Hepaticoduodenostomy versus hepaticojejunostomy after resection of choledochal cyst: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background

Excision has been established as a standard management practice for choledochal cysts in the last few decades. The two most commonly performed methods of reconstruction after excision are hepaticoduodenostomy (HD) and Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy (HJ), of which the HJ is favored by most surgeons. Evidence concerning the optimal method of reconstruction is, however, sparse.

Materials and Methods

Studies comparing outcomes from HD and HJ after choledochal cyst excision were identified by searching Medline, Ovid, Search Medica, Elsevier Clinicalkey, Google Scholar and Cochrane library. Suitable studies were chosen and data extracted for meta-analysis. Outcomes evaluated included operative time, hospital stay and incidence of postoperative bile leak, cholangitis, reflux/gastritis, anastomotic stricture, bleeding, intestinal obstruction and re-operative rate. Pooled odds ratios (OR) were calculated for dichotomous variables; pooled mean differences (MD) were measured for continuous variables.

Results

Six retrospective studies were included in this meta-analysis, comprising a total of 679 patients, 412 of whom (60.7%) underwent HD, and the remainder, 267(39.3%) underwent HJ. Although, HD group had slightly shorter hospital stay (MD: 0.30; 95% CI: −0.22–0.39; P < 0.00001) it showed a higher incidence of postoperative reflux/gastritis (OR: 0.08; 95% CI: − 0.02–0.39; P = 0.002). However, the other outcomes such as bile leak, cholangitis, anastomotic stricture, bleeding, operative time, reoperation rate and adhesive intestinal obstruction did not differ between HD and HJ groups.

Conclusions

HD shows higher postoperative reflux/gastritis than HJ but a shorter hospital stay. There are few good-quality studies that compare the outcomes from HD and HJ, meaning that caution should be exercised in the generalization of the results of this meta-analysis, which suggests HD to be comparable with HJ in terms of other complications, operative benefits and outcomes.     

Laparoscopic repair for choledochal cyst: lessons learned from 190 cases

Objective

The aim of this study is to report the technical details, early outcomes, and lessons learned from laparoscopic repair of 190 cases of choledochal cyst.

Method

The operation was performed using 4 ports. The cystic duct was identified and divided. The liver was elevated by 2 stay-sutures: one on the round ligament and the other on the distal cystic duct. The choledochal cyst was isolated and removed completely, and then biliary-digestive continuity was reestablished.

Results

From January 2007 to April 2009, 190 patients were operated on. There were 144 girls and 46 boys. Ages ranged from 2 months to 16 years (mean, 46.9 ± 29.3 months). Cyst diameter ranged from 10 to 184 mm. A total of 106 patients were classified as Todani type I cysts, and 84 were type IV. Cystic excision and hepaticoduodenostomy were performed in 133 patients and hepaticojejunostomy in 57 patients. The operating time varied from 70 to 505 minutes (mean, 186 minutes). Conversion to open surgery was required in 2 patients. Intraoperative blood transfusion was required in 4 patients. There were no perioperative deaths. Postoperative anastomotic leakage occurred in 7 patients, resolving spontaneously in 6 and requiring a second operation in 1. Postoperative hospital stay ranged from 5 to 27 days (mean, 7.2 ± 3.3 days). Follow-up occurred between 1 and 24 months postdischarge (mean, 9 ± 2.2 months) and was obtained in 161 patients (84.7%). Of these patients, cholangitis occurred in 4 patients (2.4%).

Conclusion

Laparoscopic repair is a safe and effective procedure for choledochal cyst.     

腹腔镜胆总管囊肿根治切除、肝管空肠吻合术

目的:探讨腹腔镜下胆道造影和胆总管囊肿根治切除、肝管空肠吻合术的可行性。方法:34例先天性胆总管囊肿患者行腹腔镜下胆道造影,胆囊和囊状胆管完全切除,经脐孔提出空肠行Roux-en-Y吻合和体内肝管空肠吻合手术。结果:胆道造影显示胆管囊状扩张24例,梭形扩张10例。33例腹腔镜下顺利完成手术,手术时间平均4.2h(3.5~6.5h);1例胰腺内胆总管远段囊肿中转开腹手术。4例合并肝管狭窄同时行胆管成形术。术后5~7d患者痊愈出院。31例获得随访,5~40个月未发生术后并发症。结论:腹腔镜下胆道造影简便实用,对指导镜下根治切除囊肿,避免损伤胆胰管连接部和处理肝内胆管狭窄有重要参考价值。     

腹腔镜下囊肿切除、肝总管空肠Roux-Y吻合治疗小儿胆总管囊肿

目的总结腹腔镜下胆总管囊肿根治手术的经验。方法从2010年7月至2011年10月,对我院22例胆总管囊肿患儿行腹腔镜下囊肿切除、肝总管空肠Roux-Y吻合术。结果 3例因囊壁炎症重而中转开腹,其余均完成腹腔镜手术,平均手术时间4.6小时(3.5～6.5小时)。术后3例出现胆瘘,经通畅引流后愈合。术后美容效果明显。随访至今未出现胆道狭窄、胆道感染等并发症。结论腹腔镜下根治小儿胆总管囊肿是安全可靠的。     

腹腔镜下胆总管囊肿根治切除及胆道重建术

目的探讨腹腔镜下行胆总管囊肿根治切除及胆道重建术的可行性。方法全身麻醉后腹腔镜辅助下按悬吊肝圆韧带、游离胆囊、术中胆道造影、游离切除囊肿、空肠Roux-Y吻合、肝管空肠吻合、缝合系膜裂孔、放置腹腔引流的步骤完成手术。结果 18例患者腹腔镜下顺利根治切除胆总管囊肿,15例经结肠后、3例经结肠前吻合胆道重建术,手术时间3.5～6.5h,2例术后出现并发症。结论经腹腔镜胆总管囊肿根治切除及胆道重建手术安全可靠,值得临床进一步推广应用。     

Laparoscopic resection of congenital choledochal cyst, hepaticojejunostomy, and externally made Roux-en-Y anastomosis

The authors present a 3-month-old patient with a congenital choledochal cyst, which was asymptomatic until treatment. On laparoscopy, a type I choledochal cyst was confirmed and excised laparoscopically. A Roux-en-Y anastomosis was constructed after exteriorization of the small bowel via the infraumbilical trocar incision. A laparoscopic end-to-side hepaticojejunostomy was carried out. The operation lasted 4½ hours, without intraoperative problems. Oral food intake was started on day 2 and well tolerated with bile stained stools. Symptoms of bowel obstruction occurred on day 8. On minilaparotomy, the Roux-en-Y anastomosis was found to be adherent to the mesenterium of the colon, leading to obstruction. After mobilizing the loop, the postoperative course was uneventful. We conclude that laparoscopic resection of congenital choledochal cyst and choledochojejunostomy was feasible in the youngest patient operated on so far. However, adhesive small bowel obstruction can also occur, as after conventional operation, when the bowel is exteriorized for Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy.     

倒刺缝线在腹腔镜胆总管囊肿切除术中的应用

目的初步探讨单向倒刺缝线在完全腹腔镜下成人胆总管囊肿切除术中应用的安全性及有效性。方法回顾性分析2012年8月-2014年10月期间行完全腹腔镜下成人胆总管囊肿切除术的10例病例资料。结果全组病例均成功完成手术,无中转开腹。手术时间（194.5±20）min,160～225 min,胆管空肠吻合时间为（19.1±4.0）min,13～25 min,空肠空肠吻合时间为（17.5±2.0）min,12～21 min。术中出血（64.0±43.2）ml,10～150 ml,下床活动时间（1.6±0.7）d,排气时间（2.5±0.7）d,术后住院时间（7.0±1.7）d,5～10 d10围手术期无并发症发生。10例均获得随访。随访时间2～26个月,平均随访12.7月。1例患者术后出现反流性胆管炎,经抗感染等治疗后痊愈。结论单向倒刺缝线用于完全腹腔镜下胆肠吻合是安全、有效的。可吸收倒刺缝线的应用能够降低腹腔镜下缝合难度、缩短缝合时间及手术时间、缩短学习曲线,有利于本术式的广泛开展。     

Using laparoscopic double hemicircumferential running single-layer suture in hepaticojejunostomy for choledochal cysts in children

Background

To evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of implementing a double-hemicircumferential running suture in laparoscopic hepaticojejunostomy for choledochal cysts (CDC) in children.

An impressive choledochal cyst and its surgical resection

IntroductionCholedochal cysts are rare congenital dilations of the biliary tree that can present with non-specific symptoms such as abdominal pain, jaundice, cholelithiasis and pancreatitis. Although most commonly identified in children, they can be found in the adult population. However, because of the non-specific symptoms, this diagnosis may be difficult to make in the adult. A physician therefore must keep this diagnosis within their differential, as it may arise in an unexpected patient population who may present with a convoluted work up.Case presentationIn this report, we present the case of a 50-year-old African American woman with recurrent cholelithiasis, cholangitis and eventually obstructive jaundice despite undergoing a laparoscopic cholecystectomy six years prior. Her only work up at that point was a right upper quadrant ultrasound revealing gallbladder sludge, which led to her cholecystectomy. It was the persistence of her symptoms—abdominal pain, cholangitis and obstructive jaundice—previously attributed to chronic cholecystitis and choledocholithiasis that warranted further work up. After multiple physician visits, she was referred to our academic center after an ERCP was performed and she was found to have a dilation of her common bile duct consistent with a choledochal cyst. Furthermore, the ERCP identified multiple bile duct stones within the cyst. This was not identified on her original ultrasound or prior ERCPs. The patient underwent a complete cyst excision with Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy and did well post-operatively.DiscussionThis report illustrates how choledochal cysts can be an elusive diagnosis, but may present with repeated infections, recurrent biliary stones, and biliary obstruction despite a cholecystectomy. Had she an MRCP prior to her cholecystectomy, she would likely have avoided multiple surgeries, and years of persistent symptoms. Choledochal cysts are associated with an increased risk of biliary malignancy and therefore cyst excision is the standard of care.ConclusionAlthough rare, physicians need to keep this diagnosis in mind, and be aware of the clinical and imaging findings consistent with a choledochal cyst in order to facilitate appropriate work up, referral and treatment.     

Long-term outcomes after hepaticojejunostomy for choledochal cyst: a 10- to 27-year follow-up

Introduction

Choledochal cyst (CC) is closely associated with anomalous arrangement of the pancreaticobiliary duct, which is considered a high-risk factor for biliary tract malignancy. Early diagnosis and early treatment for CC could lead to a good prognosis. This study investigated late complications and long-term outcomes after surgery for CC.

Patients and Methods

Fifty-six patients with CC and over 10 years of postoperative follow-up were analyzed retrospectively. All patients had undergone total resection of the extrahepatic bile duct and hepaticojejunostomy.

Results

Six patients showed liver dysfunction manifested in the first 10 years after surgery, but all returned to normal thereafter. Dilatation of intrahepatic bile ducts persisted in 6 postoperatively, and in 3, this was still apparent more than 10 years after. Recurrent abdominal pain was encountered in 3, 1 had pancreas divisum with a pancreatic stone, and 1 had adhesive small bowel obstruction. Two patients developed biliary tract malignancy. A 14-year-old girl died of recurrent common bile duct cancer 2 years after the initial resection of CC with adenocarcinoma. A 26-year-old man with repeated cholangitis owing to multiple intrahepatic bile stones developed cholangiocarcinoma 26 years after the initial resection of CC. Event-free survival rate and overall survival rate were 89% (50/56) and 96% (54/56), respectively.

Conclusions

Choledochal cyst generally has an excellent prognosis with early total resection and reconstruction. Long-term surveillance for the development of malignancy is still essential, especially if there is ongoing dilatation of the intrahepatic bile duct or biliary stones.     

Unsuspected choledochal cyst during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Cystic dilation of the extrahepatic bile ducts is rarely encountered during elective biliary surgery planned for different indications. We report here on a patient with unremarkable preoperative workup and normal intraoperative anatomy of the cystic pedicle in whom a type I choledochal cyst containing a large stone was detected by the combined use of laparoscopic contact ultrasonography and intraoperative cholangiography. This case report highlights the importance of intraoperative imaging modalities of the ductal system not only in preventing iatrogenic injuries and their related complications, but also in detecting unsuspected associated biliary pathology which might significantly change the course of surgical intervention.     

Laparoscopic excision of choledochal cyst and Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy in symptomatic neonates

Purpose

Choledochal cysts require surgical excision, preferably before the onset of cholangitis. Recently, it has become feasible to accomplish the excision laparoscopically in adults and older children. Yet, whether laparoscopic excision of choledochal cyst can be performed safely in symptomatic neonates with choledochal cyst is unclear. We herewith reviewed our experience of laparoscopic excision of choledochal cysts in neonates.

Methods

We managed 9 neonates with choledochal cysts between April 2003 and February 2007. The choledochal cysts were excised laparoscopically. The Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy was fashioned extracorporeally by exteriorizing the jejunum through the extended umbilical port site. End-to-side anastomosis between the common hepatic duct stump and Roux loop was carried out intracorporeally. The patients were followed up for an average of 26 months.

Results

The patients presented with jaundice, pale stool, and deranged liver function tests. The diagnosis was confirmed with ultrasonography postnatally. The median operation time was 3.6 hours. There was no operative complication and no conversion. The blood loss was minimal. The recovery was uneventful, and the median hospital stay was 6 days. The liver function tests normalized 3 to 16 weeks postoperatively. No complication was detected at the follow-up visits.

Conclusions

Our preliminary results show that laparoscopic excision of choledochal cyst and Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy in neonates is both feasible and safe. It curtails further complication of the cysts and reverses the derangement of liver function. In addition, the laparoscopic approach minimizes surgical trauma.     

Laparoscopic resection of type I choledochal cyst

Type I choledochal cyst is a rare saccular or fusiform congenital dilatation of the extrahepatic biliary tract. It is usually treated by laparotomy at which the cyst is completely excised and a Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy is performed to establish biliary enteric drainage. We report the laparoscopic excision and hepaticoduodenostomy of type I choledochal cyst in two girls aged 1 and 3 years. The entire procedure was performed laparoscopically using needlescopic instruments. A 7-mm telescope port was inserted at the umbilicus, a 3-mm port in the right upper quadrant, and a 6-mm port in left upper quadrant. An additional 3-mm fan-shaped liver retractor was passed through the abdominal wall without a trocar. The gallbladder and choledochal cyst was dissected and removed en bloc. The lower end of the common bile duct was closed with 5-0 polydioxanone. The duodenum was anastomosed to the common hepatic duct below the confluence of the right and left hepatic ducts. There were no intraoperative complications, and the children were asymptomatic with no episodes of cholangitis at 6 months follow-up. Pediatric surgeons trained in advanced laparoscopic techniques including intracorporeal suturing can perform laparoscopic repair of choledochal cyst safely.     

The difficult hepaticojejunostomy after pancreatic head resection: reconstruction with a T tube

Background

After pancreatic head resection, bile leaks from a difficult hepaticojejunostomy secondary to a small or fragile common hepatic duct may be reduced by a T tube at the side of the anastomosis.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of patients who underwent a difficult hepaticojejunostomy without or with a T tube was performed.

Results

In 48% (55/114) of patients, a T tube was placed at the side of the hepaticojejunostomy; 52% (59/114) did not have a T tube. Bile leaks occurred in 12% (14/114) (9% [5/55] in patients with a T tube vs 15% [9/59] without a T tube, P = .316). Bile leaks were associated with mortality, abscess formation, hemorrhage, and sepsis. Seven percent (8/114) of patients required revisional laparotomy (2% [1/55] with a T tube vs 12% [7/59] without a T tube, P = .036). Mortality was not different between the groups. Minor T-tube–associated complications occurred in 15% (8/55) without major complications.

Conclusions

Augmentation of anastomosis with a T tube cannot prevent biliary leakage but does reduce the severity of bile leaks, resulting in less reoperations.     

术中造影在先天性胆总管囊肿根治切除术中的应用价值

目的探讨术中胆道造影在确立胆总管囊肿的病理特征与胆胰管合流异常的价值 ,并用于指导术式选择。方法对胆总管囊肿患儿进行术中胆胰管造影检查 ,记录胆管病变形态和胆胰管合流异常类型。结果 82例胆总管囊肿按Todani分型 :Ⅰa型 35例、Ⅰb型 9例、Ⅰc型 2 8例及Ⅳ型 10例。确定胆胰管合流异常 73例 ,按Komi分类 :Ⅰ型 37例、Ⅱ型 30例及Ⅲ型 6例。 4 4例胆管囊状扩张中胆胰管合流异常Ⅰ型 33例 ,2 9例胆管梭形扩张中Ⅱ型 2 1例 ,2 1例合并有胰腺炎发作者中胆胰管合流异常Ⅱ型 17例。 14例合并肝内胆管狭窄者同时行胆管成形术。结论术中造影简便易行 ,可以明确诊断 ;不同的胆胰管合流异常类型可导致不同形式的胆胰管病变 ;对术中指导根治切除囊肿、避免损伤胆胰管连接部和处理肝内胆管狭窄有重要参考价值。     

Robot-assisted resection of choledochal cysts and hepaticojejunostomy in children less than 10 kg

Background/Purpose

Laparoscopic resection of choledochal cysts and hepaticojejunostomy have been described in children since 1995, but these can be technically demanding procedures. Robotic surgical systems can facilitate complex minimal-access procedures. In 2009, we made the transition from conventional laparoscopic to robotic-assisted choledochal cyst excision with hepaticojejunostomy. We present our experience in children weighing less than 10 kg.

Methods

During 2009, 5 children weighing less than 10 kg underwent robotic resections of choledochal cysts and hepaticojejunostomy using the da Vinci surgical system. The Roux loop was fashioned extracorporeally. Mean age was 1 year (range, 0.5-1.4), and mean weight was 8.5 kg (range, 7.6-9.5). All 5 had type 1c cysts, and 3 were very large.

Results

All 5 cases were treated successfully by robotic resection of the cyst and hepaticojejunostomy. Feeding was established by a median of 4 days (range, 3-6), and patients were discharged after a median of 6 days (range, 5-7) with no postoperative complications.

Conclusion

The technique is safe and effective in children weighing less than 10 kg. The authors found ergonomic advantages in using robotic-assisted surgery for this complex minimal-access procedure.     

腹腔镜胆总管囊肿根治术的手术体会及技术改进

目的 总结腹腔镜胆总管囊肿切除、肝管空肠Roux-Y吻合术的临床经验,并探讨其手术技巧和技术改进.方法 2010年11月-2012年11月,共实施腹腔镜胆总管囊肿根治术31例.采用4孔法,先游离胆囊,行胆道造影,然后扩大脐部切口提出空肠,完成Roux-Y吻合,还纳肠管后再切除囊肿,行胆肠吻合术.结果 31例患者,2例中转开腹,29例完成腹腔镜下胆总管囊肿根治术,手术时间为200 ～ 460 min,平均260 min;术后早期并发症3例(9.7％),其中胆瘘1例;术后腹壁切口出血1例;Roux-Y胆袢扭转1例.术后患儿均获得随访,随访时间为3～ 27个月,全部患儿肝功能正常,超声检查无结石形成,未见胆管狭窄及扩张.结论 腹腔镜胆总管囊肿根治术安全可靠,效果满意.     

腹腔镜胆总管囊肿切除、肝管空肠Roux-Y吻合术治疗婴幼儿胆总管囊肿

目的 探讨腹腔镜下治疗婴幼儿胆总管囊肿的关键技术,介绍加用外固定肝脏拉钩应用的初步经验.方法 患儿42例,采用四Trocar加外置Nathanson肝脏拉钩外固定技术,腹腔镜下完成胆总管囊肿切除、肝总管空肠Roux-Y吻合胆道重建术.结果 本组患儿手术全部成功,无死亡,无中转开腹手术.手术平均时间为4.5h(3.5～7h),出血量10～50ml;术中发现合并美克尔憩室1例,肠旋转不良1例;切除阑尾5例;术后应激性溃疡并消化道出血2例,胆漏2例,胰漏1例,脐部伤口感染1例;术后平均住院时间6.5d(6～21d).术后随访1个月～5.5年,未发现胆囊炎、肠粘连梗阻和吻合口狭窄发生.结论 经腹腔镜行先天性胆总管囊肿切除、肝总管空肠Roux-Y吻合术是一种安全可靠的方法,腹腔镜下打结缝合技术和清晰宽敞的手术空间是该手术成功的关键与保障.     

Hepaticoduodenostomy at the hepatic hilum after excision of choledochal cyst

During the past 11 years, 30 patients, aged 27 days to 25 years, underwent excision of choledochal cyst. Reconstruction of the biliary tract was performed by two techniques: hepaticoduodenostomy in 19 patients and Roux-Y hepaticojejunostomy in 11. The technique of hepaticoduodenostomy consisted of transection of the common hepatic duct at the hilum with an incision extending approximately 5 mm along the lateral wall of both the hepatic ducts to permit a wide anastomotic stoma. There was no mortality. Postoperative cholangitis occurred in five patients, four of whom were in the hepaticoduodenostomy group. All episodes except one responded to antibiotics and have resulted in no demonstrable hepatic dysfunction. Intestinal bleeding occurred in one Roux-Y patient and postoperative intestinal obstruction in another. There was no significant difference in the results of these two procedures in the follow-up period (average length 4 years, 3 months). The hepaticoduodenostomy with a wide stoma at the hilum is advocated because (1) it has significant capability of preventing cholangitis, which has been thought to be the primary objection so far, (2) it creates a better physiologic state, and (3) it may be associated with fewer postoperative complications.     

先天性胆总管囊肿手术治疗经验

目的：总结先天性胆总管囊肿的手术治疗经验。方法：对194例先天性胆总管囊肿的手术治疗经验进行回顾性分析。结果：194例均行囊肿切除,胆道重建术：（1）肝管十二指肠吻合术4例;（2）间置空肠肝管十二指肠吻合术（人工乳头）15例;（3）间置胆囊肝管十二指肠吻合术4例;（4）肝管空肠Roux-en-Y型吻合术171例。本组190例术后恢复顺利,手术死亡4例（2．06％）。结论：囊肿可使胆汁流入胰管内并发胰腺炎,囊肿易癌变,囊肿可形成盲袋和死腔易形成结石,故囊肿切除胆道重建术是治疗先天性胆总管囊肿的最佳选择。尽管胆道建术式较多,但以肝总管空肠Roux-en-Y型吻合术是胆道重建术的一种理想手术。