背阔肌肌皮瓣移植修复上肢大面积复合组织缺损

目的　探讨应用背阔肌肌皮瓣修复上肢大面积复合组织缺损的疗效。方法　用带蒂背阔肌肌皮瓣修复上肢皮肤肌肉缺损 3例 ,并重建肱二头肌和肱三头肌功能 ;游离背阔肌肌皮瓣修复上肢皮肤肌肉缺损 9例 ,其中 3例将胸背神经与桡神经缝合 ,另 6例将胸背神经与正中神经缝合。皮瓣切取面积为 7～ 15cm× 18～ 42cm。结果　 12例皮瓣全部存活 ,4例肌力恢复至M4,6例恢复到M3 ,2例为M3 -。结论　应用背阔肌肌皮瓣修复上肢大面积皮肤、肌肉缺损时 ,能恢复伸屈肘关节的功能及大部分伸屈手指的功能。     

改良背阔肌肌皮瓣游离修复软组织缺损的临床应用

目的：探讨应用胸背动脉外侧支供血的改良背阔肌肌皮瓣移植修复软组织缺损创面的临床效果。方法对7例软组织缺损的患者采用胸背动脉外侧支供血改良背阔肌肌皮瓣进行移植修复。利用胸背血管的外侧支供血带少许肌袖,皮瓣解剖时保留胸背神经的主干及内侧支,皮瓣面积15.0 cm×8.0 cm~22.0 cm×12.0 cm。结果7例皮瓣完全成活,1例胫前软组织缺损的患者术后2 h 出现血管危象,经探查重新吻合静脉,创口Ⅰ期愈合。背部供区植皮创面4例Ⅰ期愈合,3例边缘部分皮片坏死,经换药治愈。对所有患者随访3~12个月,皮瓣外形与功能均较满意。结论利用胸背动脉外侧支供血改良背阔肌肌皮瓣移植修复软组织缺损是较为理想的方法,临床上值得推广应用。     

应用游离背阔肌皮瓣修复四肢大面积皮肤软组织缺损

目的报道应用游离背阔肌皮瓣修复四肢大面积皮肤软组织缺损的手术方法和临床效果。方法对骨折行简单内固定，然后行游离背阔肌皮瓣修复创面。术前做动脉造影检查，了解血管的走向情况。切取背阔肌皮瓣于腋皱纹下缘、背阔肌范围内按需要设计一梭形肌皮瓣。手术时沿切口标线的外下方切开皮肤皮下组织，在背阔肌的深面逐渐向上解剖，在近腋窝处即可见胸背动脉及其伴行的静脉、神经。完全游离背阔肌皮瓣。受区准备：上肢部位要解剖正中神经、尺动脉、头静脉；下肢解剖出胫前动静脉、大隐静脉备用。按照先吻接动脉后吻接静脉的原则用10-0的无损伤缝针作端端吻合，上肢以尺动脉与胸背动脉做端端吻合或端侧吻合，胸背静脉与头静脉吻接，下肢胫前动脉与胸背动脉吻接，胫前静脉或大隐静脉与胸背静脉吻接。前臂前侧合并有肌腱缺损者，将游离的背阔肌卷成条状，两端与屈指肌腱吻合。合并神经损伤者，将正中神经和胸背神经在手术显微镜下作外膜缝合。切取皮瓣的面积范围16em×8cm～22cm×13cm。结果1例出现静脉危象，经处理后远端表皮坏死，经换药而愈。6例切口甲级愈合。1例因皮瓣臃肿行皮瓣、肌皮瓣修整术。1例屈指肌腱缺损以游离背阔肌重建患者肌力从1级恢复到3级。其余病例肢体功能大部分恢复且外形满意。结论在动脉造影的指导下，应用游离背阔肌皮瓣修复四肢大面积皮肤软组织缺损可取得较好的疗效。根据缺损的不同部位、范围和性质，选择不同的手术方法进行修复，可获得满意的临床效果。     

携带少量肌袖的胸背动脉穿支皮瓣的临床应用

目的 探讨携带少量肌袖的胸背动脉穿支皮瓣修复缺损创面的手术方法及临床效果.方法 自2005年3月至2009年12月,应用携带少量肌袖的游离胸背动脉穿支皮瓣修复10例皮肤缺损患者,其中头颈部肿瘤切除术后皮肤缺损者3例,四肢部位皮肤缺损者7例.在游离皮瓣过程中,将胸背神经和大部分背阔肌留存于供区.根据创面缺损情况设计携带穿支血管处的少量背阔肌肌袖的胸背动脉穿支皮瓣,皮瓣大小为4.5 cm×7.0 cm～6.5 cm×12.0 cm.供区直接拉拢缝合.结果 术后随访10例患者2～41个月,游离移植的皮瓣成活良好,缺损修复后其外形较满意;供区余留的背阔肌其收缩功能仍存在,切口愈合良好.结论 该术式中保留的部分背阔肌肌袖,既有利于保护穿支皮瓣,又可改善皮瓣的臃肿外形;保留了胸背神经和大部分背阔肌,使供区损伤较小,符合皮瓣切取原则.     

保留胸背神经的背阔肌皮瓣游离移植

目的 为减少背阔肌皮瓣切取时供区的代价，尽可能保留肌皮瓣切取后背阔肌的功能。方法 通过了解胸背神经、血管的解剖特点，切取肌皮瓣时不将胸背神经完全切断，保留部分或全部神经的支配。手术前后对背阔肌的神经肌肉动作电位进行检查，了解术后保留的背阔肌功能。临床应用20例修复下肢或前臂软组织缺损或伴骨外露。结果 19例移植皮瓣成活良好，保留的背阔肌有收缩功能存在。结论 在切取一定大小的背阔肌皮瓣时，保留胸背神经的支配，可减小背阔肌的功能损失，使供区的代价降低，符合皮瓣切取原则。     

应用游离背阔肌皮瓣治疗四肢软组织缺损

目的 探讨游离背阔肌皮瓣修复四肢大面积皮肤软组织缺损的临床效果.方法 以背阔肌外缘内侧2～3cm平行线为皮瓣轴线设计皮瓣,手术沿皮瓣后内缘向上追踪血管束至腋区进行解剖,切断背阔肌止点腱及血管蒂,移至受区与受区吻合相应的血管、神经和肌腱吻合,临床上进行缺损创面修复19例.切取皮瓣面积范围8 cm×15 cm～ 18 cm×35 cm.结果 19例背阔肌皮瓣,其中5例发生血管危象,3例经探查后成活,2例小面积坏死,经换药后愈合,1例因广泛血栓形成而坏死,其余皮瓣均成活良好,效果满意.结论 应用游离背阔肌皮瓣修复四肢大面积皮肤软组织缺损临床疗效好.     

胸背动脉穿支皮瓣移植修复不同部位皮肤软组织缺损16例

目的 探讨胸背动脉穿支皮瓣游离移植和带蒂转移修复四肢及颈部、腋窝、肩背部皮肤软组织缺损的可行性和临床效果.方法 选用同侧带血管蒂胸背动脉穿支皮瓣修复5例颈部、腋窝、肩背部创面;选用胸背动脉穿支皮瓣游离移植修复11例四肢骨外露或肌腱外露创面.其中12例以胸背动静脉-外侧支-穿支为血管蒂,4例以胸背动静脉-前锯肌支-穿支为血管蒂,皮瓣不携带深筋膜、背阔肌和胸背神经.皮瓣面积最小10 cm×5 cm,最大26 cm×10 cm.结果 术后16例皮瓣全部成活,供区与受区创面一期愈合.术后随访3～ 24个月,皮瓣质地良好、外形不臃肿,皮瓣供区瘢痕不明显,肩关节功能无影响.结论 胸背动脉穿支皮瓣质地良好、供区隐蔽、血管蒂长、血供可靠,且不牺牲背阔肌和胸背神经.带蒂转移是修复同侧颈、肩、腋窝皮肤软组织缺损的理想方法,游离移植适合修复四肢皮肤软组织缺损.     

带蒂联合皮瓣移植修复上肢广泛软组织缺损

目的 探讨上肢广泛软组织缺损皮瓣修复方法的选择.方法 12例肘部、前臂及腕掌部高压电烧伤、热压伤及碾压伤患者,清创后4例应用背阔肌肌皮瓣与髂腰部皮瓣联合修复,将背阔肌肌皮瓣部分形成岛状,胸背血管蒂通过腋窝,上臂内侧皮下,髂腰部皮瓣部分以旋髂浅血管为蒂,皮瓣的蒂部形成皮管,位于腹股沟处,3周后再行断蒂;2例背阔肌肌皮瓣与侧胸皮瓣联合,将胸背动静脉游离出置于侧胸皮瓣内后形成皮管.蒂部位于侧胸上部;6例以巨大胸腹部联合皮瓣带蒂转移修复,以脐旁血管及肋间血管外侧皮支为轴,形成巨大皮瓣包绕前臂环形创面.结果 1例皮瓣远端局限坏死2 cm及皮瓣下感染,余全部成活,效果满意.结论 上肢创伤广泛软组织缺损,早期清创,应用带蒂联合皮瓣、肌皮瓣修复是一种简单、安全、可靠的方法.     

背阔肌皮瓣游离移植修复前臂重建功能

创伤致前臂屈肌或伸肌并皮肤广泛缺损,使患肢手部完全丧失功能,治疗上极为困难。我院从1987年开始应用吻合血管、神经的背阔肌肌皮瓣移植,修复前臂肌肉并广泛性皮肤缺损4例。术后随访6个月～3年,肌力恢复4级左右,外形和功能满意。 我们的方法是将背阔肌的腱性部分固定在肱骨内髁或外髁上,远端分成束,每一束与手指肌腱的远侧断端在张力下缝接。同时可应用肌腱移位重建1～2指功能以弥补背阔肌肌力的不足。对背阔肌修复前臂软组织缺损重建功能的优缺点、受区的准备、肌腱的处理等问题进行了讨论。     

应用背阔肌皮瓣修复足部大面积皮肤软组织缺损

目的 报道应用背阔肌皮瓣修复足部大面积皮肤软组织缺损的临床效果.方法 应用带血管、神经蒂的背阔肌游离皮瓣移植修复足部大面积皮肤软组织缺损8例,切取背阔肌皮瓣面积最大25 cm×20 cm,最小12 cm×10 cm.结果 术后8例皮瓣全部成活,术后经1～6年随访,足部功能恢复较好,皮肤无破损,感觉部分恢复.结论 背阔肌皮瓣部位隐蔽,血供丰富,切取范围大,适合修复足部大面积皮肤软组织缺损,有助于足部功能的重建,是一种较为理想的治疗方法.     

急诊显微外科修复肢体复杂组织缺损

目的：报道急诊复合组织游离移植和游离组织组合移植修复肢体复杂组织缺损的临床效果。方法：组织移植包括单侧背阔肌肌皮瓣游离移植、带蒂转移，废弃肢体复合组织瓣游离移植，带伸趾肌腱足背皮瓣游离移植，背阔肌肌皮瓣与腓骨组合移植，以及双侧背阔肌肌皮瓣组合移植等。结果：移植组织共３０例，其中完全成活２４例，部分皮肤坏死经换药后愈合５例，失败１例。经８～１８个月随访，所有经修复的肢体均保留或恢复了有用的功能。结论：急诊显微外科修复组织缺损是可行、安全和有效的。     

特殊毁损性创面的修复与重建

目的报道特殊毁损性创面的修复与重建.方法1993年1月～2000年12月收治147例患者的毁损性创面175处,其中电烧伤96例,热压伤18例,一氧化碳中毒昏迷、癫痫发作等原因烧伤18例,药物渗漏、创面感染致深部组织坏死6例,放射性烧伤3例,化学烧伤2例,爆炸伤2例,冻伤2例.175处毁损性创面应用局部皮瓣,前臂逆行岛状皮瓣,胸大肌皮瓣,胸三角皮瓣,背阔肌皮瓣,腓肠肌肌皮瓣,胫前、胫后动脉岛状皮瓣等修复.创面缺损范围1cm×1cm～20cm×28cm,皮瓣最大22cm×30cm,最小1.5cm×2.0cm,同时行去细胞异体肌腱移植,修复缺损肌腱7例.结果169个皮瓣全部成活,创面Ⅰ期愈合;6个皮瓣远端小部分坏死,经切除坏死痂皮植皮愈合;7例去细胞异体肌腱移植全部成活.28例经4个月～8年随访,功能、外形均满意.结论根据毁损性创面部位、范围和程度,选择不同类型的皮瓣进行修复和去细胞异体肌腱移植,是恢复功能、改善患者生活质量的理想方法.     

Reverse-flow latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap in a multi-step approach for complex back defect reconstruction: A case report

Reconstruction of complex back defects is challenging for reconstructive surgeons, as it should preserve function, provide adequate coverage, and minimize morbidity. We present a case of multiple-step reconstruction after resection of a large squamous cell carcinoma recurrence in a 68-year-old man, with local perforator flaps and a reverse-flow latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap. After radical excision, four propeller perforator flaps were harvested to cover a 30 × 25 cm defect, based on the dorsal branch of the fifth posterior intercostal arteries (right 20 × 9 cm, left 17 × 9 cm) and on the superior gluteal arteries (right 20 × 11 cm, left 21 × 12 cm) bilaterally. In the second step, bilateral propeller perforator flaps based on the fourth lumbar arteries (right 18 × 13 cm, left 23 × 11 cm) were transposed to cover the residual loss of tissues. After 5 months, a recurrence occurred on the left midback. A wide en bloc excision of the last three ribs and pulmonary pleura was performed, and the synthetic mesh used for thoracic wall reconstruction was covered with an ipsilateral 20 × 10 cm reverse-flow latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap based on the serratus anterior branch. All the flaps healed uneventfully and there were no donor-site complications. Two years postoperatively, the patient had a cosmetically acceptable result without any functional impairment. The reverse-flow latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap can represent a salvage procedure in back complex defects reconstruction, especially when other local flaps have already been harvested in previous reconstructive procedures.     

背阔肌游离肌皮瓣用于颅颌面部缺损重建

目的　提高颅颌面部组织缺损的修复水平。方法　本组 8例颅颌面部组织缺损患者 ,皮肤和黏膜缺损面积最小 10cm× 8cm ,最大 30cm× 12cm ,应用背阔肌游离肌皮瓣移植修复 ,所有皮瓣的神经均与受区神经吻合。 7例患者一期手术完成 ,另 1例分 3次手术完成 :第 1次行皮瓣延迟 ,第 2次手术行游离皮瓣移植 ,第 3次手术行口角成形术。肌皮瓣面积最小 12cm× 10cm ,最大 32cm× 16cm。结果　术后随访 6个月～ 4年 ,所有患者功能和形态满意 ,感觉恢复良好 ,无皮瓣发生坏死和溃疡。结论　背阔肌游离肌皮瓣移植是一种修复严重颅颌面部组织缺损的较为理想的方法 ,具有血供可靠、抗感染力强、供瓣面积大、供区隐蔽、可重建运动和感觉功能等优点。     

Serratus anterior free fascial flap for dorsal hand coverage.

Reconstruction of the dorsal surface of hand defects requires thin, pliable, well-vascularized tissue with a gliding surface for the extensor tendon course. Fasciocutaneous or fascial flaps are the two surgical options. Fascial flaps present the advantages of thinness and low donor site morbidity. The authors present 4 cases of serratus anterior free fascial flap (SAFFF) used to cover the dorsum of the hand. The SAFFF with skin graft has many advantages for a fascial flap: long, constant vascular pedicle; very thin, well-vascularized tissue; low donor site morbidity; and the possibility of simultaneous donor and recipient site dissection. Furthermore, it can be associated with other flaps of the subscapular system for complex reconstructions. Of the 4 observations described, 2 used associated flaps, 1 used the SAFFF with a latissimus dorsi flap, and 1 used a scapular bone flap with the SAFFF. One flap was lost due to an electrical lesion to the forearm vessels.     

Use of pedicled latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap to reconstruct the upper limb with large soft tissue defects

ObjectiveTo report the technique of reconstruction of large skin and soft tissue defects in the upper extremity using pedicled latissimus dorsi myocu-taneous flaps.MethodsSix patients with large skin and soft tissue defects were included in this report. There were 5 trauma patients and the rest one needed to receive plastic surgery for his extremity scar. All wounds were in the upper extremity. The sizes of defects ranged from 15 cmx6 cm to 30 cmx18 cm. Pedicled latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flaps were designed according to the defect area and raised with part of latissi-mus dorsi. The thoracodorsal artery and its perforators were carefully protected during surgery.ResultsAll flaps healed primarily without flap congestion, margin necrosis or infection. The skin donor sites either received split-thickness skin graft (3 cases, mostly from the anterior thigh) or was closed primarily (3 cases) and had minimal morbidity. Follow-up of 6-12 months showed that the contour of flap was aesthetic and the function of limb was excellent.ConclusionOur experience indicates that the pedicled latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap is favorable for reconstruction of large skin and soft tissue defects in the upper extremity.     

急诊组织瓣移植(位)修复伴有严重血管损伤的上肢复杂性组织缺损

目的 介绍急诊组织瓣移植或移位一期修复伴有严重血管损伤的上肢复杂性组织缺损的手术疗效.方法 对10例伴有严重血管损伤的上肢复杂性组织缺损的患者,在修复血管重建肢体血运的同时,根据组织缺损需要采用皮瓣、肌皮瓣、骨皮瓣甚至组织瓣组合移植的方法急诊进行一期修复.其中上臂肱动、静脉长段缺损,合并肱二头肌及上臂内侧大面积皮肤缺损,血管修复后背阔肌皮瓣移位覆盖创面并重建屈肘功能3例;肘部血管损伤合并肘关节周围大面积皮肤撕脱缺损,血管修复后移植胸脐皮瓣覆盖创面2例;前臂尺、桡动脉损伤合并皮肤肌肉缺损,血管修复后移植股前外侧皮瓣覆盖创面3例;前臂尺桡动脉损伤并尺桡骨缺损,血管修复后移植腓骨皮瓣重建尺骨缺损,二期再移植腓骨皮瓣重建桡骨缺损1例;前臂尺、桡动脉损伤合并桡骨及大面积皮肤缺损,血管修复后股前外侧皮瓣加髂骨皮瓣组合移植1例.结果 术后10例患肢及移位组织瓣全部存活.术后随访3～6个月,3例上臂损伤患者,肘关节最大屈曲度为105,屈肘肌力为M_3～M_4地,手功能恢复基本正常;肘及前臂损伤的7例患者,肢体及移植皮瓣完全存活,骨皮瓣和腕部已达骨性愈合,并恢复部分手功能.结论 对严重血管损伤且合并有复杂组织缺损的上肢损伤,急诊在施行血管修复重建肢体血运的同时,采用组织瓣单独或组合移植一期有效覆盖创面,可提高复杂性患肢的成活率,并为二期功能重建术提供良好的软组织条件.     

The dorsoradial flap: a new flap for hand reconstruction. Anatomical study and clinical applications

The authors report a new cutaneous flap harvested from the dorsal and distal quarter of the forearm: the dorsoradial flap. The vascularisation type of the cutaneous paddle belongs this flap to the anterograde and axial family flaps. The anatomical study carried out on thirty six fresh cadaver upper arms showed a constant and a consistent cutaneous collateral branch of the radial artery which arises at the apex of the first intermetacarpal space. Two anatomical types were recorded according to the origin of the dorsoradial artery: type I (84% of cases), the vessel arises directly from the radial artery; type II (16% of cases), it arises from a common trunk with the first dorsal intermetacarpal artery. Those anatomical findings does not influence the flap operative technique, the flap design and the location of the pedicle pivot point. The dorsoradial artery emerges vertically from the apex of the first intermetacarpal space, crosses the angle between the extensor pollicis longus tendon laterally and the extensor carpi radialis longus tendon medially and turns proximally towards the distal radio-ulnar joint. Over the dorsal aspect of the wrist, the dorsoradial artery enters the subcutaneous tissue, runs parallel to the extensor pollicis longus tendon at three millimeters in a medial position, passes over the medial collateral branch of the superficial radial nerve and irrigates all the distal and dorsal quarter of the forearm. The artery is consistently accompanied by two comitantes veins, which assume the venous drainage of the cutaneous territory. The flap paddle is designed over the distal dorsal forearm quarter, between the dorsal crease of the wrist distally, the ulnar crest medially and the radial crest laterally. All this skin territory can be harvested and supplied by the dorsoradial pedicle, but we always should deal with the needs of the defects reconstruction and the morbidity of the donor site. The vascular pedicle is outlined between the distal radio-ulnar joint and the apex of the first intermetacarpal space with a minimum of one centimeter width. The surgical procedure is carried out under a tourniquet without an upper arm exsanguination. The skin is firstly dissected over the vascular pedicle through an S shape incision; it is lifted on the dermo-hypodermis plan preserving all the superficial venous network with the pedicle. The flap is elevated from proximal to distal including the dorsal forearm fascia. Over the dorsal extensor retinaculum, the dissection is underwent close to it elevating all the subcutaneous tissues. The medial collateral branch of the superficial radial nerve should be identified and respected. At the distal border of the dorsal retinaculum, the extensor pollicis longus and the extensor carpi radialis longus tendons are identified and retracted. The pedicle dissection goes deeper between this two tendons towards the first web space. It takes all the areolar tissue around the pedicle in order to preserve the venous network of the cutaneous paddle. The donor site is closed primarily if the skin width does not exceed 3 cm or grafted secondarily. Its large rotational arc allows the cutaneous paddle to cover the dorsal hand and metacarpo-phalangeal long fingers defects, the dorsal aspect of the thumb and the first intermetacarpal space. It can also safely reach the palmar aspect of the wrist. We report four clinical cases where the dorsoradial flap was successfully applied. This preliminary clinical experience exhibits the vascular network reliability and the operative technique simplicity of this new cutaneous flap. We believe that it should be added to the armamentarium of the reconstructive hand surgeon and considered as a useful tool for soft tissue hand and thumb reconstruction defects.     

Use of free flaps in the aesthetic reconstruction of face and neck deformities.

Three cases of face and neck deformities, reconstructed with free flaps in order to obtain better aesthetic results, are presented here. Nasal tip, cartilage, and soft tissue defects as well as facial burn contractures were reconstructed with a free radial forearm flap, latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap, and groin flap, respectively. Case specifics are discussed.