40例经颅底扩大翼点入路开颅术的临床应用

改良翼点入路开颅术是将标准翼点入路手术切口向颞部后方作不同程度的延伸或向对侧延伸成冠状切口 ,以翼点为中心的开颅方法[1] 。但在处理某些颅底病变时 ,因眶缘和颧弓的阻挡仍嫌显露不足 ,于是以不同方式将翼点入路向颅底方向扩大[1～ 8] ,称之为经颅底扩大翼点入路 ,包括眶上翼点入路、颧弓翼点入路、眶颧弓入路。一、对象与方法1.临床资料 :4 0例中男 18例 ,女 2 2例。年龄 7～ 6 9岁 ,平均 4 4 .1岁。颅底肿瘤 38例 ,分别为巨大垂体腺瘤 4例 ,颅咽管瘤 7例 ,脑膜瘤 14例 (包括颅眶沟通脑膜瘤 2例 ,内侧型蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤 7例 ,鞍旁中颅底…     

显微手术治疗蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤的探讨

目的 探讨蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤的手术方法 与技巧.方法 对蝶骨嵴区域的显微解剖、蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤的血液供应和手术技巧进行研究并应用于35例蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤的手术中.结果 (1)翼点入路能较好地显露鞍区前部的解剖结构;额颞颧入路可较多地显示中颅窝和鞍区后部的解剖结构;额颞眶颧入路对海绵窦的显露具有优势.(2)蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤血液供应可分三种类型:单纯颈外动脉供血,颈外、颈内动脉双重供血和单纯颈内动脉供血.(3)全切除蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤29例(Simpson Ⅰ、Ⅱ),次全切除6例.死亡2例.结论 熟练掌握颅底解剖、神经介入和显微外科技术,可明显提高蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤的全切率,减少致残率和死亡率.     

眶颧弓入路开颅术的临床应用

近年来我们采用眶颧弓入路开颅术处理颅底病变35例,效果良好,报告如下。1 临床资料和方法1.1 临床资料 男14例,女21例。年龄7～66岁,平均41.1岁。颅底脑膜瘤21例(其中颅眶沟通脑膜瘤2例,内侧型蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤15例,扁平型蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤2例,岩斜脑膜瘤1例,中颅底脑膜瘤1例);三叉神经鞘瘤4例(其中海绵窦三叉神经鞘瘤1例,哑铃状三叉神经鞘瘤3例);巨大颅咽管瘤、垂体瘤、脊索瘤和胆脂瘤各2例。肿瘤最大径3～11cm。另有脑动脉瘤2例,其中右颈内动脉眼动脉瘤和巨大后交通动脉瘤各1例。     

蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤的显微手术治疗

目的探讨蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤的显微手术治疗效果。方法2000年1月至2012年12月收治经病理证实的26例蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤患者,其中内侧型12例、中部型6例、外侧型8例;采用显微手术切除肿瘤,其中翼点开颅18例,额颞断颧弓开颅6例,额眶颧开颅2例。结果肿瘤全切18例,大部分切除5例,部分切除3例。22例患者获得随访,4例失访;随访时间3-168月,平均70月;复发5例,复发率为19.2%,再次手术3例,保守治疗1例,伽玛刀治疗1例。结论采用显微手术切除肿瘤为蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤的首选治疗方法,个体化的手术入路有助于全切肿瘤,精细操作可减少术后并发症的发生率。     

内侧型蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤的显微手术治疗(附22例临床分析)

目的探讨内侧型蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤的显微手术方法,提高手术疗效。方法回顾分析显微手术治疗22例内侧型蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤病人的临床资料。其中18例采用翼点入路,3例采用扩大翼点入路,1例采用额颞颧弓入路。结果显微镜下肿瘤全切除14例(63.64%),大部切除5例(22.73%),部分切除3例(13.64%).术后死亡1例。结论娴熟的显微操作技术、选择正确的手术入路以及术中神经和血管保护是手术成功的关键。     

扩大翼点入路切除前中颅底病灶的临床体会

目的探讨改良的经颅底扩大翼点入路（包括经眶额入路、经颧弓入路和眶颧弓入路）切除前中颅底病灶的优越性和适应证.方法经标准翼点入路11例,眶额入路19例,颧弓入路4例,眶颧弓入路4例.结果病灶全切除33例,次全切除及大部分切除4例,无法处理病灶1例,无一例出现脑牵拉损伤.结论经颅底扩大翼点入路处理颅底病灶比标准的翼点入路显露更好,正常脑组织侵袭性更小.改良的经颅底扩大翼点入路不仅适于前中颅底肿瘤的切除,而且可应用于脑血管病和脑外伤的手术治疗.     

微侵袭经眼睑入路手术治疗前中颅底脑膜瘤的初步探讨

目的探讨经眼睑入路切除部分累及中颅底肿瘤的微侵袭手术方式。方法在5例尸头解剖基础上,按照文献描述熟悉相关解剖关系。在改良部分入路方式后,采用经眼睑入路微侵袭手术方式对3例前中颅底脑膜瘤患者进行治疗。部分新的手术改进包括:①将切口略下移,呈类似双重睑手术切口;②皮下游离骨膜和颞肌筋膜瓣,以修补和重建颅底;③利用神经内镜和虚拟现实技术等辅助技术,进行多技术融合手术。结果 3例脑膜瘤患者手术均达到肿瘤全切除。其中1例为鞍结节脑膜瘤,1例为侵犯眼眶的蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤,1例为蝶骨嵴内侧型脑膜瘤。3例患者随访超过1年,手术效果良好,无肿瘤复发,术后恢复好。1例患者因肿瘤侵犯眼眶,后遗有眶尖综合征。结论经眼睑入路是一种安全的手术入路,适用于中小型蝶骨嵴内侧型脑膜瘤治疗,部分累及前、中颅底的肿瘤,可以达到常规翼点入路手术效果,同时减少手术创伤并取得良好的外观。     

经眶颧额颞下入路显微切除中颅窝底肿瘤

经眶颧额颞下入路显微外科技术切除中颅窝底肿瘤２５例。脑膜瘤全切除１６例（８０％），次全切除４例。入侵海绵窦内巨大垂体腺瘤次全切除与大部切除各２例。骨巨细胞瘤全切除１例。无死亡。术后Ｋａｒｎｏｆｓｋｙ记分显著改善（９０．８±１３．２，Ｐ＜０．００１）。本入路因明显扩大了颅底显露角度，便于清除颅底病变骨质，明显缩短了肿瘤显露距离，最大限度地减少了脑牵拉，有利于切除鞍旁及海绵窦内肿瘤。     

显微手术切除蝶骨嵴大型脑膜瘤手术要点分析

目的 探讨显微手术切除蝶骨嵴大型和巨大型脑膜瘤的手术要点.方法 本组58例脑膜瘤患者经CT或MR检查确诊,其中采用颅眶颧或颅颧入路10例,采用改良翼点入路48例,均行显微手术切除肿瘤,3例发生颅内外沟通者于肿瘤切除后"三明治"法行颅底重建,3例患者的残余瘤体行X-刀治疗.结果 本组肿瘤全切52例,大部切除6例,无死亡病例.术后神经功能明显改善者49例.随访6月～9.5年,8例有不同程度复发.结论 根据肿瘤的生长方向选择恰当手术入路,采用显微手术分块切除肿瘤,强调术中注意对重要神经和血管进行保护,这些要点是提高手术效果的重要措施.     

颧颞入路切除颅底病变10例

颧颞入路切除颅底病变１０例哈立德丁美修自１９９２年３月起，我们采用了颧弓颞下低位入路与颧弓颞下入路两种入路方法成功切除了１０例颅底病变，其中神经鞘膜瘤３例，脑膜瘤３例，复发性脊索瘤、复发性神经纤维瘤、动脉瘤、腮腺癌各１例。我们认为两种切除颧弓形成骨窗...     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.