Age-related donor return patterns among first-time blood donors in the United States

BACKGROUND: Committed repeat donors are vital to the continued success of blood collections, yet the effect of age of first-time (FT) donation on return behavior is poorly described. Sixteen-year-old donors are increasingly allowed to donate and have the highest rates of adverse events, which negatively impacts return behavior.
STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Annual cohorts of allogeneic FT donors from 2005 and 2006 were selected within the American Red Cross system and followed for 25 and 13 months, respectively. Return and total yield rates among different age groups were compared.
RESULTS: A total of 2.3 million FT donors from 2005 and 2006 gave 4.2 million donations during the study. Sixteen- to 19-year old FT donors made up 41% of the FT donor base in 2005 and 16-, 17-, 18-, and 19-year-olds, respectively, had initial return rates of 62, 52, 35, and 28% and yield rates of 2.0, 1.76, 1.51, and 1.41 over 13 months. Multivariate analysis of FT yield rates shows that younger (16 and 17 years) and older (50+ years) donors, males, blood group O donors, and those without any initial adverse reaction are most likely to return. Increasing severity of donor adverse reactions correlated with a reduction in yield and return rates.
CONCLUSION: FT 16-year-old donors had the highest return and yield rates despite the negative impact of increased adverse event rates. Donation at young age is critical to building a cadre of committed repeat donors but donor reactions must be addressed to ensure the donors' well-being and to sustain return behavior.     

Motivation and social capital among prospective blood donors in three large blood centers in Brazil

BACKGROUND: Studies analyzing motivation factors that lead to blood donation have found altruism to be the primary motivation factor; however, social capital has not been analyzed in this context. Our study examines the association between motivation factors (altruism, self‐interest, and response to direct appeal) and social capital (cognitive and structural) across three large blood centers in Brazil. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We conducted a cross‐sectional survey of 7635 donor candidates from October 15 through November 20, 2009. Participants completed self‐administered questionnaires on demographics, previous blood donation, human immunodeficiency virus testing and knowledge, social capital, and donor motivations. Enrollment was determined before the donor screening process. RESULTS: Among participants, 43.5 and 41.7% expressed high levels of altruism and response to direct appeal, respectively, while only 26.9% expressed high levels of self‐interest. More high self‐interest was observed at Hemope‐Recife (41.7%). Of participants, 37.4% expressed high levels of cognitive social capital while 19.2% expressed high levels of structural social capital. More high cognitive and structural social capital was observed at Hemope‐Recife (47.3 and 21.3%, respectively). High cognitive social capital was associated with high levels of altruism, self‐interest, and response to direct appeal. Philanthropic and high social altruism were associated with high levels of altruism and response to direct appeal. CONCLUSION: Cognitive and structural social capital and social altruism are associated with altruism and response to direct appeal, while only cognitive social capital is associated with self‐interest. Designing marketing campaigns with these aspects in mind may help blood banks attract potential blood donors more efficiently.     

互助献血与无偿献血血清学标志物对比分析

目的：对互助献血和无偿献血的血清学指标进行分析对比,研究探讨互助献血的风险。方法2006年1月至2012年12月,对符合献血条件的1834例互助献血者以及217323例无偿献血者进行了血液采集和留取 ETDA 抗凝样本,进行 ALT、HBsAg、Anti-HCV、Anti-HIV、梅毒共5个项目的初复检。结果互助献血（8.67％）的总阳性率要高于无偿献血组（6.31％）,但两组的ALT 阳性率差异无统计学意义,互助献血组的HBsAg、Anti-HCV、梅毒均高于无偿献血组。结论无偿献血群体的血清学安全指标优于互助献血组,是血源性传播疾病较低的低危人群,应该是血液供应的主要来源群体;对互助献血采取合理的干预措施后,能确保其安全指数与无偿献血等同,可作为无偿献血的有益补充。     

Assessment of motivations for return donation among deferred blood donors. American Red Cross ARCNET Study Group

BACKGROUND: The recent addition of a computerized donor deferral registry to American Red Cross blood donation procedures has enabled blood center staffs to identify, before donation, persons who attempt to donate despite previous deferral. The current study investigated reasons that deferred donors return to donate, despite having been notified that they are ineligible. STUDY DESIGN AND METHOD: Anonymous mail surveys requesting demographic information, details of last donation or attempted donation, and assessments of incentives for donating were sent to 311 donors presenting inappropriately at blood drives and 849 matched controls in three American Red Cross regions between April and July 1996. RESULTS: Responses were received from a total of 113 deferred donors and 388 matched controls. Analysis of the 49 permanently deferred donors indicated that they were more likely than controls to donate blood to receive test results or to be awarded community service credit. Responses also revealed that some deferred donors may return to donate blood because of a misunderstanding of the deferral message or erroneous recruitment by blood center staff. CONCLUSION: There is a need before donation for the provision of educational materials regarding the window period of infection and for careful consideration of the use of incentives to attract donors to blood centers. It is also important to provide to donors a clear and consistent message regarding their test results and deferral status.     

Vasovagal reactions in whole blood donors at three REDS-II blood centers in Brazil

BACKGROUND: In Brazil little is known about adverse reactions during donation and the donor characteristics that may be associated with such events. Donors are offered snacks and fluids before donating and are required to consume a light meal after donation. For these reasons the frequency of reactions may be different than those observed in other countries. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A cross‐sectional study was conducted of eligible whole blood donors at three large blood centers located in Brazil between July 2007 and December 2009. Vasovagal reactions (VVRs) along with donor demographic and biometric data were collected. Reactions were defined as any presyncopal or syncopal event during the donation process. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify predictors of VVRs. RESULTS: Of 724,861 donor presentations, 16,129 (2.2%) VVRs were recorded. Rates varied substantially between the three centers: 53, 290, and 381 per 10,000 donations in Recife, São Paulo, and Belo Horizonte, respectively. Although the reaction rates varied, the donor characteristics associated with VVRs were similar (younger age [18‐29 years], replacement donors, first‐time donors, low estimated blood volume [EBV]). In multivariable analysis controlling for differences between the donor populations in each city younger age, first‐time donor status, and lower EBV were the factors most associated with reactions. CONCLUSION: Factors associated with VVRs in other locations are also evident in Brazil. The difference in VVR rates between the three centers might be due to different procedures for identifying and reporting the reactions. Potential interventions to reduce the risk of reactions in Brazil should be considered.     

无偿献血者HIV假阳性献血员去留的探讨

目的探讨无偿献血者HIV确认为阴性的献血者是否保留、归队为献血者。方法无偿献血者标本（HIV两种试剂检测）仅一种试剂有反应,且A值小于1,乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原、丙型肝炎病毒抗体、梅毒抗体均阴性,转氨酶正常的献血者,于献血后12个月再采集标本做献血常规检测。结果共收集到46份标本,检测结果仅有1份标本进口试剂有反应性,国产试剂均无反应性,将有反应性标本送省疾病预防控制做确认实验,结果为阴性。结论无偿献血者HIV两种试剂检测（一种国产、一种进口）仅有一种试剂有反应性,且A值小于1者,其他项目均正常的献血者,HIV反应性多是假阳性,进一步检测之后,HIV无反应性或确认为阴性的献血者可以保留。     

不同间隔期、献血量对献血者血清铁和铁蛋白影响效果观察

目的探索不同间隔期、不同献血量定期献血对献血者血清铁蛋白和铁的影响效果。方法选自2015年3月-2018年3月于本中心的325例定期献血者作为研讨组,同时段内选取100例从未献血的正常体检人员作为参照组,分别测定血清铁蛋白与铁的水平,并进行观察对比。结果与参照组(无献血史)对比,不同的献血量的研讨400 mL组、300 mL组、200 mL组的血清铁水平相近,P>0.05;血清铁蛋白则差异显著(F=6.327,P<0.05);而且3个不同献血量研讨组之间,400 mL组与200 mL组差异明显(t=8.272,P<0.05)。不同间隔期献血者研究中,献3次(平均间隔期为12个月)、4次(平均间隔期为9个月)的献血者跟参照组(无献血史)比较,血清铁蛋白和血清铁结果无差异;献5次(平均间隔期为7.2个月)、6次(平均间隔期为6个月)跟参照组比较,血清铁差异不显著(P>0.05),但血清铁蛋白差异显著(5次vs.参照组:t=5.378,P<0.05;6次vs.参照组:t=6.894,P<0.05)。结论通过对不同献血量不同间隔期定期献血者与无献血史的正常体检人员的血清铁蛋白与铁的水平进行观察对比,献血200-400 mL,6个月<间隔期<9个月者血清铁蛋白减少,有利于身体健康。     

Determinants of repeated blood donation among new and experienced blood donors

BACKGROUND: The maintenance of a safe level of blood supply is provided by a small number of volunteers, and their retention is difficult. The aim of this study was to identify factors predicting repeated blood donation among experienced and new donors. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A random sample of 2,231 donors (2,070 experienced and 161 new) completed a questionnaire assessing psychosocial factors as defined by the most prominent social cognitive theories. Six months later, an objective measure of frequency of registrations to give blood was obtained from the database of the local official agency for blood donation. RESULTS: Logistic regression analysis indicated that for experienced donors, the predictors were intention, perceived control, anticipated regret, moral norm, age, and frequency of blood donation in the past. For new donors, intention and age were the only determinants of behavior. Important differences in the determinants of intention were also noted between experienced and new donors. CONCLUSION: In summary, the results of this study support the idea that distinct promotion strategies should be adopted to increase repeated blood donation among experienced versus new donors.     

上海地区部分人群Jk(a-b-)、Di~b-、Wr~b-、K_0、Ena-、Tja-、Ge-稀有血型筛选

目的　了解上海地区人群中部分稀有血型的分布 ,以解决临床稀有血型用血问题。方法　采用 2M尿素对受检红细胞进行Kidd血型系统的Jk(a -b - )表型筛选 ;利用稀有单克隆、多克隆抗血清 ,对Diego血型系统的Dib-、Wrb- ,Kell血型系统的K、K0 ,MNS血型系统的Ena - ,P血型系统的Tja - ,Miltinberger血型系统的Murf,Gerbich血型系统的Ge -进行筛选。筛选方法采用试管法间接抗人球蛋白试验 (IAT) ,U型 96孔微量板IAT和盐水直接离心法试验。结果　在 6 4 5人中筛选到Di(a +b - ) 1例 ,90 0人中筛选到Mur(+) 6例 ,10 0 5 7人中筛选到K(+) 7例 ,4 84 0 0人中筛选到Jk(a -b - ) 2例 ,而在 4 0 0 0人的筛选中未发现Wrb-、K0 、Ge -和Ena -表型。结论　上海地区人群中Dib-、Mur+、Jk(a-b - )的红细胞表型明显高于白种人和黑人。