term clinical effects of proximal gastrectomy with double tract reconstruction (PG-DTR) to total gastrectomy (TG) for proximal early gastric cancer (EGC).Methods:A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted through searching the literature in PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, CNKI, WAN FANG, and VIP databases. All clinical controlled trials and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of PG-DTR and PG were included. Simultaneously, the relevant data were extracted, and the software RevMan version 5.1 was used for the meta-analysis.Results:Eight studies with a total of 753 patients were eligible for the meta-analysis. There were no significant differences in the operation time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative hospital stay, early complications (anastomotic fistula and anastomotic bleeding), late complications (reflux symptoms and anastomotic stenosis), and 5-year survival rate between PG-DTR and TG. However, the levels of partial nutritional indicators (vitamin B12 supplements and vitamin B12 deficiency) were significantly higher in the PG-DTR group than in the TG group.Conclusion:This study showed ample evidence to suggest that PG-DTR improved the postoperative nutritional status without compromising patient safety while providing the same surgical characteristics and postoperative morbidity as TG.     

Endoscopists' view on superficial spreading type of early gastric cancer – endoscopic resection or surgery?

Abstract

Objective. The superficial spreading type of early gastric cancer (EGC) possesses unique features different from other types of EGC. We aimed to elucidate the clinicopathological features of superficial spreading type of EGC. Material and methods. We analyzed 1455 EGC lesions from 1398 patients who had undergone surgical treatment at Samsung Medical Center from 2000 to 2002. Then the clinicopathological features of 224 superficial-spreading EGC lesions (15.4%) was compared to that of 1231 lesions of a common type of EGC. Results. In the superficial spreading type of EGC, the incidence of undifferentiated type and submucosal invasion were higher than those of common type of EGC (55.4 vs 38.0%, p <?.01 and 58.5 vs 37.8%, p <?.01, respectively). Lymph node metastasis and lymphovascular invasion were more frequent in superficial spreading type than in common type of EGC (19.2 vs 7.6%, p <?.01 and 15.2 vs 7.4%, p <?.01, respectively). There was no difference in recurrence rate or 5-year survival rate between the two groups. Conclusion. Considering higher risk of submucosal invasion and lymph node metastasis in superficial spreading type, a careful consideration should be done before the application of endoscopic resection to the superficial spreading type of EGC.     

Risk factors for operative morbidity and mortality in gastric cancer patients undergoing total gastrectomy

AIM： To study the risk factors for morbidity and mortality following total gastrectomy. METHODS： We retrospectively reviewed the records of 125 consecutive patients who underwent total gastrectomy for gastric cancer at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine between January 2003 and March 2008. RESULTS： The overall morbidity rate was 20.8% （27 patients） and the mortality rate was 3.2% （4 patients）. Morbidity rates were higher in patients aged over 60 [odds ratio （OR） 4.23 （95% confidence interval （CI） 1.09 to 12.05）], with preoperative comorbidity [with vs without, OR 1.25 （95% CI 1.13 to 8.12）], when the combined resection was performed [combined resection vs total gastrectomy only, OR 2.67 （95% CI 1.58 to 5.06）]. CONCLUSION： Age, preoperative comorbidity and combined resection were with the rate of morbidity gastric cancer. independently associated after total gastrectomy for