463例院内心肺复苏Utstein模式注册研究

目的 应用心肺复苏(CPR)Utstein指南模式原则评价CPR效果与影响因素.方法 按照CPRUtstein评价指南设计CPR注册登记表,应用注册研究方法,研究院内463例(包括成人和儿童)CPR患者流行病学特征,CPR效果与影响因素.结果 心搏、呼吸骤停患者中男320例,占69.1%,女143例,占30.9%;依次以45～54岁、55～64岁、65～74岁为3个高发年龄组.既往史中以心血管系统、脑血管系统为主,分别占36.3%(168例)和9.9%(46例).心搏、呼吸骤停初始心律为心室纤颤74例,占16.O%;院内CPR患者自主循环恢复(ROSC)率为34.6%(160例)、成功复苏率为16.6%(77例),存活出院率为10.4%(48例).273例急诊室(院内)出现心搏、呼吸骤停并启动CPR者ROSC率[47.6%(130例)]、存活出院率[13.9%(38例)]明显高于190例入急诊室前(院前)已发生心搏、呼吸骤患者[15.8%(30例),5.3%(10例),P均<0.013]结论CPR评价Utstein指南模式的运用能较好地评价CPR效果与影响因素.其研究结果能与国际CPRUtstein模式注册研究结果进行横向比较,但院内CPR存活出院率仍偏低,需进一步提高CPR的效果.     

复苏实验研究Utstein模式

简介不论实验还是临床研究都有助于加深对复苏学的认识,结果的多样性既是一种促进研究的动力,但由于研究者之间缺乏共同语言和交流,它又可能是一种阻力。现代心肺复苏（ＣＰＲ）研究是用模仿人心脏骤停（ＣＡ）过程而设计动物模型来进行,用以探讨新的治疗手段及方案,...     

上海市院前急救心肺复苏现状和展望

目的 探讨在我国实际情况下提高院前复苏成功的途径。方法 回顾性地对上海市中心城区2003年院前心搏骤停复苏成功的143病例及失败的病例为对照，用Utstein模式进行资料对比分析。结果 院前复苏成功与未成功各143例，心电图表现室颤(VF)、无脉搏心电活动(PEA)、直线分别为9．1％、32．7％、58．2％，对照组为7．7％、23．1％、69．2％；平均呼救一到达现场间期分别为9．46min和9．42min，由目击者进行心肺复苏的成功率分别为4．2％和0．7％。结论 ①上海院前急救的心搏骤停者中，VF只占少数。②在公民中普及CPR对提高复苏成功率有重要意义。③院前熟练掌握规范的BLSD-ACLS复苏技术，尽力缩短呼救一到达现场间期、首次除颤间期和到达医院间期是提高院前复苏成功率的关键。     

基于Utstein模式的院内不同地点心肺复苏结果对照研究

目的 应用心肺复苏(cardiopulmonary resuscitation,CPR)结果评估Utstein模式指南评价并对比院内不同地点心脏骤停患者实施CPR的结果.方法 按照CPR结果评估Utstein模式指南设计CPR注册登记表,选择2008年1月-2010年12月在我院急诊室、普通内科病房及重症监护病房(ICU)出现心脏骤停行CPR的患者注册登记,并进行对比研究.结果 同期共280例在医院内因心脏骤停实施CPR,其中急诊室60例(急诊室组),普通内科病房78例(普通病房组),ICU 142例(ICU组).自主循环恢复(ROSC)率急诊室组36.67％(22/60)、普通病房组42.31％ (33/78)、1CU组57.75％ (82/142),ICU组显著高于其他两组(P＜0.05),而急诊室组和普通病房组比较无统计学差异(P＞0.05).成活出院率急诊室组21.67％(13/60)、普通病房组17.95％(14/78)、ICU组26.76％(38/142),3组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 医院内不同地点心脏骤停的CPR效果有所差异,在ICU内发生心脏骤停并行CPR者ROSC率更高,但成活出院率无显著提高.     

基于Utstein模式对心肺复苏质量管理现状的调查

[目的]基于Utstein模式回顾性分析心肺复苏病人资料,探讨其心肺复苏质量记录以及管理情况,提供合理的改进策略。[方法]采取回顾性病案审查方法,以"呼吸心搏骤停"为入院或出院诊断,对武汉市某医院2011年1月—2013年3月167例病人的病历进行回顾性审查和登记,统计分析收集数据。[结果]病人基本资料中"住院总费用"数据缺失率为23.4%;心肺复苏资料数据及病人复苏效果和转归资料数据都不完整,缺失率高。[结论]武汉市某医院的心肺复苏质量相关数据缺失严重,心肺复苏质量管理现状较差。为逐渐改善病人心肺复苏效果及转归,建议要基于Utstein模式建立统一的心肺复苏质量管理记录单。     

不复苏意愿相关因素分析

目的 探讨心肺复苏(CPR)中影响患者亲属提出不复苏(DNAR)意愿的患者自身相关因素.方法按Utstein模式要求登记温州医学院附属第一医院急诊科2005年1月至2008年12月院内心搏骤停(CA)患者522例,其中患者亲属提出DNAR意愿157例,为DNAR意愿组,其余365例为积极复苏意愿组.对患者年龄、性别、婚姻、户籍、CA病因、基础疾病、CA前活动状态、有无呼吸机辅助通气、有无使用升压药物等相关指标进行单因素Logistic回归分析,然后选择有统计学意义的变量进行多因素Logistic回归分析.结果 单因素Logistic回归分析发现性别、婚姻对患者亲属提出DNAR意愿无统计学意义(P>0.05),年龄、户籍、CA病因(心源性、创伤性)、中风、癌症、猝死、CA前活动状态、有无呼吸机辅助通气、有无使用升压药10个指标对亲属提出DNAR意愿有统计学意义(P<0.01).多因素Logistic回归分析发现影响亲属提出DNAR意愿的独立危险因素有年龄(P=0.034)、癌症(P=0.006)、中风(P=0.003)、CA前呼吸机辅助通气(P=0.000),而猝死是保护因素(P<0.01).CA病因中,心源性(P=0.020)和创伤性(P=0.000)也是保护因素.结论在与患者亲属提出DNAR意愿相关的患者自身因素中,年龄≥60岁、癌症、中风、CA前呼吸机辅助通气是肯定的因素,猝死及CA病因中的心源性、创伤性是否定的因素.     

Utstein模式（1）：院外复苏资料报告一体化

复苏学涉及到急诊、麻醉、心脏、创伤等多个学科,但每个学科是独立的对复苏进行研究,研究结果与结论往往有分歧,难以比较,难以评价。于是１９９０年由欧洲麻醉学会（ＥＡＡ）等多家学术团体集会就复苏研究资料报告一体化问题进行研讨,达成共识,统一为“Ｕｔｓｔｅｉ...     

基于Utstein模式的心肺复苏注册单在急诊科的应用

目的探讨基于Utstein模式的心肺复苏注册单在急诊科应用的效果。方法对167例病例进行一般资料登记,回顾审阅167例病历资料中关于心肺复苏的病程描述及医嘱和护理记录,逐一寻找符合注册单中的条目信息并进行登记。将2013年1—9月心脏骤停的48例患者分为实验组,运用注册单前瞻性收集心肺复苏关键数据。实验组的资料收集经过心肺复苏标准化注册培训的临床医务人员在心肺复苏抢救中利用注册单实时记录心肺复苏流程,并按照注册表的质控要求进行数据完善及严格质控。结果注册单应用后心脏骤停时间、心脏骤停病因、CPR启动时间、首次除颤时间、CPR终止时间的记录缺失率较应用前降低,差异均有统计学意义（χ^2值分别为5．92,5．34,203．93,75．16,193．71;P〈0．05）。结论基于Utstein模式的心肺复苏注册单的应用降低了心肺复苏关键数据的缺失率,为心肺复苏质量控制奠定了基础。     

心肺复苏结果评估Utstein模式的理论体系与实践

心肺复苏(cardiopulmonary resuscitation,CPR)结果评估Utstein模式自1991年制定以来不断完善与提高,从而形成了国际共识的CPR结果评估Utstein模式.然而CPR结果评估Utstein模式在推广及应用方面远不及国际CPR与心血管急救指南.为准确评估CPR实施效果,规范CPR操作程序,有必要加强临床医生对CPR结果评估Utstein模式的认识并积极推广应用,以改善心脏骤停患者复苏预后.     

基于乌斯坦因模式的心肺复苏研究报告

目的 心肺复苏Utstein评价模式已被许多国家广泛用于心肺复苏评价研究.本文以心肺复苏结果Utstein评价模式设计心肺复苏注册登记表,以评价中国海南海南省人民医院心搏骤停患者流行病学特征、心肺复苏效果与影响因素.方法 应用心肺复苏Utstein模式注册登记表,对海南省人民医院急诊科511例心肺复苏患者进行前瞻性观察研究,评价本组患者心搏骤停流行病学特征及心肺复苏结果.结果 注册登记的511例心肺复苏患者纳入研究.本研究患者以40 ～ 70岁等年龄段心搏骤停发生率较高.既往史中,心血管系统疾病(190例,37.2％)、脑血管疾病(48例,9.4％)及呼吸系统疾病(39例,7.6％)等慢性疾病较为常见.173例(33.9％)为心源性心搏骤停,其中109例(21.3％)为急性心肌梗死.80例(15.7％)患者首次监测心律为心室纤颤.院内心搏骤停患者自主循环恢复率及成活出院率分别为47.0％和13.5％,院外心搏骤停患者为16.7％和4.7％.结论 本研究表明心血管系统疾病、脑血管疾病及呼吸系统疾病为最常见慢性疾病.急性心肌梗死、中风及创伤为最常见心搏骤停病因.院内心搏骤停组自主循环恢复率及成活出院率均高于院外心搏骤停组,两组差异具有统计学意义.     

基于Utstein模式的EICU心肺复苏成功相关因素分析

目的应用心肺复苏(cardiopulmonary resuscitation,CPR)Utstein模式评价急诊重症监护病房(EICU)住院患者CPR成功的相关影响因素。方法按照心肺复苏Utstein评价指南设计CPR注册登记表,对2011年9月—2013年9月在我院EICU出现心脏骤停(cardiac arrest,CA)并行CPR的82例进行注册登记,根据复苏结果分为自主循环恢复(ROSC)组37例和自主循环未恢复(Non-ROSC)组45例,分析影响ROSC成功率的相关因素。结果影响ROSC成功率的因素有:年龄60岁(χ2=4.90,P=0.027);心源性CA(χ2=4.40,P=0.036);CA发生时间6:00~18:00(χ2=4.23,P=0.040);CA初始心率为心室颤动/室性心动过速(χ2=4.48,P=0.034);人工通气开始时间≤5 min(χ2=4.70,P=0.030);行气管插管(χ2=4.04,P=0.044);肾上腺素累积用量≤5 mg(χ2=6.51,P=0.011)。结论年龄、CA病因、CA发生时间及形式、CPR抢救措施是EICU住院患者CPR成功与否的重要因素。     

In-hospital cardiac arrest--an Utstein style report of seven years experience from the Sahlgrenska University Hospital

BACKGROUND: In-hospital cardiac arrest is one of the most stressful situations in modern medicine. Since 1997, there has been a uniform way of reporting - the Utstein guidelines for in-hospital cardiac arrest reporting. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We have studied all consecutive cardiac arrest in the Sahlgrenska University Hospital (SU) between 1994 and 2001 for who the rescue team was alerted in all 833 patients. The primary endpoint for this study was survival to discharge. RESULTS: Thirty-seven percent survived to hospital discharge. Among patients who were discharged alive, 86% were alive 1 year later. The survivors have a good cerebral outcome (94% among those who were discharged alive had cerebral performance category (CPC) score 1 or 2). The organization at SU is efficient; 80% of the cardiac arrest had CPR within 1 min. Time from cardiac arrest to first defibrillation is a median of 2 min. Almost two-thirds of the patients were admitted for cardiac related diagnoses. CONCLUSION: The current study is the largest single-centre study of in hospital cardiac arrest reported according to the Utstein guidelines. We report a high survival for in-hospital cardiac arrest. We have pointed out that a functional chain of survival, short intervals before the start of CPR and defibrillation are probably contributing factors for this.     

Utstein-style audit of Protocol C: a non-standard resuscitation protocol for healthcare professionals

Introduction

International guidelines for basic life support and defibrillation are identical for lay people and healthcare professionals. In 2002, a small meeting hosted by the Resuscitation Council (UK) debated recent advances in resuscitation science, along with the possibility of more demanding procedures for treating out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) that could take advantage of the expertise available with professional use. The resulting algorithm known as Protocol C could not be tested in a randomized trial for reasons relating to consent, but was introduced by one ambulance service as an observational study. Results from a 2-year period from one city within the service area are presented, using the Utstein style of reporting to show the recommended ‘comparator’ group whilst also providing epidemiological data on the frequency of cardiac arrest within the community and the outcome of all resuscitation attempts.

Methods

Manual methods were used to collect data from 2009 and 2010 for cases of cardiac arrest treated by crews from the two ambulance stations within the city of Brighton and Hove. All transported patients were tracked individually through the hospital because no official method of data linkage is available. Outcome data were obtained for survival to hospital discharge, or to 30 days for the few who remained in hospital care for that duration.

Results

In the epidemiological analysis, 454 patients with OHCA were treated over 2 years, of whom 151 (33%) had sustained return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) at hospital handover and 59 (13%) survived to discharge or for 30 days. Within the ‘comparator’ group of 79 patients, 47 (59%) achieved sustained ROSC to hospital handover and 24 (30%) survived.

Conclusion

The use of Protocol C has been associated with rates of sustained ROSC to hospital and of survival to discharge that have reached the range of international best practice. The improvement noted in this observational study cannot be ascribed to the new protocol alone; any wider use should await randomized trials to test the impact of this single variable. Meanwhile, wider adoption of the Utstein system to compare results for treatment of OHCA will provide a potent stimulus for emergency services to seek ways of improving outcome.     

Characteristics and outcome among 14,933 adult cases of in-hospital cardiac arrest: A nationwide study with the emphasis on gender and age

Aim

To investigate characteristics and outcome among patients suffering in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) with the emphasis on gender and age.

Clinical state transitions during advanced life support (ALS) in in-hospital cardiac arrest

Background

When providing advanced life support (ALS) in cardiac arrest, the patient may alternate between four clinical states: ventricular fibrillation/tachycardia (VF/VT), pulseless electrical activity (PEA), asystole, and return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). At the end of the resuscitation efforts, either death has been declared or sustained ROSC has been obtained. The aim of this study was to describe and analyze the clinical state transitions during ALS among patients experiencing in-hospital cardiac arrest.

Methods and results

The defibrillator files from 311 in-hospital cardiac arrests at the University of Chicago Hospital (IL, USA) and St. Olav University Hospital (Trondheim, Norway) were analyzed (clinicaltrials.gov: NCT00920244). The transitions between clinical states were annotated along the time axis and visualized as plots of the state prevalence according to time. The cumulative intensity of the state transitions was estimated by the Nelson–Aalen estimator for each type of state transition, and for the intensities of overall state transitions. Between 70% and 90% of patients who eventually obtained sustained ROSC had progressed to ROSC by approximately 15–20 min of ALS, depending on the initial rhythm. Patients behaving unstably after this time period, i.e., alternating between ROSC, VF/VT and PEA, had a high risk of ultimately being declared dead.

Conclusions

We provide an overall picture of the intensities and patterns of clinical state transitions during in-hospital ALS. The majority of patients who obtained sustained ROSC obtained this state and stabilized within the first 15–20 min of ALS. Those who continued to behave unstably after this time point had a high risk of ultimately being declared dead.     

3796例院内心肺复苏患者的回顾性分析

目的 了解10年来院内心肺复苏（cardiopulmonary resuscitation,CPR）现状,探索如何提高CPR特别是脑复苏水平。方法 对本院1995至2004年记录完整的3796例患者资料进行院内CPR回顾性研究。对病例数量,疾病种类,CPR有关时程、实施地点、肾上腺素用量,心肺复苏成功率及脑复苏成功率等数据进行统计与分析。结果 CPR病例数量逐年上升,21～50岁年龄段构成比增长显著,而10岁以下病例逐年减少;1999年起,创伤后CPR病例数量超过心血管病而跃居首位;心脏停搏时间大于10min者CPR成功率明显低于10min内开始CPR者（P〈0．001）;全部病例CPR成功率为30．4％,24小时生存率3．6％,脑复苏成功率仅1．4％;CPR成功率与心脏停搏时间、肾上腺素用量、初期复苏地点等有关,ICU及手术室内CPR和脑复苏成功率相对较好,普通病房最低。结论 院内CPR成功率较低,脑复苏成功率则极低。主要原因是早期生命支持“生存链”未得到切实应用。普及、加强院前和院内复苏标准化训练,完善急诊医学体系建设和管理,是提高CPR成功率的根本途径。     

Optimal loop duration during the provision of in-hospital advanced life support (ALS) to patients with an initial non-shockable rhythm

Background

In advanced life support (ALS), time-cycled “loops” of chest compressions form the basis of action. However, the provider must compromise between interrupting compressions and detecting a change in cardiac rhythm. An “optimal” loop duration would best balance these choices. The current international CPR guidelines recommend 2-min loop durations. The aim of this study was to investigate the “optimal” loop duration in patients with initial asystole or pulseless electrical activity (PEA).

Materials and methods

Detailed defibrillator recordings from 249 in-hospital cardiac arrests at the University of Chicago Medicine (Chicago, IL) and St. Olav University Hospital (Trondheim, Norway) were analysed. The clinical states of asystole, PEA, ventricular fibrillation/-tachycardia (VF/VT) and return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) were annotated along the time axis. PEA and asystole were combined as a single state for the analysis of state development. The probability of staying in PEA/asystole over time was estimated non-parametrically. In addition, to distinguish between initial and secondary PEA/asystole, the latter was defined by the transition from VF/VT or ROSC.

Results

Among patients with initial PEA (n = 179), 25% and 50% of patients had left PEA/asystole after 4 and 9 min of ALS efforts, respectively. The corresponding time points for patients with initial asystole (n = 70) were 7.3 and 13.3 min, respectively. The probability of transition from secondary PEA/asystole to ROSC or VF/VT varied between 10% and 20% in each 2–4 min interval.

Conclusion

The “optimal” first loop duration may be 4 min in initial PEA and 6–8 min in initial asystole. If secondary PEA/asystole is encountered, 2-min loop duration seems appropriate.     

Overcoming barriers to in-hospital cardiac arrest documentation

AIMS: (1) To describe the introduction of standardised cardiac arrest documentation to Auckland City Hospital, highlighting how barriers to using the Utstein template were overcome. (2) To determine the adequacy of documentation of cardiac arrest time intervals. METHOD: A retrospective audit of cardiac arrest documentation for a 3-year period following the introduction of a standard documentation form. RESULTS: There was an initial improvement in use of the template (29% (95%CI 22-37%) to 88% (95%CI 82-92%), p<0.001) after identification of barriers and implementation of tailored strategies. Use of the template declined (77%, 95%CI 69-84%, p=0.023) after the key facilitator left the hospital. Time interval documentation ranged from 66% (95%CI 54-77%) for tracheal intubation to 91% (95%CI 80-93%) for first dose of adrenaline (epinephrine). CONCLUSIONS: Designated 'hands-off' senior clinicians were required for accurate documentation of time intervals. Time interval documentation was sub-optimal and further efforts are required to improve this. Transfer of ownership beyond the key facilitator was integral to sustainability of the process. Future reports of in-hospital cardiac arrest outcomes should include baseline information on the adequacy of documentation of time intervals.