载脂蛋白E基因和脑血管淀粉样变在高血压脑出血中的作用

目的研究载脂蛋白E基因(APOE)与脑血管淀粉样变(CAA)在高血压脑出血(HICH)中的作用。方法随机收集HICH患者236例,其中行手术治疗的108例;采用聚合酶链反应限制性片段长度多态性法(PCRRFLP)检测所有研究对象的APOE基因型;比较两组临床特征、APOE基因型及等位基因频率分布的差异;并进一步分析手术组中发生脑血管淀粉样变与临床特征、APOE基因型及等位基因频率相关因素的关系。结果 HICH组与手术组在临床特征、等位基因及基因型分布上均无统计学差异。108例进行了手术治疗的HICH患者当中,有28例发生脑血管淀粉样改变。CAA(+)的患者发生浅部出血的比例明显高于CAA(-)的患者。CAA(+)的患者中APOEε3/4基因型及APOEε4等位基因的比例明显高于CAA(-)患者,且单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析均发现APOEε4是HICH患者发生CAA的危险因素。结论 APOEε3/4基因型和APOEε4等位基因可能是HICH发生的危险因素,也是HICH患者发生CAA的危险因素;APOE可能通过对CAA的发生和发展产生影响,进而对HIGH的发生产生作用。     

载脂蛋白E基因型与动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血的相关性研究

目的调查中国南方地区健康人群和动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血(aSAH)患者的载脂蛋白 E(APOE)基因型和频率分布特点,探讨APOE基因型与aSAH发病的关系。方法检测133例 aSAH患者和127名志愿者外周血APOE基因型,分析病例组和对照组各基因型和等位基因的频率, 计算APOE基因型与aSAH发病的相关系数。结果病例组ε4等位基因频率与对照组相比有显著性差异(P<0．05);ε2和ε3等位基因频率与对照组比较无显著性差异(P>0．05);ε4基因型携带者发生 aSAH的危险度较非ε4携带者高1．7倍(OR=1．72):ε2和ε3基因型携带者发生aSAH的危险性与对照组相比无升高(比值比分别为0．71和0．98)。结论 APOEε4基因是中国南方部分地区人群aSAH发病的危险因子。     

载脂蛋白E基因多态性和急性脑损伤的关联研究

背景 急性脑损伤及其预后的影响因素是多方面的,如年龄、损伤程度与患者体质情况等,但其对外伤性脑损伤的预后结局仅作部分预测.近年来,有关遗传因素对脑损伤的影响和其预后的报道开始增多,关于载脂蛋白E在颅脑外伤预后中所起作用已引起人们的关注.在国外以往的研究中,关于载脂蛋白E基因多态性和脑损伤预后的研究结果也不相同.本研究初步探讨有关我国急性脑损伤及其预后与APOE基因之间的关系.方法 采用病例对照研究,选取94名车祸脑损伤患者和正常人作为研究对象,采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP)方法鉴定载脂蛋白E(APOE)基因型,探讨其等位基因及基因型同车祸脑损伤及其预后的关系.结果 车祸脑损伤患者中其等位基因ε2频率为0.1010,其基因型ε2/ε3的频率为0.1596明显高于正常人群ε2等位基因频率0.0050,及ε2/ε3基因型的频率0.0100(P＜0.05).同时,患者中,其未愈死亡组中ε2等位基因频率为0.1970及ε2/ε3基因型的频率为0.2727,明显高于好转治愈组ε2等位基因频率0.0508及ε2/ε3基因型的频率0.1017(P＜0.05),有统计学意义.结论 APOE基因的等位基因ε2基因型ε2/ε3初步可作为预示不良的预后参数.     

新疆维吾尔族、汉族载脂蛋白E基因及尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活因子基因多态性与Alzhemier病的关系

目的 探讨新疆维吾尔族(维族)、汉族载脂蛋白E( ApoE)基因及尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活因子( PLAU)基因多态性与Alzheimer's病(AD)的关系.方法 应用PCR-限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP)方法,检测209例很可能AD患者(AD组,汉族98例,维族111例)及220名正常对照者(NC组,汉族103人,维族117人)的ApoE基因及PLAU基因第6号外显子r2227564s基因型及等位基因频率.结果 AD组中,维族、汉族ApoE ε3/4基因型及ε4等位基因频率明显高于NC组;其与PLAU基因C/T基因型组合的频率明显高于NC组(均P＜0.05);具有ApoE ε3/3基因型的维族T/T基因型频率明显高于NC组(P＜0.05).结论 ApoE基因多态性可能与AD相关;PLAU C/T基因型可能增加具有ApoE ε3/4基因型及ε4等位基因者AD的发病风险;PLAU T/T基因型可能增加具有ApoE ε3/3基因型、ε3等位基因的维族AD的发病风险.     

载脂蛋白E基因多态性和脑淀粉样血管病相关脑出血的临床相关性研究

目的探讨载脂蛋白E（APOE）基因多态性与脑淀粉样血管病相关脑出血（CAAH）的相关性。 方法收集自2015年3月至2018年1月高密市人民医院神经外科收治的36例CAAH患者、51例高血压脑出血（HICH）患者,与同期50例健康体检者比较,检测其APOE基因多态性,比较APOE等位基因与CAAH的关系。 结果CAAH组等位基因ε2频率显著高于HICH组及健康对照组（P<0.05）,其余组间差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。 结论APOEε2等位基因与CAAH有关联,可增加脑叶出血的风险。     

血管紧张素原基因M235T及α-内收蛋白基因G460T多态性与脑梗死的关系

目的 探讨血管紧张素原(AGT)基因M235T及α-内收蛋白基因G460T多态性与脑梗死的关系.方法 采用PCR-限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP)方法检测396例脑梗死患者(脑梗死组)和360名健康体检者(正常对照组)AGT基因M235T及α-内收蛋白基因G460T基因型及等位基因频率,分析其与脑梗死的关系.结果 (1)脑梗死组AGT MM基因型频率明显低于正常对照组,MT基因型频率明显高于正常对照组(均P ＜0.05);两组间等位基因频率差异无统计学意义.(2)两组间α-内收蛋白G460T基因型及等位基因频率差异无统计学意义.(3)脑梗死组MM+ GG频率显著少于正常对照组(P＜0.05).结论 AGT基因MT基因型可能与脑梗死发病有关;α-内收蛋白基因G460T多态性可能与脑梗死的发病无关;MM +GG基因型组合可能为脑梗死发病的保护因素.     

云南纳西族脑梗死患者载脂蛋白E基因多态性的研究

目的 探讨云南纳西族脑梗死患者载脂蛋白E (ApoE)基因多态性.方法 采用基因测序法,对云南58例纳西族脑梗死患者(脑梗死组)和50名纳西族健康对照者(正常对照组)的ApoE基因进行检测.对两组基因型及等位基因频率进行比较.结果 脑梗死组ApoE基因ε3/ε4基因型频率显著高于正常对照组,ε3/ε3基因型频率显著低于正常对照组(均P＜0.05).脑梗死组ApoE基因ε4等位基因频率显著高于正常对照组;ε3等位基因频率显著低于正常对照组(均P＜0.05).相关性分析显示,ApoE基因ε3/ε3基因型及ε3等位基因是脑梗死的保护性因素(OR=0.346,95％ CI:0.176 ～0.681,P=0.020;OR=0.412,95％ CI:0.227 ～0.749,P=0.004),ApoE基因ε3/ε4基因型及ε4等位基因是脑梗死的易感因素(OR =3.818,95％CI:1.509 ～9.665,P=0.005; OR=3.502,95％CI:1.524～8.047,P=0.003).结论 ApoE基因ε3/ε4基因型及ε4等位基因是云南纳西族人群脑梗死的遗传易感因子.     

载脂蛋白E基因多态性与高血压性脑出血的关系

目的 探讨载脂蛋白 E(ApoE)基因多态性与高血压性脑出血(HCH )的关系.方法 应用聚合酶链反应-限制性长度多态性技术( PCR-RFLP),检测45例 HCH患者的Apo E基因型,并与66名同龄健康对照组比较. 结果 HCH组ApoE基因型ε4 及ε4 携带者的频率明显高于对照组(P <0.05),而ε3、ε3/3频率明显低于对照组(P <0.01) ,ε2、ε2/2、ε2/3两组之间无明显差异(P >0.05). 结论 等位基因ε4可能是HCH的一种遗传易感因子,ε3可能对HCH具有保护作用.     

晚发性抑郁症患者认知功能及其与载脂蛋白E基因多态性的关联研究

目的:探讨晚发性抑郁症(LOD)患者认知功能及其与载脂蛋白E(APOE)基因多态性的关联. 方法:LOD患者97例,健康对照组44例,采用聚合酶链式反应-限制性片段长度多态性检测APOE基因多态性.所有受试者完成了汉密尔顿抑郁量表评估及神经心理学测试. 结果:患者组的神经认知测试成绩除连线测试外,其余测试成绩都显著低于正常对照组(P ＜0.001);APOE基因型和等位基因频率分布两组间差异无统计学意义.在控制年龄、教育和性别后,以APOE基因是否携带ε4等位基因将受试者分为ε4+组和ε4-组,分析APOEε4等位基因对受试者认知功能的影响,以及ε4等位基因和抑郁症的诊断交互作用对认知功能的影响.结果发现,APOEε4等位基因对LOD患者认知功能无明显的主效应,APOEε4等位基因和抑郁症的诊断之间无交互作用影响认知功能. 结论:LOD患者存在广泛的认知功能受损,APOE基因多态性与LOD的发病及认知功能未发现有显著关联.     

新疆维吾尔族和汉族阿尔茨海默病患者载脂蛋白E基因的多态性研究

目的 探讨新疆维吾尔族(以下简称维族)与汉族阿尔茨海默病(AD)患者载脂蛋白E(apoE)基因型及等位基因频率的分布及其异同.方法 在流行病学调查基础上,采用美国神经病学会、语言障碍和卒中-老年性痴呆和相关疾病学会制定的标准,诊断为很可能AD的患者209例(汉族98例、维族111例)及正常对照220名(汉族103名、维族117名),应用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态分析方法,检测两组apoE基因多态性.结果 (1)AD组及对照组组内维、汉两民族受试者apoE基因型频率和等位基因频率整体分布的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);但AD组ε3/4基因型(28.2%)和84等位基因频率(14.8%)均高于对照组(分别为13.2%和8.0%,P＜0.05).(2)在维、汉两民族中,AD组ε3/4基因型频率(维族:30.6%;汉族:25.5%)和ε4等位基因频率(维族:15.8%;汉族:13.8%)均高于本民族对照组(ε3/4基因型频率分别为维族:14.5%,汉族:11.7%;ε4等位基因频率分别为维族:9.4%,汉族:6.3%;P均＜0.05).(3)AD组男性维族患者ε3/4基因型频率(31%)高于对照组男性维族受试者(11%);AD组女性维族患者(16%)和汉族患者ε4等位基因频率(14%),分别高于对照组女性维族受试者(8%)和汉族受试者(7%;P均＜0.05).结论 apoE基因型及等位基因频率在维、汉民族间的分布相似;apoEe4等位基因是AD的危险因素,在维、汉两民族女性AD的发病中起重要作用.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。