母体砷暴露仔鼠肝脑组织中砷形态分布

目的探索小鼠早期砷暴露后,砷化物在肝、脑组织中的代谢与分布情况。方法采用氢化物发生-超低温捕集-原子吸收分光光度法测定母鼠和仔鼠肝和脑组织中无机砷(iAs)、一甲基胂(MMA)及二甲基胂(DMA)含量。结果各组母鼠肝组织中iAs、MMA和DMA含量及脑组织中iAs和DMA含量随饮水中砷浓度增加而增加;小鼠在生后15d肝组织中iAs含量增加,MMA含量在生后21 d增加;生后10、15、21 d,高砷组DMA含量分别为(0.020±0.005)、(0.031±0.012)、(0.239±0.076)μg/g,生后21 d DMA含量高于新生仔鼠和生后35 d仔鼠。高砷组脑组织iAs含量在仔鼠生后21 d达最高水平(0.088±0.042)μg/g;MMA在早期发育阶段未检测到;DMA平均水平在生后10d和15 d最低。结论乳房屏障可以有效阻止iAs和DMA进入母鼠乳汁中,成熟血脑屏障能够有效阻止iAs进入脑组织。     

发育早期阶段砷暴露小鼠肝和脑组织中砷形态的检测分析

目的探索小鼠在其早期发育阶段暴露不同浓度亚砷酸钠后,各砷形态在肝和脑组织中的代谢与分布情况。方法母鼠在妊娠和哺乳期以自由饮水方式暴露0、10和30 mg/L iAsⅢ水溶液,仔鼠在哺乳期后继续摄入与母鼠相同浓度的含砷水溶液。分别在仔鼠出生后第0、10、15、21和35天,采用氢化物发生-超低温捕集-原子吸收分光光度法测定肝和脑组织中无机砷(iAs)、一甲基胂(MMA)和二甲基胂(DMA)水平。结果从出生后15 d起,肝组织中iAs含量开始逐步增加;从出生后21 d起,肝组织中MMA含量开始逐步增加;肝组织中DMA含量在出生后10～15 d最低,以后逐步增高。脑组织中iAs含量,在出生后15 d开始升高,在出生后21 d时达最高水平;MMA含量在早期发育阶段的脑组织中没有检测到;DMA含量在出生后10～15 d最低。结论母鼠体内各形态砷化物可通过胎盘屏障进入胎鼠体内,但其基本不能通过乳房屏障进入母鼠乳汁,进而进入仔鼠体内,成熟的血脑屏障对iAs具有一定的阻挡作用,但可允许部分DMA进入脑组织。     

外源性谷胱甘肽对饮水砷暴露小鼠体内砷形态分布的影响

目的探讨外源性谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)对饮水砷暴露小鼠体内不同组织器官砷形态分布的影响。方法将实验小鼠随机分为对照组、单纯染砷组及低、中和高剂量GSH干预组。小鼠经饮水染砷4周,并于最后一周,在染砷同时腹腔注射不同剂量GSH。末次注射后24 h处死小鼠,取血、肝和脑组织。分别检测无机砷(iAs)、一甲基胂(MMA)和二甲基胂(DMA)的含量。结果GSH干预组小鼠的肝和血中iAs和MMA含量及血和脑中总砷含量(TAs)与单纯染砷组比较显著下降。GSH干预组小鼠的肝和血一甲基化率(PMR)和二甲基化率(SMR)明显升高。其中,高剂量GSH干预组小鼠的肝PMR和SMR及血SMR与单纯染砷组比较差异显著。结论外源性GSH可以促进肝中iAs的甲基化,加速砷化物从机体的排泄,从而可减少血中砷化物的含量,进而降低脑中砷化物的蓄积。 更多还原     

外源性蛋氨酸对饮水砷暴露雌性小鼠体内砷形态分布的影响

目的 探讨外源性蛋氨酸(methionine,Met)对饮水砷暴露小鼠体内不同组织器官砷形态分布的影响.方法 将健康清洁级雌性昆明小鼠40只,随机分为对照组、单纯砷染毒组及低、中、高剂量Met与砷联合染毒组,每组8只.除对照组小鼠饮蒸馏水外,其余各组小鼠以自由饮水方式饮含50mg/L亚砷酸钠的水,连续染毒4周.在染毒的第4周,低、中、高剂量Met与砷联合染毒组小鼠分别被腹腔注射100、200、400 mg/kg的Met溶液,对照组和单纯砷染毒组小鼠被腹腔注射生理盐水,连续注射7 d.末次注射24 h后,处死小鼠,快速取血,分离肝和脑组织,分别检测无机砷(iAs)、一甲基胂酸(MMA)和二甲基胂酸(DMA)含量,并计算各组织中总砷含鼍(TAs)及砷一甲基化率(primary methylation ratio,PMR)和二甲基化率(secondary methylation ratio,SMR).结果 单纯砷染毒组和高、中、低剂量Met与砷联合染毒组小鼠肝、脑组织及全血中iAs、MMA、DMA和TAs含量均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).与单纯砷染毒组比较,中、高剂量Met与砷联合染毒组小鼠肝组织中DMA含量和PMR较高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).与单纯砷染毒组比较,各剂量Met与砷联合染毒组小鼠全血中iAs、MMA和TAs含量均下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).各剂量Met与砷联合染毒组小鼠脑组织中DMA和TAs含量低于单纯砷染毒组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 外源性Met 对小鼠体内砷甲基化代谢具有促进作用,并可加速体内砷化物的排泄,从而减少血液和脑组织中的砷负荷.     

饮水型砷暴露对人群甲基化代谢能力的影响

目的探讨饮水型砷暴露对人群甲基化代谢能力的影响。方法以带有砷化物预处理装置的原子吸收分光光度计测定砷暴露人群及无砷暴露对照人群血、尿中无机砷(iAs)、甲基胂(MMA)、二甲基胂(DMA)含量。以iAs、MMA及DMA的总和表示总胂(tAs)水平;以(MMA+DMA)/tAs及DMA/(MMA+DMA)分别计算一甲基化率(PMI)和二甲基化率(SMI)水平。结果砷暴露人群血中iAs、MMA、DMA、tAs及PMI水平均显著高于相应对照人群的水平,而SMI水平显著低于对照人群。尿中MMA水平分别与血中PMI及SMI水平呈显著正相关(r=0.419,P<0.01)及负相关(r=-0.326,P<0.05)。暴露组和对照组血中各种砷化物水平及甲基化率水平在男女间差异无显著性。结论砷暴露人群与无砷暴露人群相比甲基化率有差异,PMI显著增高,SMI显著降低。人群甲基化率无显著性别差异。     

谷胱甘肽与蛋氨酸对饮水砷暴露小鼠体内砷化物的分布和甲基代谢的影响

目的探讨外源性谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)和L-蛋氨酸(L-Methionine,L-Met)干预后,对饮水砷暴露小鼠肝、肾和血中化物的分布和甲基代谢的影响。方法将实验小鼠随机分为对照组(Con组)、单纯染砷组(As组)、GSH干预组(GSH组)与L-Met干预组(L-Met组)。小鼠自由饮用含砷50mg/L的水。从第4周起,染砷组同时腹腔注射GSH和L-Met进行处理,共处理7天。末次注射后24h处死小鼠,取其肝、肾和血组织样品。采用氢化物发生-超低温捕集-原子吸收分光光度法分别检测小鼠肝、肾和血中无机砷(inorganic arsenic,iAs)、一甲基胂(monomethylarsenic acid,MMA)和二甲基胂(dimethylarsenic acid,DMA)含量。结果L-Met组小鼠肝中DMA含量和砷二甲基化率(SMI)显著高于As组;GSH干预组小鼠肝中砷一甲基化率(PMI)和SMI显著高于As组。L-Met组和GSH组小鼠血中DMA、总砷含量和PMI均显著高于As组。结论GSH和L-Met对小鼠体内的砷甲基化代谢具有促进作用、可加速无机砷在体内的甲基化过程,最终使砷甲基代谢的终产物DMA含量增加,从而促进了总砷的代谢与排泄。     

外源性谷胱甘肽对饮水砷暴露雌性小鼠脑砷形态及一氧化氮代谢的影响

目的 探讨外源性谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)对饮水砷暴露小鼠脑中砷形态分布及一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)代谢的影响.方法 将40只雌性昆明小鼠随机分为对照组、单独染砷(NaAsO_2)组及低剂量(200mg/kg)、中剂量(400mg/kg)或高剂量(800mg/kg)GSH干预组,每组8只.染毒组小鼠饮水染砷4周,在最后一周,在染砷同时腹腔注射不同剂量GSH.末次注射后24h处死小鼠,取血和脑组织,分别检测无机砷(iAs)、一甲基胂酸(MMA)和二甲基胂酸(DMA)含量及脑中一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活力和NO含量.结果 GSH干预组小鼠血中iAs、MMA和总砷(TAs)含量及脑中DMA和TAs含量与单独染砷组比较显著下降.与对照组相比,单独染砷组小鼠脑中NOS活力及NO含量显著降低.与单独染砷组比较,中、高剂量GSH干预组小鼠脑中NOS活力显著升高.结论 给予外源性GSH可减少血液和脑组织中的砷负荷,进而改善砷对脑内NO代谢的影响.     

亚慢性砷暴露对小鼠脑谷氨酸—谷氨酰胺循环通路的影响

目的 探讨亚慢性饮水砷暴露对小鼠脑谷氨酸-谷氨酰胺循环通路的影响及其可能的机制.方法 将32只健康雌性昆明种小鼠随机分为4组,每组8只.3个染砷组以自由饮水方式分别暴露于水砷浓度为25、50和100 mg/L的亚砷酸钠水溶液,连续染砷6周.对照组饮蒸馏水.分别检测小鼠血和脑中无机砷(inorganic arsenic,iAs)、一甲基胂(monomethylarsonic acid,MMA)和二甲基胂(dimethylarsenic acid,DMA)的含量及脑中谷氨酰胺合成酶(glutamine synthetase,GS)、谷氨酰胺酶(phosphate activated glutaminase,PAG)和超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dimutase,SOD)的活力与谷氨酸(glutamate,Glu)和脂质过氧化物(lipidperoxide,LPO)的含量.结果 小鼠血和脑中iAs、MMA和DMA含量均随染砷剂量的增加而升高.各染砷组小鼠脑中GS和PAG活力及Glu含量与对照组比较均升高,50 mg/L染砷组GS活力、25和50mg/L染砷组PAG活力及100mg/L染砷组Glu含量与对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05),25mg/L染砷组PAG活力与100mg/L染砷组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).各染砷组小鼠脑中SOD活力与对照组比较也升高,且50mg/L染砷组的SOD活力与对照组和25 mg/L染砷组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).各染砷组的LPO含量与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 血中的各形态砷化物均可透过成年鼠的血脑屏障进入脑组织.血和脑中的砷形态构成均以有机砷为主,但与血中砷形态的构成不同,脑中砷形态构成以DMA为主,iAs次之,MMA极少.砷暴露可引起脑中谷氨酸-谷氨酰胺循环通路中两个关键代谢酶GS和PAG活力的异常,并导致Glu代谢的异常.另外,本研究结果提示,砷暴露可引起超氧阴离子的含量升高,并导致了SOD活力的代偿性升高.     

蛋氨酸对砷暴露小鼠脑砷形态及NO代谢影响

目的探讨外源性蛋氨酸(methionine,Met)对饮水砷暴露小鼠脑中砷形态分布及NO代谢影响。方法将小鼠随机分为对照组、染砷组及低、中、高剂量Met干预组。饮水染砷4周,最后1周在染砷同时腹腔注射不同剂量Met,末次注射后24 h处死小鼠,取血和脑组织检测砷、NO等指标。结果与染砷组比较,各Met干预组小鼠血中无机砷(iAs)、一甲基胂(MMA)和总砷(TAs)含量及脑中iAs、二甲基胂(DMA)和TAs含量明显降低;与对照组比较,染砷组小鼠脑中一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活性〔(1.526±0.185)U/(mg.pro)〕及一氧化氮(NO)含量〔(0.472±0.129)μmol/(g.pro)〕明显降低;高剂量Met干预组小鼠脑中NO含量〔(0.666±0.135)μmol/(g.pro)〕明显升高。结论给予外源性Met可减少血液和脑组织中的砷负荷,进而改善砷对脑内NO代谢影响。     

谷胱甘肽与亚硒酸钠对饮水砷暴露小鼠体内砷代谢的影响

目的 探讨给予外源性谷胱甘肽(GSH)和亚硒酸钠(sodium selenite)对饮水砷暴露小鼠肝、肾和血中砷代谢的影响.方法 将小鼠按数字表法随机分为对照组、单纯染砷组(砷组)、GSH干预组(GSH组)与亚硒酸钠干预组(硒组),每组各8只小鼠.小鼠以自由饮水方式共染砷4周,饮水砷浓度为50 mg/L.从第4周起,染砷同时腹腔注射GSH(600 mg/kg体重)或亚硒酸钠(1 mg/kg体重)进行干预,共干预7 d.末次注射后处死小鼠,取其肝、肾和血组织样品.采用氢化物发生-超低温捕集-原子吸收分光光度法,分别检测小鼠肝、肾和血中无机砷(iAs)、一甲基胂(MMA)和二甲基胂(DMA)的含量.结果 GSH组小鼠肝中DMA含量[(233.76±60.63)ng/g湿重]及血中DMA含量[(88.52±30.86)ng/g湿重]和总砷(TAs)含量[(162.32±49.45)ng/g湿重]高于相对应的砷组小鼠[(218.36±42.71)、(45.32±12.19)、(108.51±18.00)ng/g湿重](q值分别为3.06、6.40、10.72,P＜0.05).GSH组小鼠肝中砷一甲基化率(PMI,0.65±0.05)和二甲基化率(SMI,0.55±0.05)及血中PMI(0.85±0.07)与砷组小鼠相对应的甲基化率(0.58±0.06、0.44±0.09、0.54±0.11)比较升高(q值分别为3.75、5.26、4.21.P＜0.05).硒组与砷组各项指标间差异无统计学意义.结论 给予外源性GSH可以促进iAs在小鼠体内甲基化代谢,从而降低其对机体的毒性损伤.而亚硒酸钠则无明显作用.     

Acute arsenic intoxication from environmental arsenic exposure

Reports of acute arsenic poisoning arising from environmental exposure are rare. Two cases of acute arsenic intoxication resulting from ingestion of contaminated well water are described. These patients experienced a variety of problems: acute gastrointestinal symptoms, central and peripheral neurotoxicity, bone marrow suppression, hepatic toxicity, and mild mucous membrane and cutaneous changes. Although located adjacent to an abandoned mine, the well water had been tested for microorganisms only and was found to be "safe." Regulations for testing of water from private wells for fitness to drink are frequently nonexistent, or only mandate biologic tests for microorganisms. Well water, particularly in areas near mining activity, should be tested for metals.     

Urinary arsenic species, toenail arsenic, and arsenic intake estimates in a Michigan population with low levels of arsenic in drinking water

The large disparity between arsenic concentrations in drinking water and urine remains unexplained. This study aims to evaluate predictors of urinary arsenic in a population exposed to low concentrations (≤50?μg/l) of arsenic in drinking water. Urine and drinking water samples were collected from a subsample (n=343) of a population enrolled in a bladder cancer case-control study in southeastern Michigan. Total arsenic in water and arsenic species in urine were determined using ICP-MS: arsenobetaine (AsB), arsenite (As[III]), arsenate (As[V]), methylarsenic acid (MMA[V]), and dimethylarsenic acid (DMA[V]). The sum of As[III], As[V], MMA[V], and DMA[V] was denoted as SumAs. Dietary information was obtained through a self-reported food intake questionnaire. Log(10)-transformed drinking water arsenic concentration at home was a significant (P<0.0001) predictor of SumAs (R(2)=0.18). Associations improved (R(2)=0.29, P<0.0001) when individuals with less than 1?μg/l of arsenic in drinking water were removed and further improved when analyses were applied to individuals who consumed amounts of home drinking water above the median volume (R(2)=0.40, P<0.0001). A separate analysis indicated that AsB and DMA[V] were significantly correlated with fish and shellfish consumption, which may suggest that seafood intake influences DMA[V] excretion. The Spearman correlation between arsenic concentration in toenails and SumAs was 0.36 and between arsenic concentration in toenails and arsenic concentration in water was 0.42. Results show that arsenic exposure from drinking water consumption is an important determinant of urinary arsenic concentrations, even in a population exposed to relatively low levels of arsenic in drinking water, and suggest that seafood intake may influence urinary DMA[V] concentrations.     

砷中毒地区外环境砷暴露水平的研究现状

地方性砷中毒是一种严重危害病区居民健康的地方病.根据砷源不同,分为饮水型职业性砷中毒、燃煤型职业性砷中毒和职业性砷中毒.饮水型地方性砷中毒主要是由于长期暴露于饮用水中的砷而引起的慢性砷中毒.饮水中的砷还可以通过农田灌溉等引起粮食、土壤等砷浓度的升高,间接危害居民健康.在以往的研究中发现,饮水型砷中毒地区饮用水砷超标,不...     

砷冶炼车间砷危害动态观察

长期吸入砷化合物可发生慢性砷中毒,发生早晚及程度与车间空气砷浓度大致呈平行关系。不脱离砷接触时尿砷可作为砷中毒诊断的重要指标,对尿砷超标者行驱砷治疗可降低砷中毒发病率。     

Binational arsenic exposure survey: methodology and estimated arsenic intake from drinking water and urinary arsenic concentrations

The Binational Arsenic Exposure Survey (BAsES) was designed to evaluate probable arsenic exposures in selected areas of southern Arizona and northern Mexico, two regions with known elevated levels of arsenic in groundwater reserves. This paper describes the methodology of BAsES and the relationship between estimated arsenic intake from beverages and arsenic output in urine. Households from eight communities were selected for their varying groundwater arsenic concentrations in Arizona, USA and Sonora, Mexico. Adults responded to questionnaires and provided dietary information. A first morning urine void and water from all household drinking sources were collected. Associations between urinary arsenic concentration (total, organic, inorganic) and estimated level of arsenic consumed from water and other beverages were evaluated through crude associations and by random effects models. Median estimated total arsenic intake from beverages among participants from Arizona communities ranged from 1.7 to 14.1 μg/day compared to 0.6 to 3.4 μg/day among those from Mexico communities. In contrast, median urinary inorganic arsenic concentrations were greatest among participants from Hermosillo, Mexico (6.2 μg/L) whereas a high of 2.0 μg/L was found among participants from Ajo, Arizona. Estimated arsenic intake from drinking water was associated with urinary total arsenic concentration (p < 0.001), urinary inorganic arsenic concentration (p < 0.001), and urinary sum of species (p < 0.001). Urinary arsenic concentrations increased between 7% and 12% for each one percent increase in arsenic consumed from drinking water. Variability in arsenic intake from beverages and urinary arsenic output yielded counter intuitive results. Estimated intake of arsenic from all beverages was greatest among Arizonans yet participants in Mexico had higher urinary total and inorganic arsenic concentrations. Other contributors to urinary arsenic concentrations should be evaluated.     

污染区人群砷累积暴露量及与砷中毒的关系砷污染区人群砷累积暴露量的估计

利用人群流行病学调查资料 ,通过估计人群累积呼吸量和大米食用量的方法 ,估算了污染区人群经呼吸和饮食的累积砷暴露量。并对如何评价人群环境污染物暴露水平的方法进行了探讨。不考虑非污染期经呼吸道的砷暴露时 ,所估计的污染区人群最大累积砷暴露量 ,经呼吸道途径 ,女性为 5 91 4mg ,男性为6 12 9mg。消化道途径为 34 88 74mg,合计女性为 40 80 14mg ,男性为 410 1 6 6mg。按污染时间折算成每日暴露量 :女性为 34 9 1μg (天·人 ) ,男性为 35 0 9μg (天·人 ) ,约为调查时所计算日均暴露量的 80 %左右     

Airborne arsenic and urinary excretion of metabolites of inorganic arsenic among smelter workers

Summary The relationship between airborne concentrations of arsenic and the urinary excretion of inorganic arsenic metabolites (inorganic arsenic + methylarsonic acid + dimethylarsinic acid) have been studied among smelter workers exposed to arsenic trioxide. The urinary concentrations of arsenic metabolites were found to increase steadily during the first day of the working week (after 2–3 d off from work), whereafter they reached a steady state. The concentration in the late evening after a day of exposure was very similar to that in the early morning after. Both were well correlated to the total daily excretion. In the second part of the study, comprising 18 subjects, the first-void morning urine of each participant was collected for 2 to 3 d during the steady-state phase. Total concentration of arsenic in the breathing zones was measured by personal air samplers. Airborne arsenic (8-h values) varied between 1 and 194 g As/m³, and urinary arsenic between 16 and 328 g As/g creatinine. With the urinary arsenic concentrations (mean values of 2–3 d for each subject) plotted against the corresponding airborne arsenic concentrations, the best fit was obtained by a power curve with the equation y = 17 x x^0.56. However, four of the participants were found to excrete far more (105–260%) arsenic in the urine than possibly could have been inhaled, most likely due to oral intake of arsenic via contaminated hands, cigarettes or snuff. If these four were excluded, the best fit was obtained by a straight regression line with the slope 2.0 and the intercept 29 g As/g creatinine (coefficient of correlation 0.92; P < 0.001).