经鼻蝶神经内镜结合磨钻辅助下垂体瘤切除术临床分析

目的探讨经鼻蝶神经内镜结合磨钻辅助下切除垂体瘤的有效性和安全性。方法回顾性分析我院2009-05—2012-01 48例择期行经鼻蝶神经内镜垂体瘤切除术患者的临床资料,所有患者术中均使用磨钻辅助,术后行视力、神经影像和内分泌检查,总结手术技巧和临床疗效。结果所有患者均手术成功,无死亡。肿瘤全切除37例(77.1%),大部分切除8例(16.7%),部分切除3例(6.3%);术后视力好转22例(84.6%,22/26),视野缺损好转9例(81.8%,9/11),头痛消失或好转10例(71.4%,10/14);术后3个月复查,48例患者平均PRL水平由术前(298.31±143.14)μg/L降至术后(46.38±31.47)μg/L,平均GH水平由术前(48.14±20.38)ng/L降至术后(13.29±5.58)ng/L,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。手术并发症:发生脑脊液漏者5例,暂时性尿崩症者13例,动眼神经或外展神经一过性麻痹2例,治疗后病情均得到控制。结论经鼻蝶神经内镜垂体瘤切除术是一种微创、安全、有效的方法,结合磨钻辅助可进一步增加其安全性和有效性。     

神经内镜下经鼻蝶入路手术切除垂体腺瘤的临床观察

目的研究神经内镜结合磨钻切除垂体瘤的手术效果。方法应用神经内镜结合磨钻辅助下切除垂体瘤29例,回顾性分析病人的临床资料,总结手术疗效。结果肿瘤全切除19例(65.5%),近全切除8例(27.6%),部分切除2例(6.9%)。术后发生脑脊液漏4例,暂时性尿崩症25例,经积极处理后均治愈。术后3月随访,术后视力恢复正常15例(83.33%),视野缺损明显好转8例(80%),头痛缓解9例(81.82%)。术后3个月复查15例病人PRL水平由术前的(302.43±182.25)μg/L降至术后的(42.69±27.96)μg/L;6例病人GH水平由术前的(49.17±23.96)μg/L下降至术后的(14.53±6.09)μg/L,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论经鼻蝶神经内镜结合磨钻垂体瘤切除手术是一种安全、微创、有效的手术方式。     

神经内镜辅助单鼻孔-蝶窦入路显微切除垂体瘤

目的探讨神经内镜技术和手术显微镜结合经单鼻孔经蝶入路切除垂体瘤的临床应用及手术技巧。方法对14例经CT扫描和MRI检查确诊为垂体瘤患者在神经内镜辅助下经单鼻孔入路,磨除蝶窦前壁,暴露鞍底,显微镜下切除垂体瘤主体后内镜下切除残余肿瘤。结果全切11例,近全切3例。术后3例出现一过性脑脊液漏,尿崩5例。7例内分泌检查正常,8例视力好转,无严重并发症发生。结论内镜辅助单鼻孔经蝶入路能良好地显示蝶窦、鞍区等结构,弥补显微镜的盲区,而手术显微镜能提供三维视野,在经鼻入路过程及切除鞍区肿瘤主体具有优势,二者结合有利于肿瘤的全切除,手术创伤小,并发症少,患者恢复快。     

神经导航辅助内镜下经鼻蝶入路手术治疗垂体腺瘤的疗效观察

目的 探讨神经导航辅助内镜下经鼻蝶入路切除垂体腺瘤的疗效。方法 2014年1月至2014年8月在神经导航系统引导下对49例垂体瘤患者行神经内镜下经单鼻孔蝶窦入路肿瘤切除术。术中实时导航定位相关解剖结构,内镜下切除肿瘤。术中均使用磨钻磨除骨质结构。术后随访1~6个月。结果 本组49例患者在导航辅助下均准确定位,术中未出现大血管及静脉窦损伤出血。肿瘤全切除35例（71.4%）,次全切除10例（20.4%）,大部分切除4例（2.2%）。术后绝大部分患者恢复良好,症状较术前明显改善,少数患者出现短期并发症。结论 内镜下经鼻蝶入路垂体瘤切除术中应用神经导航技术,有助于术中精确定位,快速而准确的找到病灶,减少局部重要结构的损伤,是一种安全、有效的手术方法。     

神经内镜辅助颞下经小脑幕岩嵴入路切除岩斜区脑膜瘤

目的 探讨神经内镜辅助颞下经小脑幕岩嵴入路切除岩斜区脑膜瘤的手术方法、经验和技巧,以提高手术全切率与改善预后.方法 回顾性分析颞下经小脑幕岩嵴入路显微手术切除21例岩斜区脑膜瘤的临床资料,其中11例采用神经内镜辅助手术,对手术方法和经验进行分析和总结,并对该手术的适应证和优缺点进行分析.结果 肿瘤全切除10例(48％),次全切除8例(38％),大部切除3例(14％),术后新增脑神经损害症状或原有脑神经损害症状明显加重7例(33％),无长期昏迷及手术相关死亡病例.神经内镜辅助组手术效果优于显微镜组(P＜0.05).结论 颞下经小脑幕岩嵴入路适用于肿瘤主体在中颅窝的Ⅰ型岩斜区脑膜瘤,通过磨除岩骨,术中辅助神经内镜,有利于提高肿瘤的全切率和术后疗效.     

神经导航辅助内镜下经双鼻孔蝶窦入路切除垂体瘤的临床分析

目的探讨经导航辅助内镜下经双鼻孔蝶窦入路切除垂体瘤的临床疗效。方法选取2012-01—2014-06因垂体瘤在我院治疗的24例患者为研究对象,采用回顾分析的方法,总结患者临床资料,分析术后的成功率及并发症。结果患者显效16例,好转8例,无效0例,总有效率100%。患者术后无严重并发症。结论采用神经导航辅助内镜下经双鼻孔蝶窦入路手术方法切除垂体瘤,疗效显著,安全性高。     

神经导航及神经内镜下切除垂体腺瘤的疗效观察

目的探讨神经内镜结合神经导航手术操作系统(Neuro Navigation)经鼻碟入路垂体瘤切除术中的应用。方法 MRI扫描后,将资料输入神经导航系统,在神经内镜的辅助下,精确性定位,直达肿瘤部位。结果 59例患者中肿瘤全部切除54例,次全切除5例,术后所有患者症状均有不同程度的改善,无严重并发症。所有患者在经鼻蝶入路过程中均无明显偏差,平均系统误差1. 5 mm。所有手术入路设计在术前完成,尽量避开功能区,使病灶完整或最大限度切除。结论神经导航系统与神经内镜结合辅助鼻碟入路垂体瘤的切除术提高了准确性、可靠性、切除病灶彻底、副损伤小,提高手术的成功率,减少手术并发症。     

经鼻蝶入路神经内镜下垂体瘤切除术的疗效研究

目的研究经鼻蝶神经内镜下垂体瘤切除手术的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析山西大医院神经外科2012年3月—2017年10月,收治的78例经鼻蝶内镜手术垂体瘤患者的临床资料。对比分析不同肿瘤大小、侵袭性及类型患者手术前后各项临床指标的变化。结果垂体腺瘤手术切除率与肿瘤体积和是否为侵袭性有关。侵袭性肿瘤和肿瘤体积越大者,手术切除率越低。不同肿瘤大小和切除程度的泌乳素(prolactin,RPL)型和生长激素(growth hormone,GH)型腺瘤患者术后的血激素水平均明显下降,与术前的差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05-0. 001)。78例患者中,术后并发脑脊液漏者6例、临时性尿崩者10例、高热及电解质紊乱者8例、垂体功能低下2例、鼻出血3例、视力减退1例;经相应对症处理后均缓解或好转。术后,36例患者头痛缓解,28例患者视力、视野改善,3例患者手指灵活度改善; 40例患者血清激素水平降低或恢复正常,相关症状好转。术后3个月复查MRI显示,肿瘤全切者61例(全切除率78. 2%),次全切者11例(14. 1%),大部分切除者6例(7. 7%)。血清激素水平检测显示,29例PRL型垂体瘤患者的PRL水平,以及40例GH型垂体瘤患者的GH水平分别较术前降低或恢复正常。结论经鼻蝶神经内镜下垂体瘤切除术的临床疗效显著;是一种创伤较小、安全有效的手术方式,值得推广应用。     

神经内镜下经蝶窦入路切除垂体瘤技术分析

目的探讨神经内镜下垂体瘤切除的手术技巧。方法回顾总结我院近3a20例内镜下切除垂体瘤,分析影响肿瘤切除的相关因素。结果全切除16例,次全切4例。术后无死亡及脑脊液漏病例;视力及视野缺损改善12例。结论神经内镜下切除垂体瘤,能提高肿瘤切除。其相关影响因素主要为内镜使用的熟炼程度、手术体位、手术技巧、术中出血等。     

神经内镜下切除功能性垂体瘤术后激素水平改善的效果分析

目的探讨神经内镜与显微镜经鼻切除功能性垂体瘤术后激素改善的差异性。方法收集并分析2009年3月~2013年11月中国医科大学附属第一医院神经外科58例功能性垂体瘤患者的临床资料。将58例患者按手术方式不同分为两组,显微镜下单鼻孔经鼻蝶手术组34例;神经内镜下经鼻蝶手术组24例。每组患者根据不同激素功能类型分为泌乳素(PRL)腺瘤、生长激素(GH)腺瘤、促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)腺瘤。所有患者术后随访皆行垂体激素检测化验及影像学检查。结果显微镜组34例,术后激素恢复正常15例(44.1%),下降术前激素水平50%13例(38.2%),无变化6例(17.4%);内镜组共24例,术后恢复正常17例(70.8%),下降术前激素水平50%2例(8.3%),无变化5例(21%)。两组数据比较,差异有统计学意义(χ2检验,P0.05)。结论神经内镜经蝶手术切除功能性垂体腺瘤能显著改善垂体激素水平,在一定程度上优于显微镜手术。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Special Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Children

Summary: Pediatric patients have greater degrees of pharmacokinetic variability and unpredictability than adults. This variability results from the effects of pharmacogenetics, age and growth, prior and current comedication, and disease. Newborns with seizures have the least predictable dosage requirements, and their needs change as drug-eliminating mechanisms mature in the neonatal period. Infants have the highest relative capacities to eliminate antiepileptics of any age group and require the largest relative doses. In addition to age-related trends, children demonstrate the same drug-specific, pharmacokinetic phenomena that adults do, including nonlinear phenytoin elimination, nonlinear valproate binding, and autoinduction of carbamazepine. Intercurrent illness and drug interactions further modify the age-related pharmacokinetic patterns in children and make dosage requirements even more unpredictable. Recent studies have shown that febrile illness can affect drug elimination, sometimes decreasing drug levels by 50% or more. Intermittent treatment with benzodiazepines administered either orally or rectally can be an important adjunct and help minimize this type of problem for children with marginally controlled epilepsy. Intermittent benzodiazepines are also helpful for children who have febrile seizures and who need only occasional antiepileptic protection.