血流导向装置在颅内动脉瘤治疗中应用的血流动力学研究进展

血流导向装置（flow diverter，FD）是近年来产生的血管内治疗颅内复杂动脉瘤的新材料。 FD设计是通过改建血流的方式将动脉瘤排除在循环系统之外从而重建载瘤动脉，因此FD为复杂动 脉瘤的治疗提供了新的思路和手段。临床报道该治疗方式的动脉瘤完全栓塞率可达90%以上。目前 FD应用逐渐广泛，本文从血流动力学角度出发针对FD的血流导向能力，以及颅内动脉瘤经FD治疗后 影响预后的因素进行了总结。     

血流导向装置治疗复杂颅内动脉瘤的并发症分析

目的探讨血流导向装置(FD)治疗复杂颅内动脉瘤的并发症情况。方法连续纳入自2018年7月至2021年6月就诊于桂林医学院第二附属医院脑血管病科并采用FD治疗的60例复杂颅内动脉瘤患者为研究对象, 回顾性收集患者的临床及影像资料, 并记录其并发症发生情况, 包括术中不良事件、术后早期并发症、随访期并发症及覆盖分支动脉闭塞情况等。结果 60例患者共植入61枚FD(Pipeline Flex 47枚、Tubridge 10枚、Surpass Streamline 4枚), 术中不良事件发生率为8.3%(5/60), 其中支架不完全贴壁3例、术中出血1例、支架未覆盖动脉瘤瘤颈1例;术后早期并发症发生率为6.7%(4/60), 其中出血性并发症3例、缺血性并发症1例。54例患者完成DSA随访[随访时长为(22.7±16.8)个月], 动脉瘤完全治愈率为83.3%(45/54)。术后6个月首次DSA随访时支架内再狭窄发生率为7.4%(4/54), 其中2例分别于术后2年、3年进展为载瘤动脉闭塞。54例患者术中FD共覆盖78条分支动脉, 末次DSA随访时仅观察到1条(1.3%)分支动脉闭塞, 但未引...     

血管内支架在颅内动脉瘤中的应用

近十年来 ,血管内支架已被成功地应用于颅内血管病的治疗中 ,并取得了可靠的效果。血管内支架在颅内动脉瘤特别是宽颈动脉瘤的治疗中 ,作为血管腔内隔绝物 ,可以防止弹簧圈突入载瘤动脉 ,使弹簧圈在瘤内达到致密填塞 ,从而改变瘤内血流动力学 ,促进血栓的形成 ,防止动脉瘤再出血。血管内支架放置早期的常见并发症为血栓形成致梗塞 ,认识和处理这些并发症可以明显提高疗效[9] 。     

血流导向装置对颅内未破裂动脉瘤治疗效果的系统回顾及Meta分析

目的通过Meta分析方法对血流导向装置(flow diverter,FD)治疗颅内未破裂动脉瘤的治疗效果进行系统评价。方法在Pubmed、Web of Science、Google Scholar、中国知网(CNKI)和万方数据库中检索使用FD治疗颅内未破裂动脉瘤的相关文献,并按照特定的纳入和排除标准进行筛选。采用美国卫生保健质量和研究机构(agency for healthcare research and quality,AHRQ)对所选文献进行质量评价,提取所需原始数据,使用随机效应模型Meta分析计算术后6个月随访时的动脉瘤闭塞率、病残率和病死率。结果纳入10篇临床研究,总计548例病人共581个动脉瘤。在术后6个月影像学随访时,总的动脉瘤闭塞率为71%;既往接受过支架治疗后失败的动脉瘤,经FD二次治疗后6个月的闭塞率明显低于使用FD进行初次治疗的动脉瘤的闭塞率(P=0.03)。动脉瘤破裂的发生率为1%,脑实质出血(intraparenchymal hemorrhage,IPH)的发生率为1%,缺血性卒中的发生率为2%,总病死率为2%。结论 Meta分析结果显示FD治疗颅内动脉瘤疗效可靠,但与FD相关的致命性并发症不容忽视。既往接受支架治疗的复发动脉瘤,行FD二次治疗效果不佳。选择手术方式时应综合这些因素。     

颅内动脉瘤的血流动力学治疗相关问题及策略

对于颅内动脉瘤形成和生长的血流动力学研究表明,闭塞/阻断载瘤动脉、改变血流进入动脉瘤的流入道,能降低动脉瘤的血流动力学损伤,减少动脉瘤生长和破裂,达到治疗目的。临床治疗显示了这一方法的有效性,但也会由于血流动力学改变引起出血、缺血和新生动脉瘤生长及扩大等并发症带来一些新的问题。本文提出了采用血管内带膜支架、颅内、外动脉旁路术和缺血预处理等相应治疗措施,认为对于颅内动脉瘤进行血流动力学治疗要十分慎重,以正确的治疗策略来应对。     

颅内动脉瘤Pipeline血流导向装置置入术后迟发性支架移位1例

颅内动脉瘤Pipeline血流导向装置置入术后迟发性支架移位是一种相对少见的并发症, 国内外相关文献报道较少。本文报道1例大型未破裂颅内动脉瘤患儿置入Pipeline血流导向装置术后5个月复查发现支架近端移位至动脉瘤内, 遂即予以闭塞载瘤动脉, 术后无手术相关并发症。3个月随访显示, 患儿恢复良好。     

大型和巨大型颅内动脉瘤的血管内介入治疗进展

大型和巨大型颅内动脉瘤是指最大径超过1.0 cm和2.5 cm的颅内动脉瘤。包括载瘤动脉闭塞、单纯弹簧圈栓塞、支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞、液态栓塞剂或混合弹簧圈栓塞、覆膜支架植入、血流转向支架植入等多种血管内介入治疗方法均可用于治疗此类动脉瘤,每一种方法的应用都伴随着对动脉瘤发病机制的不断认识和治疗理念的进步。本文主要对此类动脉瘤的血管内介入治疗进展做一综述。     

血管内治疗颅内段椎动脉夹层动脉瘤

目的回顾性分析17例颅内段椎动脉夹层动脉瘤的治疗效果。方法2008年5月至2011年2月河南省人民医院介入科共收治17例颅内段椎动脉夹层动脉瘤接受血管内治疗。3例栓塞动脉瘤的同时闭塞载瘤动脉,14例采用血管内重建技术：12例支架辅助弹簧圈技术,2例单纯多个支架载瘤动脉塑性。术后3个月～1年复查造影。结果17例血管内治疗中手术成功率100％,无并发症发生。随访中有15例完全治愈,动脉瘤完全不显影;2例单纯多个支架载瘤动脉塑性病例动脉瘤保持稳定。在平均14．4月中的随访中,所有患者一般状态平稳,没有再出血或梗死。结论血管内治疗颅内段椎动脉夹层动脉瘤是安全的。与结构破坏性手术相比,我们更倾向于选择结构重建性手术：使用支架辅助弹簧圈或多支架血管内治疗技术。     

带膜支架血管内治疗颅内动脉瘤和颈动脉海绵窦瘘(附15例报告)

目的 评价Jostent冠脉带膜支架对于难治性颅内动脉瘤和颈动脉海绵窦瘘的血管内治疗效果.方法 自2005年6～12月应用Jostent冠脉带膜支架治疗15例患者,包括9例颅内动脉瘤和6例颈动脉海绵窦瘘,年龄14～62岁.结果 在13例患者中带膜支架被成功释放于靶动脉,动脉瘤或瘘完全消除并保持载瘤(瘘)动脉畅通,临床效果满意.在另两例患者中,因血管迂曲带膜支架无法到达指定位置.无手术相关并发症发生.9例患者于带膜支架放置后3个月至1年获脑血管造影随访,病变未显影.1例载瘤动脉闭塞,余者载瘤(瘘)动脉畅通.结论 对于宽颈、假性和夹层颅内动脉瘤以及球囊难以闭塞瘘口的颈动脉海绵窦瘘,带膜支架是有用的血管内治疗工具.     

载瘤动脉闭塞术治疗颅内巨大动脉瘤的探讨

目的总结和探讨脑血管造影和载瘤动脉闭塞在治疗颅内巨大动脉瘤上的作用及特点。方法60例颅内巨大动脉瘤患者,根据其脑血管造影的特点采取血管内介入方法[可脱式球囊和(或)弹簧圈]闭塞载瘤动脉近端53例、闭塞载瘤动脉两端后孤立动脉瘤7例;其中23例闭塞前先行颅内-外血管搭桥术。结果出院时Rankin评分分级:单纯血管内介入治疗组37例中轻残3例,合并颅内-外血管搭桥术组23例中死亡1例、重残2例。1-6年的影像学随访动脉瘤无复发。结论血管内介入结合颅内-外血管搭桥术闭塞载瘤动脉是治疗颅内巨大动脉瘤的方法之一。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Special Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Children

Summary: Pediatric patients have greater degrees of pharmacokinetic variability and unpredictability than adults. This variability results from the effects of pharmacogenetics, age and growth, prior and current comedication, and disease. Newborns with seizures have the least predictable dosage requirements, and their needs change as drug-eliminating mechanisms mature in the neonatal period. Infants have the highest relative capacities to eliminate antiepileptics of any age group and require the largest relative doses. In addition to age-related trends, children demonstrate the same drug-specific, pharmacokinetic phenomena that adults do, including nonlinear phenytoin elimination, nonlinear valproate binding, and autoinduction of carbamazepine. Intercurrent illness and drug interactions further modify the age-related pharmacokinetic patterns in children and make dosage requirements even more unpredictable. Recent studies have shown that febrile illness can affect drug elimination, sometimes decreasing drug levels by 50% or more. Intermittent treatment with benzodiazepines administered either orally or rectally can be an important adjunct and help minimize this type of problem for children with marginally controlled epilepsy. Intermittent benzodiazepines are also helpful for children who have febrile seizures and who need only occasional antiepileptic protection.