顶枕及颞顶枕离断手术治疗难治性癫癎

目的探讨顶枕及颞顶枕离断治疗难治性癫癎的疗效。方法回顾性分析16例难治性癫癎病人的临床资料,其中行颞顶枕离断9例,顶枕离断5例,颞叶切除及顶枕离断2例。结果随访16例,时间0.5~3.9年,平均1.6年。根据Engel分级,术后疗效:Ⅰ级13例,Ⅱ级1例,Ⅲ级2例。术后发生脑水肿2例,无严重神经功能损伤及死亡病例。结论顶枕及颞顶枕离断技术是致癎灶位于一侧顶枕及颞顶枕部位的安全、有效的治疗方法。     

颞顶枕离断术对头后部多脑叶癫病人认知功能的影响

目的分析颞顶枕离断术对药物难治性单侧头后部多脑叶癫病人认知功能的影响。方法回顾性分析33例单侧头后部多脑叶癫病人的临床资料,其中18例行右侧颞顶枕离断术(右侧组),15例行左侧颞顶枕离断术(左侧组)。术前及术后1年两组行详细的神经心理学评估包括智商、记忆商和语言功能等,并进行统计分析。结果随访33例,平均47.5个月,Engel分级:Ⅰ级21例,Ⅱ级6例,Ⅲ级3例,Ⅳ级3例。与术前比较,左侧组术后1年操作智商(PIQ)平均值增加,但是汉语命名测验(CNT)、听觉言语学习测验(AVLT)平均值减少(均P 0.05);右侧组术后1年言语智商(VIQ)平均值增加,视觉记忆能力(VM)平均值减少(均P 0.05);其余均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对于致灶广泛分布于一侧颞顶枕叶的癫病人,颞顶枕离断术是一种安全有效的治疗方法。     

癫痫后失明

作者报告三例儿童有癫痫后失明或偏盲,均在24小时内恢复视力。作者所见三例均为儿童,尚未在成人见到此现象。脑电图异常常局限于颞、顶、枕区。儿童未成熟的皮层以枕叶较不稳定,故小孩的脑电图枕部局限慢波较常见;而癫痫儿童中更常见枕部癫痫活动病灶,此一类的癫痫儿童约36%可有多种形式的视觉障碍,如斜视、眼球震颤、近视、阅读障碍或视幻觉。先天性失明儿童的枕区电活动常异常,即使这些儿童没有出现癫痫发作,枕区棘波、尖波的出现     

大脑半球离断术治疗儿童难治性癫痫

目的 探讨大脑半球离断术治疗儿童难治性癫痫的手术方法及疗效.方法 2007年8月至2011年10月北京三博脑科医院进行12例大脑半球离断手术.经侧裂半球离断术1例,经纵裂半球离断并颞叶切除4例,中央区造瘘半球离断并颞叶切除5例,颞叶、岛盖切除岛周半球离断术2例.手术年龄平均7.6岁(2.1 ～11.9岁).结果 术后随访0.5 -4.5年,Engel Ⅰ级10例,EngelⅡ级1例,Engel Ⅲ级1例.术后因离断不完全再次行离断手术1例.术后患者的认知及生活能力较术前提高,无脑积水等严重神经功能损伤及死亡病例.结论 大脑半球离断术治疗儿童半球性难治性癫痫完全缓解率83％ (10/12),手术疗效确定,是治疗儿童半球病变性癫痫的安全、有效的方法.     

患侧大脑半球多脑叶离断术治疗难治性癫痫

目的应用患侧大脑半球多脑叶离断术治疗该侧半球性病变导致的难治性癫痫,目的是对保留病变半球基本功能的癫痫患者提出一个有效而实用的术式。方法①大脑半球多脑叶离断术的创新:对患侧大脑半球我们分步骤离断额叶,颞叶、和顶枕叶与丘脑、基底节的联系;通过侧脑室额角和枕角离断胼胝体前后部,只保留中央前后回皮层及其与丘脑、基底节和内囊的联系;通过外侧裂切除岛叶皮层;通过颞角切除海马杏仁核。②利用这一术式我们治疗了5例大脑半球病变引发的难治性癫痫患者。结果该术式在5例患者成功实施。结果证实,该手术创伤小,并发症少,术后病人没有任何加重对侧肢体功能障碍的并发症,癫痫得到有效控制。随访13～20个月,Engel I级3例;II级2例。结论大脑半球多脑叶离断术,是对那些保留运动、感觉和语言功能的半球性病变所致的难治性癫痫患者有效、可靠的治疗选择。     

多种手术结合治疗顽固性癫痫

目的：对部分复杂的顽固性癫痫病人，将几种手术结合使用，并对其临床效果进行评价。方法：北京天坛医院手术治疗顽固性癫痫230例，其中对15例顽固性癫痫病人采用几种术式结合的方法。病人年龄9-43岁，平均18岁。病程4-40年，平均13年。发作形式为强直阵挛性发作、复杂部分性发作及失神，其中有8例存在两种发作形式。术前均服过抗癫痫药，病程后期同时服用2-3种抗癫痫药。这15例病人术前均行头皮脑电视频连续监测及头MRI检查，其中5例行头PET检查。手术在皮层脑电及深部电极监测下进行。13例行额颞开颅，胼胝体前部切开 颞前叶及海马切除 皮层热灼术；1例行额颞顶枕开颅，枕叶萎缩皮层切除 胼胝体前部切开 选择性海马切除 皮层热灼术；1全先行左额颞开颅，脚间池错构瘤及颞前叶及海马切除 皮层热灼术，术后癫痫减轻但仍发作且术后头皮脑电显示右额棘波明显，故又右额颞开颅，胼胝体前部切开 皮层热灼术。结果：术后无死亡及并发症。术手抗癫痫药物减少，术后12例服用一种抗癫痫药，3例服用两种抗癫痫药。术后随访3-12个月，14例无癫痫发作，1例癫痫发作两次（术前每天发作5-8次）。结论：多种手术结合治疗顽固性癫痫病人安全有效。     

难治性枕叶癫痫的术前定位与手术治疗

目的探讨难治性枕叶癫痫的术前定位与手术方法。方法对经手术治疗且随访时间6个月以上的9例枕叶癫痫患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。采用发作症状评估、影像学检查、长程视频头皮脑电图监测、颅内电极脑电图记录等方法综合术前定位。根据术前定位确定的致痫灶部位与范围采用不同的手术方法。7例病人采用颅内电极置入术来精确定位。局部枕叶皮层切除2例,枕叶大部或全部切除4例,全枕叶或后头部脑叶离断3例;同期经枕入路切除或离断颞叶内结结构3例。结果术后随访6个月至2年,术后癫痫无发作6例,发作1次1例,发作减少90%以上2例。结论难治性枕叶癫痫经手术治疗可以取得较好的疗效,颅内电极脑电图记录有助于致痫灶准确定位,并指导术中切除部位与功能保护。     

脑出血后血肿压迫致静脉窦回流障碍1例报告

<正>脑出血后血肿压迫致颅内静脉窦回流障碍,加重脑水肿的临床少见,现报告1例如下。1病例男,66岁。因"突发右侧颞枕部疼痛6 h"于2011年12月2日入院。患者于当天10时左右活动时突然出现右侧颞枕部疼痛,伴反应迟钝。行头颅CT检查示右侧颞顶枕叶脑出血,出血量约20 ml(图1A)。查体:血压150/100 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),反应迟钝,双眼向左运动受限,左侧同向性偏盲,左侧鼻唇沟稍浅,伸舌偏左,左上下肢肌力Ⅱ~     

大脑后部离断术治疗难治性癫痫1例临床分析

目的介绍一种新的治疗后脑病变引起的难治性癫痫的手术方法——大脑后部离断术,并就该手术方法和适应证进行讨论。方法应用大脑后部离断术治疗1例左侧后皮层广泛病变引发的成年难治性癫痫患者。该患者左侧顶叶、枕叶、颞叶脑软化、坏死、萎缩,但中央前后回和额叶皮层结构完整,左侧运动感觉语言功能仍然存在。手术方法为彻底离断顶枕叶、颞叶。结果手术后癫痫得到有效控制,随访6个月,只有2次轻微的复杂部分性发作,Engel分级Ⅱ级,没有新的神经损害并发症发生。结论后脑离断术可以有效治疗大脑后皮层病变所致的难治性癫痫,较多脑叶切除术有手术创伤小、省时、并发症少的优点。     

选择性海马切除在枕叶癫痫手术中的应用

目的 总结分析枕叶癫痫患者手术中联合选择性海马切除的手术治疗效果和经验.方法 回顾性分析2003年1月至2006年12月在我科接受手术治疗的20例向颢叶内侧传导的枕叶癫痫病例,统计患者的发病、检查及手术治疗情况,并介绍相关手术体会.17例(85%)为部分性发作继发强直.痉挛性发作为主,9例有颢叶先兆或口咽自动症,PET检查中9例有颞叶的代谢异常,MRI及MRS共发现有海马异常13例;脑电图确定癫痫灶位于枕叶外侧皮层8例.内侧皮层6例,枕颞交界区6例,发作期脑电图均显示明显向颢叶传导.手术均行枕叶致痫灶切除和经颞底海马结构切除术.结果 癫痫发作Engle分级示:I级16例,Ⅱ级2例,Ⅲ级2例.出现视野损害3例;推理智商无明显变化15例,下降4例,改善1例.结论 向颞叶传导为主的枕叶癫痫常可以有颢叶的先兆或自动症,并有影像学的异常,手术联合枕叶致痫灶切除和经颞底海马结构切除术,手术效果好.     

Disconnective surgery in posterior quadrantic epilepsy: a series of 12 paediatric patients

Aim. To assess the surgical outcomes of temporo‐parieto‐occipital (TPO) and parieto‐occipital (PO) disconnection surgery for children with intractable posterior quadrantic epilepsy and a unilateral posterior quadrant lesion based on MRI and functional imaging abnormality in the TPO region on one side. Methods. A retrospective review of data of 12 children who underwent TPO or PO disconnective surgery was carried out from September 2009 to September 2012. Three‐dimensional surface reconstructions of MRI scans and intraoperative electrophysiological monitoring were used during surgery. Drugs were not discontinued after surgery in any patient. Results. The affected hemisphere was the left in seven patients and the right in five patients. The mean ages at seizure onset and at surgery were four years and 12.3 years, respectively. At the time of surgery, 3 children had atonic seizures, 4 had symptomatic epilepsy with focal seizures and alteration of conscioussness, 4 had secondarily generalised seizures, and 1 child had spasms and tonic seizures. All patients had developmental delay. A pure TPO disconnection was performed in 11 patients and a PO disconnection was performed in the remaining patient. On pathological examination, 3 patients were shown to have focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) Ib, 2 with FCD IIa, 5 with FCD IIb, 1 with gliosis, and 1 with gliosis plus FCD IIa. Following surgery, 2 patients had oedema; 1 required another operation to resect the occipital lobe. At a mean follow‐up of 34.5 months, 9 patients (75%) were classified as Engel class I, 2 as Engel Class II, and 1 as Engel class III. All 12 children had contralateral hemianopia postoperatively and improvement in median IQ (p=0.04) was reported three months postoperatively. Conclusions. With respect to the limits of a retrospective and relatively small sample size series TPO and PO disconnection are safe and effective motor‐sparing epilepsy surgical procedures in selected patients with the epileptiform zone located in the posterior quadrant on one side.     

Epilepsy surgery in children with focal cortical dysplasia (FCD): results of long-term seizure outcome

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of epilepsy surgery on seizure outcome in children and adolescents under 18 years with intractable epilepsy due to focal cortical dysplasia. We analysed clinical data, such as age at seizure onset, epilepsy course, localisation of focus from presurgical evaluation, MRI, tissue pathology and seizure outcome in 68 patients 6 months to 9 years after epilepsy surgery. Seizure outcome was classified according to the Engel classification. Mean age at seizure onset was 7 months, ranging from the first days of life to 7 years. All patients had medically intractable epilepsy. Localisation of the lesion was predominantly extratemporal: posterior (uni- or multilobar) 43 %, frontal without central region 26 %, multilobar involving central area 19 % and temporal in 12 %. MRI signs typically seen in cortical dysplasia (FCD) such as localised blurring of gray-white matter junction was found in 68 %, dysgyria in 62 %, thickening of the cortical ribbon in 46 % and T2 signal elongation of the subcortical white matter in 40 % of the patients' MRI. Age at surgery ranged from 5 months to 16 years; 14 patients were under 2 years when operated on. In 34 patients (6 patients under 3 years) subdural grid electrode evaluation was performed prior to surgery. Pathology revealed focal cortical dysplasia without balloon cells (type I) in 60 %, FCD of the balloon cell subtype (type II) in 40 % of the specimens. Postoperative complications were subdural hygroma in 5 and an increased motor deficit in 2 patients. Up to two years after epilepsy surgery 50 % of the children were seizure free (Engel class I), 10 % Engel class II, 33 % Engel class III and 7 % unchanged (Engel class IV). Long-term seizure outcome (> 3 years post surgery) in 32 patients showed similar results (class I 50 %, class II 19 %, class III 28 %, class IV 3 %). Complete resection of the dysplastic lesion was significantly correlated with favorable seizure outcome, whereas seizure outcome was not significantly different in patients with mild (type I) or balloon cell (type II) FCD. Children operated after 6 years of age had no better outcome than children operated in infancy or at preschool age. Epilepsy surgery resulted in good (class I and II) seizure control in 60 % of children with intractable epilepsy due to focal cortical dysplasia.     

伴有丛集发作的儿童癫痫患者的手术治疗

目的 探讨伴有丛集发作的儿童癫痫患者的手术评估及疗效。方法 回顾性分析33例伴有丛集发作的儿童癫痫患者的临床资料,其中缓解性手术治疗8例,切除性手术治疗25例。结果 术后随访8~42个月,疗效按Engel分级:缓解性手术治疗患者Ⅱ级2例,Ⅲ级4例,Ⅳ级2例;切除性手术治疗患者Ⅰ级16例,Ⅱ级4例,Ⅲ级3例,Ⅳ级2例。无手术相关永久性并发症发生。结论 对于伴有丛集发作的儿童癫痫患者,应尽早进行综合的术前评估并采取相应的手术治疗以获得更好的控制疗效,从而改善患者预后。     

显微外科治疗颞叶癫痫的疗效分析

目的评价外科治疗难治性颞叶癫痫的手术疗效。方法回顾性分析外科的治疗236例难治性颞叶癫痫患者的临床资料。结果随访2-15年,疗效按Enge]的标准评定,236例中,Ⅰ级159例（67．4％）,Ⅱ级34例（14．4％）,Ⅲ级25例（10．6％）,Ⅳ级18例（7．6％）,总有效率为92.4％,效果优良率为81．8％。无严重并发症及手术死亡病例。结论应用显微外科技术治疗难治性颞叶癫痫是一种安全、有效的方法;对致痫灶的精确定位和正确处理及减少并发症是提高疗效的关键。     

Epilepsy surgery in the first 3 years of life: A Canadian survey

Objective:   To determine the clinical characteristics, surgical challenges, and outcome in children younger than 3 years of age undergoing epilepsy surgery in Canada.
Methods:   Retrospective data on patients younger than age 3 years who underwent epilepsy surgery at multiple centers across Canada from January 1987 to September 2005 were collected and analyzed.
Results:   There were 116 patients from eight centers. Seizure onset was in the first year of life in 82%, and mean age at first surgery was 15.8 months (1–35 months). Second surgeries were done in 27 patients, and a third surgery in 6. Etiologies were malformations of cortical development (57), tumor (22), Sturge-Weber syndrome (19), infarct (8), and other (10). Surgeries comprised 40 hemispheric operations, 33 cortical resections, 35 lesionectomies, 7 temporal lobectomies, and one callosotomy. There was one surgical mortality. The most common surgical complications (151 operations in 116 patients) were infection (17) and aseptic meningitis in 13. Of 107 patients with seizure outcome assessed more than one year postoperatively, 72 (67.3%) were seizure free (Engel I), 15(14%) had >90% improvement (Engel II), 12 had >50% improvement (Engel III), and 8 did not benefit from surgery (Engel IV). Development improved in 55.3% after surgery.
Conclusion:   Epilepsy surgery in children younger than 3 years of age is relatively safe and is effective in controlling seizures. Very young age is not a contraindication to surgery in children with refractory epilepsy, and early surgery may impact development positively.     

前额叶孤立术治疗顽固性癫痫

目的总结8例大脑前额叶孤立术治疗顽固性癫痫的临床经验,探讨采用完全额叶孤立术治疗顽固性癫痫的可行性。方法以大脑半球切开术及后象限切开术为基础术式,将彻底孤立致痫灶的概念引入这种病例的治疗中,对8例致痫灶切除术后无效的额叶癫痫患者施行了额叶孤立术,为保证前额叶彻底孤立,在额叶切开的同时离断前连合和胼胝体前部。术后随访16个月,16个月后对8例患者统一以Engel分级法评估手术疗效。结果 8例患者手术过程均顺利,2例术后发热,行腰大池引流术,均恢复良好。术后疗效评估Engel分级Ⅰ级(术后癫痫停止发作)5例,Ⅱ级(每年发作1~2例)2例,Ⅲ级(发作频率减少75%以上)1例。结论前额叶孤立术可能是治疗难治性额叶癫痫的比较有效的方法之一。     

Wada memory performance predicts seizure outcome after epilepsy surgery in children

PURPOSE: Wada memory asymmetries were examined in children from four comprehensive epilepsy surgery centers who subsequently underwent epilepsy surgery to determine whether Wada memory performance could predict degree of seizure relief in children. METHODS: One hundred fifty-six children (between ages 5 and 16 years) with intractable epilepsy underwent Wada testing before resective epilepsy surgery (93 within the left hemisphere, and 63 within the right hemisphere). Memory stimuli were presented soon after intracarotid amobarbital injection, and recognition memory for the items was assessed after return to neurologic baseline. Eighty-eight children underwent unilateral temporal lobe resection, and 68 had extratemporal lobe resections. One hundred four (67%) children were seizure free (Engel class I), and 52 (33%) were not seizure free (Engel classes II-IV) at follow-up (mean follow-up interval, 2.3 years). RESULTS: Seizure-free children recalled 19.3% more Wada memory items after ipsilateral injection than did non-seizure-free children (p = 0.008). If analysis was restricted to youngsters with temporal lobectomies (TLs), seizure-free children recalled 27.7% more items after ipsilateral injection than did non-seizure-free TL children (p = 0.004). With regard to individual patient prediction, 75% of children who had memory score asymmetries consistent with the seizure focus were seizure free. In contrast, only 56% of children whose memory score asymmetries were inconsistent with the seizure focus were seizure free (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that Wada memory performance asymmetries are related to the degree of seizure relief after epilepsy surgery in children and adolescents.     

Outcome of hemispheric surgeries for refractory epilepsy in pediatric patients

BACKGROUND: Hemispheric brain lesions are commonly associated with early onset of catastrophic epilepsies and multiple seizure types. Hemispheric surgery is indicated for patients with unilateral intractable epilepsy. Although described more than 50 years ago, several new techniques for hemispherectomy have only recently been proposed aiming to reduce operatory risks and morbidity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We present the clinical characteristics, presurgical workup, and postoperative outcome of a series of pediatric patients who underwent hemispherectomy for medically intractable epileptic seizures. Thirty-nine patients with medically intractable epilepsy underwent surgery from 1996 to 2005. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: We analyzed demographic data, interictal and ictal EEG findings, age at surgery, surgical technique and complications, and postsurgical seizure outcome. There were 74.4% males. Tonic and focal motor seizures occurred in 30.8 and 20.5% of the patients. Most frequent etiologies were Rasmussen encephalitis (30.8%) and malformation of cortical development (23.1%). Postsurgical outcomes were Engel classes I and II for 61.5% of the patients. In general, 89.5% of the patients exhibited at least a 90% reduction in seizure frequency. All patients had acute worsening of hemiparesis after surgery. Basically, two surgical techniques have been employed, both with similar results, although a trend has been noted toward one of the procedures which produced consistently complete disconnection. Patients with hemispheric brain lesions usually have abnormal neurological development and intractable epilepsy. When video-EEG monitoring and magnetic resonance imaging show unilateral disease, the patient may evolve with a good surgical outcome. We showed that a marked reduction in seizure frequency may be achieved, with acceptable neurological impairments.     

149例顽固性癫痫皮质脑电图监测下痫灶切除手术的临床分析

目的 总结皮质脑电图监测下痫灶切除手术治疗顽固性癫痫的临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析149例经皮质脑电图监测下痫灶切除手术治疗的149例顽固性癫痫患的临床资料，并结合随访资料讨论痫灶定位、手术要领、适应症及疗效判定标准。结果 随访11个月～21年，按Engle标准对术后疗效进行判断，I级31．5％，Ⅱ级25．5％，Ⅲ级28．2％，Ⅳ级14．8％。手术总有效率为85．2％，无手术死亡及严重并发症发生。结论 皮质脑电图监测下痫灶切除手术安全、有效，可为治疗顽固性癫痫的首选方案。     

Musicogenic seizures can arise from multiple temporal lobe foci: intracranial EEG analyses of three patients

PURPOSE: To determine the ictal-onset zone of musicogenic seizures by using intracranial EEG monitoring. METHODS: Musicogenic seizures in three patients with medically intractable musicogenic epilepsy were first localized by using noninvasive methods including, in one patient, ictal magnetoencephalography (MEG) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). The ictal-onset zones in these patients were then further localized using by intracranial EEG monitoring, and the outcomes of the two patients who underwent epilepsy surgery were determined. RESULTS: Patient 1's musicogenic seizures localized to the right lateral temporal lobe, patient 2's originated in the right mesial temporal lobe, and patient 3's arose independently from both mesial temporal lobes. Patients 1 and 2 underwent resective epilepsy surgery and are seizure free (Engel class I). CONCLUSIONS: Musicogenic epilepsy is a heterogeneous syndrome with seizures that can arise from multiple temporal lobe foci. Patients with medically intractable musicogenic epilepsy and with unilateral ictal onset zones may be considered candidates for resective epilepsy surgery.