碘致甲状腺功能减退症的流行病学对比研究

目的：研究不同碘摄入量人群的临床甲减和亚临床甲减患病率,方法：选择盘山,彰武和黄骅3个农村社区（分别为低碘,适碘和高碘地区（）,在入户问卷调查的基础上行采样调查,共问卷调查16287人,采样3761人,所有采样对象接受体格检查,,测定血清TSH,甲状腺过氧化的酶抗体（TPOAb),甲状腺球蛋白抗体（TGAb)和甲状腺球蛋白（TG）,测定尿碘浓度及进行甲状腺B超检查,TSH异常者测定FT4,FT3和TSH受体抗体（TRAb)。结果：盘山,彰武和黄骅社区成人尿碘水平分别为103．1ug/L,374.8ug/L和614.6ug/L,盘山,彰武和黄骅社区临床甲减患病率分别为0．27％,0．95％和2．05％, 临临床甲减的患病率分别为0．91％,2．90％,和5．96％,引起临床甲减的主要原因是自身免疫性甲状腺炎,亚临床甲减中三分之一患者甲状腺自身抗体阳性,结论：横断面的流行病学对比研究证实碘摄入量增加有可能导致甲状腺功能减退症患病率增加。     

轻度碘缺乏城市食盐加碘后甲状腺疾病流行病学调查研究

 目的 评价轻度碘缺乏城市贵阳食盐加碘25年后的碘营养状态及各种甲状腺疾病的患病情况。
方法 采用分层整群抽样方法,抽取贵阳市云岩区宅吉社区20岁及以上居民1509人,测定其血清促甲状腺素（TSH）、游离T₃、游离T₄、甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体（TPOAb）、甲状腺球蛋白抗体（TgAb）水平、尿碘水平及甲状腺B超检查;同时抽取8~10岁学龄儿童80名,测定其尿碘水平。
结果 8~10岁儿童尿碘中位数为228.7 μg/L。成人临床甲状腺功能减退症（甲减）、亚临床甲减、临床甲状腺功能亢进症（甲亢）及亚临床甲亢的患病率分别为1.79%、14.12%、1.52%及1.06%,亚临床甲减的患病率显著高于临床甲减（P < 0.05）;TPOAb及TgAb的阳性率分别为14.38%及 13.59%,自身免疫性甲状腺炎的患病率为4.44%。甲状腺肿大患病率为1.06%,其中,弥漫性甲状腺肿（0.86%）较结节性甲状腺肿（0.20%）多见（P < 0.05）。
结论 食盐加碘25年后,贵阳市处于碘超足量状态,成人临床甲减、亚临床甲减、甲状腺自身抗体阳性及自身免疫性甲状腺炎的患病率均较高。     

碘摄入量增加对甲状腺疾病影响的五年前瞻性流行病学研究

目的 探讨碘摄入量与甲状腺疾病发生发展的关系。方法 于1999年在3个不同的碘摄入量地区，盘山（轻度碘缺乏地区）、彰武（碘超足量地区）、黄骅（碘过量地区），启动对3761名居民甲状腺疾病的五年前瞻性观察。检查项目包括甲状腺功能、自身抗体和甲状腺B超。2004年随访上述人群，随访率为80．24％。结果 （1）1999年初访，彰武和黄骅临床甲状腺功能减退症（甲减）患病率分别是盘山的3．5倍和7、3倍；彰武和黄骅亚临床甲减的患病率分别为盘山的3．2倍和6．6倍；3个地区临床甲减的5年累积发病率差异无统计学意义，但是亚临床甲减的5年累积发病率彰武和黄骅分别为盘山的11．3倍和12．6倍；（2）1999年初访，彰武和黄骅的自身免疫甲状腺炎（AIT）的患病率分别是盘山的3．8倍和6．2倍；彰武和黄骅的AIT的5年累积发病率分别是是盘山的4．4倍和5．5倍；（3）在3个地区甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体阳性、TSH正常者中，5年后甲减的累积发病率彰武和黄骅分别是盘山的4．2倍和10．3倍；（4）3个地区相比临床甲状腺功能亢进症（甲亢）的患病率和发病率差异无统计学意义；（5）黄骅甲状腺癌年平均发病率为19．37／10万，全部为乳头状甲状腺癌。盘山和彰武均未发现甲状腺癌病例。结论碘超足量和碘过量可以诱发和促进甲减和自身免疫甲状腺炎的发生和发展，所以尿碘中位数大于200μg/L是不安全的。尿碘中位数持续为600μg／L的高碘地区的甲状腺癌高发现象值得进一步深入研究。     

补碘对缺碘机体甲状腺功能及亚临床性甲状腺疾病发病的研究

目的研究补碘对缺碘人群甲状腺功能及甲状腺疾病发病的影响。方法动态观察了缺碘机体口服碘油前后甲状腺激素水平及其异常值变化和受检者的临床表现。结果补碘使缺碘人群的甲状腺肿大率和患病率显著下降．但早期引起缺碘机体甲状腺激素水平异常变化导致甲状腺功能紊乱，后期因缺碘造成的甲状腺功能高代偿状态趋于正常。补碘前TSH和FT3高于正常值上限的比例均明显多于低于下限的比例，FT4低于下限的比例则明显低于高于上限的比例。补碘3个月TSH和FT3高于上限的比例均明显下降．低于下限的比例则均明显增多；6、12个月FT4高于上限的比例显著增多。补碘前临床甲亢、甲减和甲状腺瘤的检出率分别为0．1l％、0．06％和0．17％，亚临床甲减检出率为1、4％。3、6、12个月的流行病学调查均未发现有甲状腺疾病新发病例．但是亚临床甲亢的检出率则分别升为5．1％、9．4％、6．0％且多发于成年女性甲状腺肿患者和补碘12个月内，亚临床甲减的检出率分别为16、5％、1．6％、2．4％，且多发于成年女性和补碘3个月内。结论补碘虽未增加缺碘人群临床甲亢或甲减发病率，但早期可造成部分机体甲状腺功能紊乱出现亚临床甲亢和甲减发病率一过性升高；其检出率与性别、年龄、有无甲状腺肿和补碘时间有关。     

93例亚临床甲状腺功能减退症的随访研究

目的 研究不同碘摄入量地区亚临床甲状腺功能减退症(甲减)的流行病学特点和影响转归的因素。方法 选择盘山、彰武和黄骅3个农村社区(分别为低碘、适碘和高碘地区)，在入户调查的基础上行采样调查。测定血清TSH、甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TPOAb)、甲状腺球蛋白抗体(TGAb)、尿碘浓度及进行甲状腺B超检查，TSH异常者测定FT3、FT4，筛选出118例亚临床甲减患者。盘山和彰武社区于2年后、黄骅社区于1年后进行随访，再次进行以上检查。结果 盘山、彰武和黄骅社区亚临床甲减的患病率分别为0．73％、2．90％和5．96％。亚临床甲减的病因33．1％是自身免疫性甲状腺疾病。在随访到的93例亚临床甲减患者中有4例女性进展为临床甲减。结论 随着碘摄入量的增加亚临床甲减的患病率增加，但无明显性别差异。随访研究证实女性、甲状腺自身抗体阳性是亚临床甲减患者进展至临床甲减的危险因素，碘摄入量与亚临床甲减的转归无关。     

721例中老年体检者原发性甲状腺功能减退状况调查

目的了解目前中老年人群甲状腺功能减退（甲减）的患病率和相应的甲状腺形态学改变。方法参加我院体检的40～79岁的中老年721例为研究对象。电化学发光法检测血清促甲状腺激素（TSH）、游离甲状腺素（FT4）、甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体（A—TPO）和甲状腺球蛋白抗体（A—TG）。全部行甲状腺高灵敏度超声探查。结果筛查出原发性临床甲减患者17例,原发性亚临床甲减患者64例。老年组与中年组临床甲减患病率之比为1．27：1;亚临床甲减患病率之比为2．26：l。其中,老年组女性亚临床甲减患病率较中年组女性患病率明显升高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;老年组亚临床甲减总患病率高达11．50％,较中年组明显升高（P〈0．05）。甲减患者甲状腺抗体阳性的患病率、临床甲减和亚临床甲减患者甲状腺结节的患病率均较高。结论与中年人群相比,老年人群具有更高的原发性甲减患病率;甲减患者的甲状腺抗体阳性率和甲状腺结节患病率均明显升高。应加强对老年人甲减和甲状腺结节的筛查。     

不同碘摄入量地区居民甲状腺肿和甲状腺结节的流行病学对比研究

目的 研究不同碘摄入量人群甲状腺肿(甲肿)和甲状腺结节的患病率。方法 对盘山县、彰武县和黄骅市的缺碘、碘充足和高碘3个农村地区3386名14岁居民进行甲状腺B超检查、甲状腺功能、甲状腺自身抗体(TAA)和尿碘测定。结果 缺碘、碘充足、高碘地区尿碘中位数(MUI)分别为103、374和615μg/L；弥漫型甲肿患病率分别为19．5％、13．6％和5．1％；结节型甲肿患病率分别为3．7％、3．5％和2．5％。甲状腺单发结节检出率分别为8．8％、8．3％和4．1％；多发结节检出率分别为3．8％、1．9％和6．7％。非毒性甲肿患者血清TSH水平盘山和彰武明显低于同地区无甲肿者(P＜0．01)；TAA阳性率高于正常人群(P＜0．05)，以黄骅为显著。结论 在MUI为100一600μg/L的碘摄入量范围内，随碘摄入量增加弥漫性甲肿患病率逐渐降低，结节性甲肿患病率无明显变化。缺碘地区甲状腺单发结节高发，高碘地区多发结节高发。缺碘和碘充足地区甲肿有自主性功能，高碘地区甲肿无自主功能。非毒性甲状腺肿、特别是高碘甲状腺肿存在自身免疫异常。     

2008年浙江省舟山市海岛地区甲状腺疾病流行病学调查

目的 调查浙江省舟山市海岛地区食用非加碘盐的居民患甲状腺疾病状况及致甲状腺疾病的相关影响因素.方法 2008年在浙江省舟山市岱山县对737名食用非加碘盐的居民进行流行病学问卷调查、甲状腺B超检查、甲状腺功能及尿碘测定;同时抽查了183名8～10岁儿童(均为食用非加碘盐居民的子女)的尿碘.结果 舟山市岱山县食用非加碘盐的居民尿碘中位数(MUI)为122.2 μg/L,8～10岁儿童MUI为123.7μg/L;甲状腺肿、甲状腺癌、甲状腺功能亢进(简称甲亢)、亚临床甲状腺功能亢进(简称亚临床甲亢)和亚临床甲状腺功能减退(简称亚临床甲减)的患病率分别为39.9%、0.4%、0.4%、0.7%和0.8%.logistic回归分析显示,甲状腺肿患病率无性别差异(P>0.05),而年龄是甲状腺肿发生的危险因素(P<0.05);甲状腺肿、甲亢患病情况与饮食史、吸烟史、饮酒史、饮茶史、尿碘水平均无明显相关关系(P均>0.05).结论 舟山市海岛地区食用非碘盐居民碘摄入适量,但甲状腺肿和甲亢患病率较高.     

太原地区健康体检人群甲状腺功能紊乱患病情况调查

目的　调查太原地区人群中甲状腺功能紊乱的患病率。方法　测定太原地区 812 5名体检人群的TSH ,然后再测定FT3、FT4 和甲状腺抗体。结果　在此体检人群中 ,甲状腺功能亢进(甲亢 )患病率为 1.2 0 % ,亚临床甲亢患病率为 0 .87% ,甲状腺功能减退 (甲减 )患病率为 1.0 3 % ,亚临床甲减患病率为 0 .95 %。各种甲状腺功能紊乱的患病率女性均高于男性 (P <0 .0 5～ <0 .0 1)。结论　报道太原地区人群中甲状腺功能紊乱的患病率 ,无论是甲亢和亚临床甲亢或甲减和亚临床甲减 ,女性的患病率均高于男性     

不同碘摄入量社区甲状腺功能亢进症的五年流行病学随访研究

目的 在3个不同碘摄入量农村社区进行的甲状腺疾病流行病学随访调查，分析和探讨不同碘摄入量对甲状腺功能亢进症（甲亢）发病率的影响及其意义，同时研究与甲亢发病相关的危险因素。方法 在轻度碘缺乏的盘山社区、超足量碘摄入（既往轻度缺碘补碘后3年）的彰武社区和过量碘摄入的黄骅社区对3761人进行了甲状腺疾病的流行病学的横断面研究，5年后以相同的检查指标对此人群进行了随访研究。结果（1）盘山、彰武和黄骅社区的学龄儿童尿碘中位数分别为87．6、213．9和633．5μg／L（P〈0．05），随访人群的碘营养状态与原始调查相比无明显变化；3个社区的随访人群总数为3018人，随访率为80．2％。（2）3个社区的临床甲亢累积发病率分别为13．6／1000、9．4／1000和8．1／1000（P〉0．05），女性的累积发病率分别为16．4／1000、11．2／1000和9．1／1000（P〉0．05）。（3）初访时任一甲状腺自身抗体阳性[甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体（TPOAb）〉50IU／ml或甲状腺球蛋白抗体（TgAb）〉40IU／ml]但无甲状腺病史及甲状腺功能改变者，5年后临床甲亢的发生率3个社区之间差异无统计学意义。（4）初访时TSH〈0．3mIU／L、TPOAb阳性和甲状腺肿与临床甲亢的发生相关，其OR值分别为5．7（95％CI，2．1-15．0）、3．8（95％CI，1．7-8．7）和3．1（95％CI，1．4-6．8）。结论 在轻度缺碘地区补碘后最终不会使甲亢的发病率增加。慢性碘过量不会对临床甲亢的发病率和病因组成产生明显影响。TSH〈0．3mIU／L、TPOAb阳性和甲状腺肿是临床甲亢发病的危险因素。     

补碘对缺碘机体甲状腺自身免疫的影响

目的 探讨补碘对缺碘机体甲状腺自身免疫的影响。方法 动态观察缺碘地区居民口服碘油补碘前后、血清免疫球蛋白（IgA、IgG、IgM）、补体C3、甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体（TPOAb)、甲状腺球蛋白抗体（TGAb)、促甲状腺激素受体抗体（TRAb)和甲状腺刺激抗体（TSAb)水平变化及其异常值检出率。结果 补碘3个月后IgA、IgG、补体C3水平明显高于补碘前的水平，IgG和C3高于正常值上限的比例分别高达38．9％、62．0％，6个月时IgA和IgG水平则明显下降。补碘之后的TPOAb、TGAb水平及其阳性检率均明显高于补碘前，且以3个月和6个月时增高较为显著并分别在79和64例受试者中出现7例双抗体阳性病例；这些抗体阳性者全为成年女性，平均年龄27．6岁，均无明显临床症状。TRAb和TSAb水平也均明显高于补碘前，12个月时TRAb的阳性检出率高达24.4%。结论 补碘可诱发缺碘机体免疫反应使免疫功能增强，存在产生自身抗体的倾向，导致甲状腺自身抗体水平明显升高、抗体阳性检出率增加，而易于产生亚临床性自身免疫性甲状腺疾病。     

Screening for thyroid diseases in an iodine sufficient area with sensitive thyrotrophin assays, and serum thyroid autoantibody and urinary iodide determinations

OBJECTIVE The present study was designed to investigate the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and Its relation to thyroid autoantibodies and urine iodide concentration in apparently healthy people residing in Sapporo, a city of northern Japan, where the iodine intake is high. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS Serum TSH and thyroid autoantibodies, and urine iodide were measured in 4110 people (2931 men and 1179 women) (age 456 ± 103 years (mean ± SD)) who were recruited at the hospital for medical examinations. RESULTS The thyroid autoantibodies were positive in 6.4% of males and 13.8% of females with an age-related increase. Of the people with positive antibodies, 87.2% had normal TSH values (0.15–5.0 mU/l) as measured by a sensitive assay. The prevalence of unsuspected hyperthyroidism as defined by suppressed TSH values was 0.61%, of which 64% was diagnosed as Graves' disease based on positive thyrotrophin receptor antibody results. The prevalence of unsuspected hypothyroidism, as evidenced by supranormal TSH, was 0.68% for males and 3.13% for females with an age-related increase. Of those with hypothyroidism, 45.5% were autoantibody positive. The overall prevalence of Hashimoto's thyroiditis was 13.11% for females and 6.15% for males. The urine iodide levels of hypothyroidism with a positive autoantibody of 38.5 (17.7–83.9)μmol/l and a negative autoantibody of 34.9 (17.9–67.9) μmol/l were both significantly higher than that of normal subjects (26.9 (14.6–49.6) μmol/l) (P <0.01). When iodine intake was restricted for 6–8 weeks for hypothyroid subjects, the elevated TSH and thyroglobulin and low free T4 levels were reversed in the autoantibody negative but not in the positive group. CONCLUSIONS This study provides further information on the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and autoimmune thyroid diseases in an iodine sufficient area. In addition, it suggests that more than half of the patients with unsuspected hypothyroidism were negative for autoantibodies and that the excessive iodine intake may be involved in causing latent hypothyroidism.     

血清甲状腺自身抗体、碘摄入量与Graves病发病及临床转归的关系

目的探讨血清甲状腺刺激性抗体（TSAb）、甲状腺刺激阻断性抗体（TSBAb）等甲状腺自身抗体、碘摄入量与Graves病（GD）甲状腺功能亢进症（甲亢）发病和转归的关系。方法测定3个不同碘摄入量地区63例临床甲亢患者的血清TSAb、TSBAb、促甲状腺激素结合抑制免疫球蛋白（TBⅡ）、甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体（TPOAb）和甲状腺球蛋白抗体（TGAb）,2年后随访。TSAb和TSBAb采用转染了重组人促甲状腺素受体的中国仓鼠卵巢细胞（rhTSHR—CHO细胞）生物法测定。结果初访GD甲亢患者TSAb、TBⅡ和TSBAb的阳性率分别为80．9％、61．7％和6．4％,TSAb和TBⅡ任-抗体阳性率为91．5％,显著高于对照组。TSAb和TBⅡ的一致率为59．6％。GD甲亢患者TSAb与TBⅡ（r=0．407）、甲状腺球蛋白（r=0、301）、甲状腺体积（r=0．317）正相关。初访碘过量地区GD甲亢患者TSAb阳性率（91．7％）显著高于轻度碘缺乏地区（66．7％）,3个地区GD患者TBⅡ、TPOAb、TGAb阳性率、活性和甲状腺体积无统计学差异。随访时患者分为甲状腺功能恢复组（G1）和未恢复组（G2）。G1组TSAb活性和甲状腺体积显著下降。当TPOAb滴度显著增高,且随访时继续保持高滴度时,甲状腺功能不易恢复。此时TSAb对甲状腺功能的影响降为次要因素。结论TSAb对GD甲亢的诊断和判断临床转归的意义大于TBⅡ,联合应用二者能提高GD甲亢患者促甲状腺激素受体抗体的检出率;GD甲亢的转归与TSAb、TPOAb浓度和甲状腺体积有关。     

The prevalence of undiagnosed thyroid disorders in a previously iodine-deficient area.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to analyze the current status of morphologic and functional thyroid abnormalities in a previously iodine-deficient area. METHODS: The population based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP) comprised 4310 participants, aged 20-79 years. Thyroid function (thyrotropin [TSH] free triiodothyronine [FT(3)], and free thyroxine [FT(4)]) and serum autoantibodies to thyroperoxidase (TPOAb) were evaluated from blood samples. Thyroid structure and size were measured by ultrasound. Data from 3941 participants with no known thyroid disorders were analyzed. RESULTS: The median iodine urine excretion was 12.4 microg/dL. The rate of decreased serum TSH levels (<0.3 mIU/L) was 11.3%; 2.2% of participants had suppressed serum TSH levels (<0.1 mIU/L). The prevalence of subclinical hyperthyroidism was 1.8%, the prevalence of overt hyperthyroidism 0.4%. Elevated TSH levels were found in 1.2% of individuals. Subclinical hypothyroidism was observed in 0.5%, overt hypothyroidism in 0.7% of the sample. Elevated TPOAb were detected in 7% of subjects, 4.1% of participants had TPOAb greater than 200 IU/mL. The prevalence of goiter was 35.9%. An inhomogeneous echo pattern was detected in 35.2% and nodules in 20.2% of participants. Diffuse autoimmune thyroiditis was diagnosed in 47 subjects (1.2%). CONCLUSION: There are a number of thyroid disorders in this previously iodine-deficient region. Further studies are required to investigate the change of thyroid disorders during iodine supplementation programs.     

Expression of endocrine autoantibodies in chronic hepatitis C,before and after interferon-alpha therapy

Interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) treatment for chronic hepatitis C (CHC) has been associated with thyroid autoimmunity and/or dysfunction. Only a few data concerning the prevalence of islet-cell or adrenal cortex autoantibodies in IFN-alpha-treated subjects are currently available. The aims of our study were to evaluate in CHC, 1) the prevalence and association of thyroid, islet-cell and adrenal autoantibodies, and 2) the appearance of endocrine dysfunction, before and after a 6 month IFN-alpha treatment. We analyzed serum samples from 203 adult patients at the time of clinical diagnosis of CHC and showed that the prevalence of thyroperoxidase (TPOAb), thyroglobulin (TGAb), TSH-receptor (TRAb), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65Ab), IA-2/ICA512 (IA-2/ICA512Ab) and 21-hydroxylase (21OHAb) autoantibodies was similar to that observed among healthy control subjects of similar age and sex distribution. Among 99 patients with follow-up serum samples, 83 accepted and 16 refused IFN-alpha treatment. The IFN-alpha treatment was associated with increase of TPOAb levels in 3 subjects already positive at baseline, with progression to overt hypothyroidism in 2 of them. The de novo appearance of autoantibodies was observed in 5/80 (6%) cases for TPOAb, 1/81 (1.2%) for GAD65Ab and 2/81 (2.5%) for IA-2/ICA512Ab. Clinical or subclinical signs of either hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism were demonstrated in 3/5 cases with de novo appearance of TPOAb. Four subjects, initially positive for either GAD65Ab or IA2/ICA512Ab, were all found negative after IFN-alpha-treatment. No subjects showed positivity for 21OHAb either at baseline or after the follow-up period. Our study suggests that, in CHC untreated patients, the prevalence of endocrine autoantibodies is similar to that observed in the general population. Furthermore, we demonstrate that IFN-alpha treatment is associated with the induction or enhancement of thyroid, but not of islet-cell or adrenal cortex autoimmunity.     

高碘地区妊娠晚期妇女与育龄妇女甲状腺功能的比较

探讨妊娠和高碘对妇女甲状腺功能及甲状腺自身免疫功能的影响.选择高碘地区(27.69±4.73)岁孕妇210例和(30.62±6.01)岁育龄妇女290例;采集空腹晨尿及静脉血,砷-铈催化分光光度法测定尿碘浓度,化学发光法测定血清游离三碘甲腺原氨酸(FT3)、游离甲状腺素(FT4)及灵敏促甲状腺激素(sTSH),放射免疫法测定血清甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TPOAb)和甲状腺球蛋白抗体(TGAb).孕妇和育龄妇女尿碘中位数分别为1 240.70μg/L和949.21μg/L,有94.3%的孕妇和81.0%的育龄妇女碘过量.孕妇和育龄妇女甲状腺疾病总患病率为22.9%和30.3%,孕妇甲状腺功能亢进症(甲亢)、亚临床甲亢、甲状腺功能减退症(甲减)、亚临床甲减的患病率分别为0.5%、1.9%、0.5%和20.0%.育龄妇女的甲亢、亚临床甲亢、甲减及亚临床甲减的患病率分别为2.8%、0.3%、0.3%和26.9%.孕妇的FT3、FT4水平低于育龄妇女[(4.03±0.59对4.71±1.04)pmol/L,(13.35±1.59对14.27±3.63)pmol/L,均P＜0.01],TGAb阳性率低于育龄妇女(7.1%对14.1%,P=0.014).高碘地区妇女甲状腺疾病患病率及甲状腺自身抗体阳性率较高,妊娠使孕妇甲状腺激素水平及TGAb阳性率较育龄妇女降低,建议育龄妇女及孕妇控制碘摄入,并加强甲状腺功能和甲状腺自身抗体的监测.

Abstract：

To explore the influences of pregnancy and iodine intake on thyroid function and immune functions, 210 pregnant women and 290 fertile women were chosen from iodine excess area, and the average ages of them were (27. 69±4. 73 )and (30. 62±6. 01 )years respectively. Fasting blood and urine were collected in the morning. The urinary iodine level was determined by arsenic-cerium catalytic contact. Serum free triiodothyronine ( FT3 ), free thyroxine ( FT4 ), and sensitive thyroid-stimulating hormone ( sTSH ) levels were measured by chemiluminescence.Thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb)and thyroglobulin antibody (TGAb)were measured by radioimmunoassay. The median urinary iodine in the pregnant and fertile women were I 240. 70 and 949. 21 μg/L, respectively. There were 84. 3% pregnant women and 81.0% fertile women admitting excess iodine intake. The prevalence of overall thyroid diseases was 22. 9% in the pregnant women and 30. 3% in the fertile women. The prevalence of hyperthyroidism,subclinical hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and subclinical hypothyroidism was0. 5%, 1.9%, 0. 5%, and 20. 0% in the former group, and 2. 8%, 0. 3%, 0. 3%, and 26. 9% in the latter. Both FT3 and FT4 levels of the pregnant women were lower than those of fertile women [(4. 03±0. 59 vs 4. 71 ± 1.04)pmol/L, ( 13. 35 ± 1.59 vs 14. 27 ±3.63 )pmol/L,both P＜0. 01], and the positive rate of TGAb of pregnant women was also lower than that of fertile women (7. 1% vs14. 1%, P=0. 014). The prevalence of thyroid diseases and positive rate of thyroid autoantibodies is high in women with excess iodine intake. Compared with fertile women, pregnancy may lead to decreas~s in level of thyroid hormones and positive rate of TGAb. Their iodine intake should be controlled, and the thyroid function and autoimmunity antibodies should be monitored.     

249名老年人中甲状腺疾病的发生及转归临床分析

目的研究老年人甲状腺疾病的患病率和发生发展特点。方法249例来自我国辽宁省、河北省的老年人(男102名,女147名;年龄60~88岁)参加了1999年的横断面调查,5年后进行了随访。初访和随访时均测定血清促甲状腺激素(TSH)、甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TPOAb)和甲状腺球蛋白抗体(TgAb),TSH异常者加测游离甲状腺激素(FT3、FT4)。结果该研究人群TSH正常范围为0.28~4.75mU/L。甲状腺功能异常(含临床和亚临床型)的总患病率10.84%,TPOAb和TgAb的阳性率分别为12.85%和11.65%。初访时确定为正常甲状腺功能的老年人(n=222,随访率79.7%),5年后新发临床甲状腺功能亢进(甲亢)1例、亚临床甲亢2例(均为男性),亚临床甲减3例(均为女性)。初访时甲状腺自身抗体阴性者,随访时有6例出现抗体的阳转,但未伴有甲状腺功能的异常。结论老年人甲状腺疾病患病率较高,应当开展甲状腺疾病筛查;老年人的亚临床甲状腺疾病多数可自行缓解,可采取以观察为主的处理方式。     

Serological evidence of thyroid autoimmunity among schoolchildren in two different socioeconomic environments

CONTEXT: The mechanisms leading to thyroid autoimmunity are largely unknown. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to assess the role of environment in the development of thyroid autoimmunity. DESIGN: Prevalence of thyroid autoantibodies in two neighboring populations living in completely different socioeconomic circumstances (Russian Karelia and Finland) was studied. SETTING: We studied two population-based cohorts partly sharing the same ancestry. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: A total of 532 schoolchildren from Russian Karelia and 532 schoolchildren in Finland matched for age, gender, and season of the blood sampling were included. INTERVENTIONS: There were no interventions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The prevalence of thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb), thyroglobulin antibodies (TGAb) and HLA-DQ alleles was measured. RESULTS: The prevalence of TPOAb was significantly lower in Russian Karelian than in Finnish children (0.4 vs. 2.6%, P=0.006). A similar difference was observed for TGAb (0.6 vs. 3.4%, P=0.002). Finnish girls tested positive for both TPOAb (4.3 vs. 0.4%, P=0.01) and TGAb (5.3 vs. 0.9%, P=0.01) more frequently than Finnish boys. Seven of the 23 tested subjects with signs of thyroid autoimmunity (30%) had increased serum TSH concentrations as a sign of subclinical hypothyroidism. The frequency of HLA genotypes did not differ between the two countries or between autoantibody-positive and -negative subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity is lower in Russian Karelia than in Finland. This difference was not related to ethnic background or HLA-DQ alleles. The results support the idea that the Russian Karelian environment, which is characterized by inferior prosperity and standard of hygiene, may provide protection against thyroid autoimmunity.