肝硬化合并感染危险因素的病例对照研究

目的 为明确肝硬化患者合并感染的特点及危险因素。方法采用病例对照的研究方法，回顾性分析了286例肝硬化患者的感染发生情况及危险因素。结果127例患者继发了感染，感染发生率为44．4％；其中100例（78％）感染发生在医院内，感染患者的死亡率为20．5％，显著高于非感染患者的3．1％（P=0．08）；最常见的感染为自发性腹膜炎，共56例（30．7％），其次为肺部感染和胆道感染（15．7％）；标本培养97例，62例获阳性结果；其中革兰阴性菌35例（56．4％），是常见的致病菌；但在败血症中，革兰阳性菌为主要致病菌；应用多因素Logistic回归分析合并感染的危险因素，结果表明，血清白蛋白水平和住院时间是两个独立的危险因素；升高白蛋白水平及缩短住院时间可降低感染的风险，其OR值分别为0．33（95％CI 0．32～055）、0．23（95％CI 0．14～0．38）。结论血清白蛋白水平和住院时间是肝硬化患者合并感染的两个独立的危险因素。     

肝硬化合并感染的临床与危险因素分析

目的探讨肝硬化患者合并感染的情况及危险因素。方法回顾性分析2002年1月-2004年12月在某院住院的120例肝硬化患者病历资料。结果其中60例（50.00％）继发感染的患者，28例（46.67％）感染发生在医院内；13例感染患者死亡，病死率21．67％，显著高于无感染患者的病死率3．33％（X^2=9．219，P〈0.01）。最常见感染为自发性腹膜炎，共35例次（57.38%），其次为肠道感染12例次（19.67％），肺部感染10例次（16．56％）。送标本培养40例，12例（30．00%）阳性，其中检出革兰阴性菌者10例（83.33％）。血清清蛋白水平和住院时间是肝硬化患者发生感染的独立危险因素。结论肝硬化患者感染发生率高，而发生感染者病死率高；其危险因素为低蛋白血症及住院时间过长。     

1659例血液病患者医院感染分析

目的探讨血液病房医院感染的发生、转归及病原菌的流行、耐药情况。方法回顾性调查血液科1999—2006年1659例住院患者发生细菌和真菌感染的情况。结果全部住院患者中，405例（24．4％）发生感染，其中社区感染为38例（2．3％），医院感染为367例（22．1％）；在医院感染中，以革兰阴性菌为主，痰培养常见病原菌为阴沟肠杆菌（26株，19．3％）和铜绿假单胞菌（20株，14．8％）；血培养主要为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（39．3％），其次为铜绿假单胞菌和大肠埃希菌，分别占14．3％和10．7％；院内细菌感染中耐药株占4．21％，共检出真菌114株，白色假丝酵母菌占35．1％，医院感染死亡率7．4％。结论血液病房患者的感染率较高，耐药菌占一定比例，细菌感染以革兰阴性菌为主，真菌检出有增高趋势。     

急性冠脉综合征患者医院感染的相关高危因素分析

目的：探讨急性冠脉综合征患者住院期间发生医院感染的相关高危因素,以期为临床进行干预提供参考。方法回顾性分析434例急性冠脉综合征患者临床资料,总结医院感染发生的相关高危因素。结果434例急性冠脉综合征患者在住院期间发生医院感染49例,医院感染率为11．29％;医院感染部位以呼吸道和泌尿道为主,分别占57．15％、32．65％;共分离出病原菌58株,其中革兰阴性菌35株占60．35％,革兰阳性菌22株占37．93％,真菌1株占1．72％;单因素分析结果显示,患者年龄≥60岁、合并高血压、合并糖尿病、合并慢性阻塞性肺疾病、心功能Killip分级3～4级、急性心肌梗死、合并心力衰竭、合并心律失常、有侵入性操作、心肌梗死部位为多壁与急性冠脉综合征患者发生医院感染具有相关性（P＜0．05）;多因素logistic回归分析显示,患者年龄≥60岁、心功能分级3～4级、急性心肌梗死、合并心力衰竭、有侵入性操作、心肌梗死部位为多壁梗死是患者发生医院感染的独立危险因素（P＜0．05）。结论急性冠脉综合征患者医院感染病原菌主要为革兰阴性菌,高龄、心功能分级、急性心肌梗死、合并心力衰竭、有侵入性操作、心肌梗死部位为多壁梗死时患者医院感染率较高,如存在以上因素时更需加强对医院感染的预防。     

气管插管全麻术后医院感染危险因素研究

目的 了解气管全麻术后患者医院感染的发生原因、危险因素及条件。方法 对临床3027例气管全麻术后患者进行了前瞻性和回顾性调查，并对其病原学标本进行常规细菌培养及真菌培养鉴定以及药敏试验。结果 调查3027例患者中共发生医院感染357例，医院感染率为11．79％，尤以肺部感染为主，伤口感染次之；手术时间与手术伤口类型与各部位感染有明显关系；致病菌中以革兰阴性杆菌占主导，为59．61％，革兰阳性球菌明显增多，占35．58％，真菌感染占4．8％，这些菌株对临床常用抗生素都有不同程度耐药性，多重耐药呈增加趋势。结论 发现引起气管全麻患者医院感染的主要危险因素除与宿主对感染的易感染性，包括手术时间、切口类型、原发疾病严重程度和免疫防御功能等有关外，另外医院侵入性操作、抗菌药物使用均与感染发生都有关，明显增加感染的机会，从而针对气管全麻患者医院感染的危险因素，提出了相应预防措施，降低气管全麻患者的感染率。     

心内科住院患者医院感染的临床特点分析

目的 分析心内科住院患者发生医院感染的临床特点,为临床制定控制医院感染措施提供依据.方法 收集心内科住院治疗的患者1509例,观察其医院感染的发生率、病原菌的分布,分析发生医院感染的高危因素.结果 98例患者发生医院感染,感染率6.49％,其中肺部感染77例,占78.57％,检出革兰阴性菌最高70株占71.43％,肺炎克雷伯菌及金黄色葡萄球菌分别占23.47％和20.41％;单因素分析:年龄＞60岁、住院时间≥30d、白蛋白≤30 g/L、合并糖尿病、左室射血分数(LVEF)≤40.00％及美国纽约心脏病学会(NYHA)心功能分级≥Ⅲ级是心内科住院患者发生医院感染的高危因素;多因素分析:住院时间≥30 d、合并糖尿病、LVEF≤40.00％、心功能分级≥Ⅲ级是心内科住院患者发生医院感染重要的危险因素.结论 多种危险因素可以导致心内科住院患者发生医院感染,应该采取积极有效的预防措施,防患于未然.     

2375例住院患者医院感染调查

目的：了解某医院住院患者医院感染发病情况，确定今后监测和管理的方向和重点。方法：采用回顾性调查,对某医院2005年3月份2375份住院病历进行调查分析。结果：共有52例发生医院感染，总感染率2．19％，医院感染部位前3位为下呼吸道（46．15％），上呼吸道（15．38％），胃肠道（9．62％），医院感染病原菌分布为革兰阴性杆菌占58．62％、真菌占24．14％、革兰阳性球菌占17．24％。结论：真菌感染在医院感染中占有越来越重要的地位；落实医院感染控制措施是预防和控制医院感染的重要手段。     

肝移植术后腹腔感染危险因素及预测模型建立

目的探讨肝移植术后腹腔感染的危险因素,并建立风险预测模型。方法回顾性分析2019年2月-2020年10月河北医科大学第三医院接受肝移植治疗的患者110例,分析感染病原菌分布特点及术后腹腔感染率,单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析肝移植患者术后腹腔感染的危险因素,并依据Logistic回归分析结果建立风险预测模型,Hosmer-Lemeshow检验评估模型拟合度,受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)分析回归模型的预测价值。结果 110例肝移植患者发生术后腹腔感染26例,感染率为23.64%。感染患者共检出病原菌38株,其中革兰阳性菌20株占52.63%,革兰阴性菌14株占36.84%,真菌4株占10.53%; Logistic回归分析结果,终末期肝病模型(MELD)评分≥20分、Child-Pugh评分≥10分、手术时间≥12 h、术中输血量≥3 000 ml、引流管置管时间≥48 h、重症监护室(ICU)住院时长≥6 d是肝移植患者术后腹腔感染的独立危险因素;根据Logistic回归结果建立风险预测模型经Hosmer-Lemeshow检验拟合度较高(χ~2=7.596,P=0.474),ROC分析结果,模型预测肝移植术后腹腔感染的曲线下面积(AUC)为0.891。结论肝移植患者术后腹腔感染发生率较高,主要感染病原菌为革兰阳性菌;Logistic回归模型对肝移植患者术后腹腔感染具有良好的预测效果,临床可针对上述危险因素进行重点监测并实施相关干预措施以降低患者术后腹腔感染发生率,提高患者预后。     

急性白血病患儿医院感染病原菌及危险因素分析

目的探索白血病患儿医院感染的主要部位、病原菌分布及危险因素,为其医院感染的预防和治疗提供依据。方法收集2011—2012年入住某院儿科的828例急性白血病(AL)化疗患儿的病历资料,分析医院感染病例的感染部位、病原菌分布及医院感染的高危因素。结果 828例AL患儿,发生医院感染184例,196例次,医院感染率为22.22%,例次率为23.67%。感染部位以呼吸系统居多,占52.56%。196例次感染中检出病原菌96株,其中革兰阴性菌56株,占58.33%,革兰阳性菌28株,占29.17%。单因素分析显示处于白血病诱导化疗期、住院时间≥30 d、外周白细胞计数≤3×109/L、粒细胞计数≤0.5×109/L、类型为急性非淋巴细胞白血病(ANNL)是感染发生的高危因素。多因素分析结果显示住院时间≥30 d是医院感染的独立危险因素。结论 AL患儿医院感染发病率较高,其中呼吸系统感染发病率较高,病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主。化疗诱导期、住院时间长、白细胞与中性粒细胞数量低及急性髓性白血病等因素是儿童白血病患者医院感染发生的高危因素。     

宫颈癌患者根治术后医院感染的病原菌分布及影响因素分析

目的分析宫颈癌患者根治术后发生医院感染的病原菌分布及引起医院感染的影响因素,为宫颈癌根治术后防治感染提供相关临床依据。方法选取2016年3月-2017年7月医院收治的162例宫颈癌根治术患者,观察和记录患者医院感染率、感染部位分布、病原菌分布等结果,并进行单因素及多因素Logistics回归分析患者术后发生医院感染的影响因素。结果 162例患者术后发生医院感染35例,感染发生率为21.60%,感染部位以手术切口感染为主;35例感染患者共检出病原菌42株,其中革兰阴性菌21株占50.00%;多因素Logistics回归分析结果显示,患者年龄≥60岁、合并糖尿病、住院时间≥14d、引流管放置时间≥7d、导尿管留置时间≥14d、手术路径为开腹手术、接受化疗以及合并贫血状态为宫颈癌患者根治术后发生医院感染的独立影响因素。结论宫颈癌患者根治术后发生医院感染较为常见,感染病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,引发感染的影响因素较多,要重视并采取针对性措施加强术后感染的防治。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.