镍钛合金组合式人工食管替代食管术后新生食管的形成与重构

目的观察镍钛合金组合式人工食管替代食管术后,新生食管的形成及重构。方法22只猪通过手术切除一段长约7 cm的胸段食管,应用镍钛合金组合式人工食管替代切除的胸段食管建立实验动物模型。对置入人工食管术后1、2、3、6个月各时段出现植入人工食管脱落移位的12只实验动物,进行X线食管造影,然后剖杀,对比观察各时段形成的新生食管的大体形态,镜下管体组织细胞结构的变化。结果12只实验动物中6只早期脱管（术后1个月内）,3只并发吻合口瘘和脓胸,另3只则出现严重吻合口狭窄;余6只脱管时间超过1个月,未发生吻合口瘘和胸腔感染,仅出现不同程度的新生食管狭窄和进食困难。镍钛合金组合式人工食管替代食管术后1个月,人工食管外壁形成一条以结缔组织膜包绕,连接正常食管两端的管道。2～3个月的新生食管管体结构,除中间狭窄部分为结缔组织外,已形成与正常食管4层组织结构相似的纤维肌性管道。3～6个月新生食管管体组织结构呈现肉芽组织增生、瘢痕组织形成的重构过程。全程未发现腺体组织。结论镍钛合金组合式人工食管作为修复材料重建食管通道置入人体后,诱导出由结缔组织包绕人工食管外壁的管道,新生食管在随后的重构过程中发生肉芽组织增生,瘢痕组织形成的转化过程,最终形成一条没有收缩功能、黏膜面覆盖复层鳞状上皮的瘢痕性管道。     

可降解复合人工食管重建犬颈段食管的实验研究

目的 采用生物可降解材料与非降解材料复合制成人工食管，诱导自身食管组织爬行再生与生物材料降解相匹配，最终再生食管完全替代人工食管。方法 将长50mm、内径20mm的医用聚氨酯内管表面覆盖海绵状胶原蛋白壳聚糖膜，体外制成人工食管，通过手术替换Ⅰ组(5只犬)和Ⅱ组(10只犬)颈段5cm食管缺损，术后给予营养支持，禁食2周或4周后通过内镜分别取出Ⅰ、Ⅱ组聚氨酯内管，通过组织学及电镜等检测、观察新生食管上皮化过程。结果 禁食2周后取出I组聚氨酯内管的5只实验犬，新生食管上皮再生不完全；术后4周内均出现进行性狭窄无法吞咽，致全身衰竭死亡。Ⅱ组禁食4周后取出聚氨酯内管的10只实验犬，新生食管完全上皮化；12周时黏膜全层结构完整再生；24周时食管肌层部分再生，有3只犬生存8个月以上。结论 由聚氨酯内管提供暂时通道和支撑，海绵状胶原蛋白壳聚糖膜提供适宜细胞爬行再生的三维支架，维持4周的降解时间能够重建犬颈段5cm长食管缺损。     

食管、贲门、膈

220例右胸腹部二切口治疗胸段食管癌的疗效分析；镍钛合金组合式人工食管替代食管术后新生食管的形成与重构；结肠代食管术后远期并发症的观察；串列式食管内翻拔脱术；低位结扎胸导管预防食管癌术后乳糜胸的适应证探讨     

食管、贲门、膈

晚期自发性食管破裂合并脓胸的治疗；镍钛合金组合式人工食管替代食管的实验研究；食管癌手术器械吻合与手术吻合的疗效对比；纤维胃镜下气囊导管扩张治疗小儿食管狭窄30例；自发性食管破裂的临床诊治     

带膜网状镍钛合金支架治疗恶性病变引起的食管狭窄

目的 通过使用带膜网状镍钛合金支架治疗恶性病变引起的食管狭窄,评价该支架的临床应用价值.方法 对38例食管狭窄患者行食管支架植入,其中晚期食管癌引起食管狭窄23例(1例上段食管癌合并食管-气管瘘),晚期贲门癌4例,食管、贲门癌术后吻合口复发6例,肺癌侵及食管4例,纵隔淋巴结转移癌压迫食管1例.全部病例均在X线电视监视下经口食管扩张后放入带膜网状镍钛合金支架,术后全身静脉化疗并进行随访.结果 本组无手术死亡.38例共进行39次支架植入,均一次性放置成功,其中1例因肿瘤生长超过原支架上缘引起再堵塞,而于首次支架植入2.5个月后第2次放置,1例15cm长食管癌患者同时放置2根支架.支架植入后静脉化疗(卡铂+5氟脲嘧啶,共4个疗程).随访观察35例,26例平均生存4.5个月后死亡;6例生存11～19个月,平均1 6个月;3例生存超过24个月.死前1～7 d均可进食,无严重并发症发生.结论 带膜网状镍钛合金支架治疗恶性病变引起的食管狭窄,可较好地改善患者的进食状况,提高生活质量.     

带膜食管支架置入治疗食管癌术后胸内食管吻合口瘘

目的总结覆硅胶膜镍钛合金食管支架置入治疗食管癌术后胸内食管吻合口瘘的临床经验。方法回顾性分析2005年1月至2009年12月上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院12例食管癌手术后发生胸内食管吻合口瘘经覆硅胶膜镍钛合金食管支架置入治疗的临床资料,其中男7例,女5例;平均年龄65(45～70)岁。胸内食管吻合口瘘发生于术后第5～28 d,均为单个漏口,漏口直径约0.2～1.0 cm。确诊食管吻合口瘘后给予支持治疗7 d,待病情稳定后置入覆硅胶膜镍钛合金食管支架,支架长5～12 cm,内径1.8～2.0 cm。结果术后因进食呛咳死于肺部感染1例。术后出现胸骨疼痛7例,支架移位3例,消化道出血1例,均经相应的治疗后好转或治愈。生存患者于置入食管支架后第3～15 d经口进食。随访11例,随访时间1～6个月,食管吻合口瘘愈合良好9例;支架移位1例,瘘口未愈合,术后4个月死于肿瘤复发;在回收食管支架过程中黏膜撕裂,致吻合口狭窄1例。结论带膜食管支架置入是治疗食管癌术后胸内食管吻合口瘘的一种有效方法。     

结肠或胃代食管术治疗食管腐蚀伤后瘢痕性狭窄

目的总结结肠或胃代食管术治疗食管腐蚀伤后食管瘢痕狭窄的临床经验.方法食管腐蚀伤后食管瘢痕性狭窄患者46例,伤后1～6个月内手术41例,其中3～4个月手术28例;6个月以上5例.采用结肠代食管术43例,胃代食管术3例.结果全组无手术死亡.术后发生颈部吻合口瘘4例,吻合口狭窄2例,腹壁切口裂开1例,均治愈.随访41例,最长随访3年,除2例进软食时有哽噎感外,其余患者均能正常进食.结论采用结肠代食管术治疗食管腐蚀伤后瘢痕狭窄是一种理想的手术方法.     

生物型人工食管的实验研究

目的 生物型人工食管重建食管，探索解决术后吻合口瘘及晚期狭窄的途径。方法 30只中国杂种犬经右侧开胸切除胸段食管，并以8cm长生物型人工食管进行重建，观察愈合过程。结果 30只犬存活率81．5％（22／27），围手术期存活率93．3％（28／30）。吻合口瘘发生率6．7％（2／30）。术后平均28．8d人工食管脱落，术后60－75d出现不同程度狭窄，13例狭窄经扩张而缓解，5例需放置支架。病理结果显示新生食管由纤维结缔组织构成，其内面覆盖鳞状上皮,上皮下可见血供。结论 生物型人工食管植入后，可短暂替代食管，并由机体修复为有上皮组织爬覆的纤维结缔组织新生食管，新生食管的后期狭窄经妥善的内科治疗可缓解，故人工食管可望成为有效的食管重建方式之一；解决植入长度及减轻狭窄是今后研究的重点。     

聚氨酯-胶原蛋白复合人工食管替换犬颈段食管的实验研究

目的 采用生物可降解材料与非降解材料复合制成人工食管，通过诱导自身食管组织爬行再生与生物材料降解相匹配，最终新生食管完全替代人工食管。方法 将医用聚氨酯内管表面覆盖海绵状胶原蛋白膜制成人工食管，并通过手术置换20条犬颈段5cm食管缺损，术后给予营养支持，禁食4周后通过内镜取出聚氨酯内管。结果 术后发生吻合口瘘4条（20%），14条（70%）存活1个月以上，其中食管狭窄5条（25%），存活达8个月的3条。现仍存活良好，未见明显并发症。术后1个月，新生食管完全上皮化；术后3个月，粘膜全层结构完整再生；术后6个月，食管肌层部分再生。结论 聚氨酯-胶原蛋白复合人工食管置换犬颈段食管具有可行性，通过聚氨酯内管提供暂时支撑，海绵状胶原蛋白膜提供适宜细胞爪爬行再生的三维支架并维持足够长的降解时间，能够促使自身食管的完全再生。     

食管腔内置管预防食管腐蚀伤后瘢痕狭窄

目的介绍食管腔内置管预防食管腐蚀伤后瘢痕狭窄的手术方法,并评价其疗效。方法食管腐蚀伤后3周内入院33例,除1例发生食管穿孔外均经食管镜检查诊断为度或度烧伤,所有患者均采用食管腔内置管方法预防瘢痕狭窄,4～6个月后拔管。结果本组无手术死亡,拔管后患者均恢复正常进食,食管X线钡餐检查无狭窄。随访1～60个月,随访期间28例进食无梗阻,5例拔管后2～3个月发生食管狭窄,其中1例经食管扩张治愈,另4例施行食管重建手术,术后进普通食物无梗阻。结论食管腔内置管能预防食管腐蚀伤后瘢痕狭窄,加用异烟肼能增强其疗效。     

Effect of Slip Time in Forming Neo‐Esophageal Stenosis After Replacement of a Thoracic Esophagus With Nitinol Artificial Esophagus

Attempts have been made to investigate the effect of slip time of nitinol artificial esophagus for forming neo‐esophageal stenosis after replacement of a thoracic esophagus with nitinol artificial esophagus in 20 experimental pigs. The pigs whose slip time was less than 90 days postoperatively had severe dysphagia (Bown's III) immediately after they were fed, and the dysphagia aggravated gradually later on (Bown's III–IV). The pigs whose slip time was more than 90 days postoperatively had mild/moderate dysphagia (Bown's I–II) immediately after they were fed, and the dysphagia relieved gradually later on (Bown's II‐I‐0). The ratios between the diameter of neo‐esophagus in different slip time and normal esophagus were 25% (at 2 months postoperatively), 58% (at 4 months postoperatively), and 93% (at 6 months postoperatively), respectively. The relationship between nitinol artificial esophagus slip time and neo‐esophageal stenosis showed a positive correlation. After replacement of a thoracic esophagus with nitinol artificial esophagus, the artificial esophageal slip time not only affected the original diameter of the neo‐esophagus immediately, but also affected the neo‐esophageal scar stricture forming process later on. The narrowing of neo‐esophagus is caused by overgrowth of scar tissue. But there is the positive correlation between artificial esophagus slip time and neo‐esophageal stenosis, so this can be a way of overcoming neo‐esophageal stenosis by delaying slip time of artificial esophagus.     

Experimental studies of the esophageal prosthesis with a polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel

Though various prosthetic materials have been experimented with for use as an artificial esophagus in the past, the two main problems that have prevented successful clinical implantation of such a prosthesis were anastomotic leakage and stricture formation of the artificial esophagus. The purpose of this study is to evaluate a high water content polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel (PVA-H) for use as the esophageal prosthesis. In 10 adult mongrel dogs, the defect after resection of the intrathoracic esophagus was bridged with a PVA-H esophageal prosthesis, 5.5 cm in length and 15 mm in internal diameter with two Tefron rings, installed 2 cm from each end. The esophageal prostheses, including the anastomotic lines, were enveloped by Dacron mesh after implantation. After implantation, the prostheses were examined endoscopically and fluoroscopically. The dogs, which were sacrificed or had died, were evaluated macro- and microscopically. Among the six dogs underwent operation, one is still living 900 days after implantation. The other two dogs were sacrificed on 165 and 162 days after implantation. The remaining three dogs died of postoperative complications ranging from 25 to 81 days after implantation. The causes of death were the respiratory insufficiency after endoscopical examination, abscess formation around the prosthesis and pyothorax. Up to 2 months after implantation the esophageal prostheses were fixed to the host esophagus without stenosis. However, the prostheses were gradually dislodged due to constricture depending on the growing granulation at the proximal anastomosis. When the surviving dog was examined on the 376th day after the operation, the esophageal prosthesis fell off entirely.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Experimental study on artificial esophagus created by a latissimus dorsi muscle flap with grafted jejunal mucosa

An experimental study on artificial esophagus was performed in 38 mongrel dogs. Artificial esophagus was created by using a latissimus dorsi muscle, woven dacron vascular prosthesis and jejunal mucosa. A prepared latissimus dorsi muscle flap was cylindrically rolled, and jejunal mucosa with a woven dacron vascular prosthesis as a stent was inserted into this muscle canal. Although, all of these mucosal grafts fell down to necrosis with severe bacterial infections. The main cause of this failure was poor blood supply to the grafted mucosa via the muscle flap. For this reason, artificial granulation tissue with newly developed abundant vessels was made on the muscle surface by means of an insertion of the woven dacron vascular prosthesis into the muscle canal. Two weeks later, inner surface of the muscle canal had good granulations with a rich blood flow. And then the free jejunal mucosa of 10cm in length was grafted into this canal. Consequently, all grafted mucosa were well survived and had normal mucosal structures in the whole transplanted length. Based on these results, a latissimus dorsi muscle flap with the mucosal graft is possible to use as an artificial esophagus.     

Formation of pseudoaneurysms at the site of prosthetic surgery of the aorta using a synthetic prosthesis in coarctation

Two patients who underwent 28 and 20 years ago operation for correction of coarctation of the aorta and its restoration by synthetic dacron prostheses were examined. They had characteristic complaints. Examination by functional and invasive methods revealed changes in the synthetic prostheses which caused the characteristic complaints and elements of the disease. The findings of autopsy were studied in a case of sudden death 25 years after repair of the aorta by a dacron prosthesis in coarctation. Morphological examination revealed essential changes in the synthetic dacron prosthesis which led to complications in the late postoperative period.     

Late stenosis of Starr-Edwards cloth-covered prostheses.

During a two-year period (August, 1971, to July, 1973) 1 Starr-Edwards Model 2400 and 135 Starr-Edwards Model 2320 aortic prostheses were inserted without postoperative antiocagulant therapy. Seven of these valves (including the Model 2400 prosthesis) have been replaced because of substantial transvalvular gradients resulting from fibrous overgrowth of the valve orifice. Symptoms associated with aortic stenosis occurred an average of nine months after the initial operation. Six patients had severe anemia (packed cell volume less than 30%) and hemolysis (serum lactic dehydrogenase greater than 900 units). Gradients across the prostheses ranged from 66 to 105 mm Hg with a mean of 87 mm Hg. One valve was size 8A, 3 were 10A, and 1 was 12A. Fibrous ingrowth was not observed in an earlier group of 23 patients receiving the Model 2310 or Model 2320 prosthesis who were placed on long-term anticoagulant therapy. These findings, coupled with a 9% incidence of thromboembolism at one year, indicate that patients having these prostheses inserted should receive long-term anticoagulant therapy.     

Reconstruction of bile duct lesions by an autologous vein graft and a bio-degradable endoluminal stent in an animal model: technique and clinical impact

INTRODUCTION: In this study a new treatment of bile duct lesions was investigated. A segment of the bile duct was replaced by an autologous venous interponate which had been endoluminally stented with a braided bio-degradable stent. METHODS: A total of 18 pigs (20-28 kg) was divided into three equal groups (I-III). In each group a 2 cm segment of the jugular vein was harvested. The animals in Group I (vein group, n = 6) underwent resection of a 2 cm long segment of the common bile duct which was replaced solely by the venous interponate, in Group II (stent group, n = 6) the venous interponate had been endoluminally stented by a braided bio-degradable stent. Group III (control group, n = 6) underwent only a circular mobilization of the common bile duct. Postoperatively survival rate, general condition as well as the weight were observed and checked for 6 months. During surgery and finally after sacrifice after 6 months blood and tissue samples were taken and semiquantitatively scored concerning grade of inflammation and fibrosis. RESULTS: In the stent and control group all animals survived in good condition. 3 pigs of the vein group died within 3 weeks showing signs of biliary peritonitis, another one died due to a high grade stenosis of the common bile duct with secondary biliary cirrhosis after 4 months. In the stent group all animals survived until sacrifice after 6 months. On examination the venous interponate was laminated with bile duct epithelium showing the diameter of the implanted stent. CONCLUSION: The reconstruction of bile duct lesions by a venous interponate in combination with a bio-degradable stent is easy to perform and represents a clinically interesting alternative to the biliodigestive anastomosis because of the preservation of the sphincter oddi. After 6 months the stent is completely absorbed and the venous interponate is laminated with bile duct epithelium.     

Late failure in vein grafts: mediating factors in subendothelial fibromuscular hyperplasia.

Late failure of autologous vein grafts often results from excessive subendothelial fibromuscular hyperplasia. Varying factors have been implicated in this process, but the exact etiology remains unclear. In this study, three groups of animals were studied which had sections of common carotid artery replaced with autologous vein grafts. Group I had simple replacement, while Groups II and III had grafts supported by either tightly woven or loose mesh dacron prostheses. Thrombosis occurred only in the unsupported grafts. Unsupported grafts also had more subendothelial proliferation when compared to the loose mesh group. The combined thickness of the intima-media correlated inversely with the number of vasa present within the vein graft wall, i.e. significantly more vascularization was found in the mesh supported group when compared to the other groups. Grafts supported with the tightly woven prosthesis were relatively impervious to the ingrowth of vasa vasora. The data suggest that persistent distension of the graft wall by intra-arterial pressure influences the degree of subendothelial fibromuscular hyperplasia and may be interrelated to revascularization of the graft wall per se.     

生物材料复合人工食管的设计、制备与动物实验研究

目的 筛选研制人工食管的最适生物材料,探讨其特殊的成型工艺,并通过动物模型了解其用于食管缺损重建的可行性,为临床研究提供实验依据。方法 根据理想化食管替代物的要求,设计出聚氨酯-胶原蛋白壳聚糖复合人工食管,由医用聚氨酯制成直管状内管,外壁采用胶原蛋白．壳聚糖多孔状海棉覆盖。将13只成年健康杂种犬分为2组,以聚氨酯-胶原蛋白壳聚糖复合人工食管为实验组(8只);硅橡胶管作为对照组(5只),构建犬颈段食管置换与重建的动物模型。结果 实验组犬术后人工食管假体能迅速被宿主周围组织包绕达到生物学固定;内腔可见不规则黏膜上皮生长,1个月后覆盖内腔全长;吻合口肉芽组织生长不明显,动物存活达12个月的1只,现仍存活良好。对照组犬术后人工食管内腔未见黏膜上皮生长,动物均在术后2个月内死亡。结论 聚氨酯-胶原蛋白壳聚糖生物材料复合人工食管可应用于食管置换重建手术,具有一定的实用价值。