后外侧入路微创小切口人工全髋关节置换术

[目的]探讨后外侧入路微创小切口人工全髋关节置换术(total híp arthroplasty,THA)的临床疗效.[方法]2005年6月～2008年12月,采用改良后外侧入路微创小切口人工全髋关节置换术治疗髋关节疾病患者31例33髋,均为单切口微创技术,并与同时期微创传统人工全髋关节置换术的28例31髋患者比较,两组患者年龄、性别、病种、体重指数、髋关节功能等大致相同.分析两组病例围手术期出血量、手术时间、切口长度、疼痛评分、Harris评分、假体位置、并发症等,并进行两组病例对比研究.[结果]小切口THA组与传统THA组病例随访6～48个月,平均24.8个月.两组手术时间相近.小切口组平均切口长度9.2 cm(7～11 cm),传统手术组15 cm(12～20cm),两组差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);围手术期出血量小切口组450 ml(200 ～600 ml),传统组800 ml(600～1200 ml),两组有统计学意义(P＜0.05);小切口组疼痛评分5.1分,传统组为6.5分(P＜0.05);术后6个月小切口组Harris评分93.8分(85～99分);传统组92.1分(82～96分)(P＞0.05).小切口组术后早期功能恢复较传统组快,而中期结果相似.术后及随访时,两组假体位置均良好.两组THA均末出现术后脱位、感染.肢体不等长各2例,但差异均在1 cm以内,两组均各出现2例下肢深静脉血栓形成.[结论]小切口微创THA可选择性用于部分髋关节疾病的治疗,手术创伤小,围手术期出血少,切口小,疼痛轻,术后恢复快,且可获得与传统后路THA相同的治疗效果.     

小切口人工全髋置换假体位置的准确性分析

[目的]评价小切口人工全髋关节置换术假体安放位置的准确性.[方法]自2005年9月～2006年3月行后外侧单切口入路小切口人工全髋关节置换术26例30髋和常规切口人工全髋关节置换术34例35髋.小切口组男15例,女11例,平均52±14.4岁,常规切口组男17例,女17例,平均48±11.7岁.比较两组手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流量、输血量、切口长度和并发症,分析术后影像学资料,测量髋臼杯外展角,髋臼杯前倾角,髋关节旋转中心,肢体长度,股骨假体内外翻比例.比较两组患者的临床疗效和假体安放位置的准确性.[结果]两组在年龄、性别、术后引流量、手术时间、体重质量指数无统计学差别.小切口组25例(29髋),常规切口组32例(33髋)随访18～24月(平均20.1个月).小切口组术中出血量(497±64.9 ml)比常规切口组(675±181.4 ml)少(P<0.05).常规切口组术后需要输血量明显增多(P<0.05).两组患者无严重并发症发生.术后测量髋臼杯外展角小切口组37.7°±6.8°,常规切口组40.3°±5.8°;髋臼杯前倾角小切口组10.8°±7.2°, 常规切口组13.2°±8.9°; 髋关节旋转中心平均上移小切口组-1.4±2.5 mm, 常规切口组-1.5±3.8 mm;术后肢体延长小切口组1.1±7.1 mm, 常规切口组1.5±8.4 mm;股骨假体小切口组内翻1例,中置27例,外翻2例; 常规切口组内翻2例,中置30例,外翻3例.两组假体位置相关参数测量数值差别无统计意义.[结论]在合理选择病例,术者具有丰富经验的情况下,小切口人工全髋关节置换术创伤小、出血少,与常规切口手术相比并不影响假体位置的安放.     

骨质疏松患者外侧入路微创全髋关节置换术初步探讨

目的 探讨骨质疏松患者进行外侧人路微创人工全髋关节置换术(MIS-THA)的疗效及适应证.方法 对92例骨质疏松患者,46例行MIS-THA手术,46例行常规人工全髋关节置换术(THA),对2种置换方法 在切口长度、术中出血量等方面进行比较.结果 MIS-THA组在围手术期出血量、术后切口引流量等均较常规THA组少,MIS-THA组早期平均Harris评分明显高于常规THA组.结论 骨质疏松患者进行MIS-THA具有创伤较小、出血量少、术后近期功能恢复快的优点,但应严格把握手术适应证.     

改良小切口与常规全髋关节置换术的比较研究

目的比较改良小切口与常规全髋关节置换术的手术经验及短期临床随访结果。方法采用改良小切口对15例15髋进行全髋关节置换术（total hip arthroplosty，THA），男10例，女5例；年龄65～75岁，平均72岁，体重指数20．5～26．5kg／m^2，平均23．5kg／m^2。股骨颈骨折10例，股骨头缺血性坏死3例，骨关节炎2例。术前Harris评分平均33．5分。同期采用常规后外侧入路行THA15例15髋，男11例，女4例；年龄66～78岁，平均73岁，体重指数20．8～25．8kg／m^2，平均23．8kg／m^2。股骨颈骨折12例，股骨头缺血性坏死3例。术前Harris评分平均33．8分。两组年龄、性别及体重指数均衡（P〉0．05），疾病谱相似。对两组病例的术中出血量、手术时间、切口长度、术后早中期的功能锻炼情况及影像学评价进行比较。结果术后随访6～10个月，平均8．2个月。改良小切口THA组切口长度平均9．5cm，较常规THA组短（P〈0．05）；术中出血量（318±223．1）mL，引流量（252±169．1）mL，均较常规THA组少（P〈0．05）；平均手术时间两组并无统计学意义。小切口THA组术后早期功能恢复较常规THA组快，而中期结果相似。术后及随访时两组假体位置均良好。小切口THA组除有2例患者术中发生切口近端皮肤擦伤，无并发症，常规THA组有1例患者术后脱位。结论改良小切口技术可选择性用于部分病例的人工全髋关节置换术，创伤小，围手术期出血少，切口小且不影响假体位置，术后早期功能锻炼。但应严格选择手术适应证，由拥有相应设备条件的医院及有一定经验的医生开展。     

后外侧入路传统及微创人工全髋关节置换术对比研究

目的 比较经后外侧入路传统及微创人工全髋关节置换术(total hip arthroplasty,THA)的临床疗效.方法 2007年1月-11月,对38例41髋行小切口微创THA(小切口组),同期15例15髋行常规切口THA(常规切口组).小切口组:男23例25髋,女15例16髋;年龄(53.2±15.5)岁.体重指数(body mass index,BMI)为23.4±3.3.股骨颈骨折20例20髋,原发性骨性关节炎2例2髋,股骨头Ⅲ期或Ⅳ期无菌性坏死14例16髋,强直性脊柱炎累及髋关节2例3髋.髋关节Harris评分为(47.7±5.5)分.病程(4.5±4.3)年.常规切口组:男7例,女8例,均为单髋;年龄(54.8±10.8)岁.BMI为26.1±5.1.股骨颈骨折8例,原发性骨性关节炎1例,股骨头Ⅲ期或Ⅳ期无菌性坏死5例,强直性脊柱炎累及髋关节1例.Harris评分为(51.2±4.3)分.病程(3.8±3.7)年.两组一般资料比较筹异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结果 两组切口长度、围手术期出血量、引流鼍及输血量比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);手术时间、术后即刻髋门杯外展角及髋臼杯前倾角比较,差异尤统计学意义(P＞0.05).患者术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无早期相关并发症发生.两组均获随访,随访时间12～22个月,平均18.3个月.患者于术后2～3个月弃拐行走.小切口组和常规切口组术后6个月Harris评分分别为(88.6±3.6)分及(85.8±3.3)分,组间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),与同组术前比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 后外侧入路微创THA较传统术式具有创伤小、出血少、术后恢复快、住院时间短、并发症少、股骨处理方便及假体定位准确的优点,但需严格掌握手术适应证.     

微创小切口人工全髋关节置换术在晚期股骨头坏死治疗中的应用

目的探讨微创小切口人工全髋关节置换术在晚期股骨头坏死治疗中的应用价值。方法2003年3月始，采用微创技术治疗18例22髋国际骨循环学会（Association Research Circulation Osseous，ARCO）分期Ⅲ、Ⅳ期股骨头坏死患者，其中男13例，女5例，年龄24～57岁；体重指数（body mass index，BMI）24．6（17．1～30．1），术前髋关节Harris评分平均46分。均采用改良的后外侧切口、非骨水泥假体行人工全髋关节置换术（微创组）。与同期常规人工全髋置换术的18例22髋（对照组，术前髋关节Harris评分平均43分）进行比较，包括：围手术期出血量、切口长度及术后早期功能恢复情况等。结果术后两组均获随访6～20个月，平均11个月。对照组1髋术后2d脱位，微创组中无并发症发生；微创组手术切口长9．3cm（8．7～10．5cm），较对照组16．8cm（14．0～20．0cm）短，差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）；两组术后随访6个月时Harris评分分别为92、90分，差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）；手术时间相近，但围手术期出血量及引流量微创组较少，两组差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；微创组术后恢复较快。结论微创小切口全髋关节置换术，手术创伤小、出血少，术后恢复较快，但开展此手术的初期，应由有经验的医师及有相应设备的医院、有选择地用于晚期股骨头坏死患者的治疗。     

2种入路全髋关节置换术的早期临床疗效对比

目的探讨人工全髋关节置换术(THA)采用2种手术入路的早期临床疗效。方法分析自2013-01—2014-06采用THA治疗88例髋关节疾患的临床资料,随机分为后外侧小切口组和前外侧入路组。结果术后2组均获得平均12(5~18)个月随访。2组88例切口达到一期愈合。后外侧小切口组在切口长度、术后引流量、术后止疼药物的用量、术前术后膝关节上方20 cm大腿周径差等均低于前外侧入路组,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05),但2组手术时间、术中出血量比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。后外侧小切口术后输血6例,1例早期感染,1例发生假体周围骨折;前外侧入路组术后输血10例,无深静脉血栓、假体周围骨折、感染、骨水泥反应等并发症发生,2组术后并发症比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。后外侧小切口组术后3 d、2周髋关节功能Harris评分均高于前外侧组,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05),而术后3个月、1年的Harris评分比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论后外侧小切口入路髋关节置换术与前外侧常规入路髋关节置换术相比,具有切口小、术后引流少、患肢肿胀轻、术后早期疼痛轻等优点,综合比较要优于前外侧入路髋关节置换术,但2组远期疗效相当。     

全髋关节置换术小切口与传统切口临床比较研究

目的 比较后外侧小切口全髋关节置换术(THA)与传统THA的临床疗效及并发症.方法 2004年11月至2009年6月,对38例(40髋)患者行后外侧小切口(6～10 cm)THA,47例(48髋)患者行传统切口(11～15 cm)THA.所有病例均由同一位主刀医生完成手术.结果 术后随访平均21.2个月(18～24个月...     

外侧入路行全髋关节置换68例体会

目的观察分析外侧切口进行全髋置换的手术效果。方法68例患者采用外侧切口行全髋置换术，术后随访0．5～3年，并以Harris法进行功能评定。结果所有患者手术均在外侧切口下顺利进行，术中显露满意，手术时间短、出血少。半年后患肢功能恢复良好，无髋外展无力和髋关节脱位显现，X线片显示假体位置良好，无假体松动，优良率达100％。结论外侧切口进行全髋置换术具有入路快捷、创伤小、出血少、显露良好、手术时间短、术后并发症少、患肢功能恢复好等优点。     

微创技术在人工全髋关节置换术中的应用

目的探讨微创人工全髋关节置换术的优点及手术风险。方法2006年2月至2008年4月，对16例17髋患者行前外侧入路微创人工全髋关节置换术。结果手术切口平均长度9．5cm，平均手术时间75min，术中平均出血量260ml，术后平均引流量170ml。随访12个月未发现Trendelenburg征阳性。结论前外侧入路微创人工全髋关节置换术具有单一切口内完成髋臼和股骨假体安装、不须切断肌肉、手术风险小、并发症少等优点。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.