单眼弱视患者黄斑光学相干断层成像检查

目的探索弱视黄斑部视网膜发育状况。方法使用光学相干断层成像技术(OCT)观察一组39例单眼弱视患者眼底黄斑区的组织形态,测定中心小凹及黄斑区周围3mm直径范围视网膜神经上皮层平均厚度,并进行相关分析。结果中心凹视网膜神经上皮厚度正常眼与弱视眼比较差异有非常显著性,弱视眼黄斑区上方、鼻侧、下方视网膜神经上皮层明显增厚,与颞侧比较差异有显著性。2例弱视患者弱视眼黄斑中心凹未形成,其中1例治疗效果不佳。结论OCT检查可以从组织形态上观察黄斑发育情况。     

高度近视眼黄斑部视网膜神经上皮层厚度的分区测量研究

目的:研究高度近视眼黄斑部各区域视网膜神经上皮层厚度的分布特点,并分析其与性别、年龄、眼压、等效球镜度数和眼轴长度之间的相关性。方法:除眼底视盘旁近视弧外无其他眼部异常和眼底病变的高度近视患者102例,随机选取每例患者1眼受检。所有受检眼均予眼压、屈光检查、眼轴长度测定、9个区域的黄斑视网膜神经上皮层平均厚度和黄斑中心凹视网膜厚度最小值测定。将黄斑部各区域视网膜神经上皮层平均厚度和黄斑中心凹视网膜厚度最小值与性别、年龄、眼压、等效球镜度数及眼轴长度进行相关性分析和偏相关分析。各区黄斑视网膜神经上皮层平均厚度和黄斑中心凹视网膜厚度最小值进行多配对样本的Friedman检验。结果:本组受检者黄斑中心凹视网膜厚度最小值为175.34±29.01μm。各区黄斑视网膜神经上皮层平均厚度分布存在显著差异:内环区视网膜神经上皮层厚度较外环区厚;鼻侧和上下方视网膜神经上皮层较厚,颞侧较薄;中央区和中心小凹最薄。随着眼轴的延长,中央区视网膜神经上皮层厚度增厚,外环区上方视网膜神经上皮层变薄。结论:眼轴长度增加所致的黄斑视网膜神经上皮层厚度改变可能是高度近视黄斑变性发生发展的病理基础。     

玻璃体视网膜术后黄斑区视网膜光学相干断层扫描图像意义探讨

目的 探讨光学相干断层扫描图像(OCT)在玻璃体视网膜术后黄斑形态检测中的意义。方法应用zeissHumphrey OCT检查仪对48例(48眼)，经玻璃体视网膜术后临床检查为复位成功的患者黄斑区进行经中心凹水平和垂直扫描，观察黄斑形态，并测量中心凹神经上皮层厚度。结果 48眼接受检查，黄斑结构正常10眼；黄斑水肿12眼；黄斑变薄6眼；神经上皮下积液8眼；视网膜色素上皮脱离3眼；黄斑前膜7眼；黄斑裂孔2眼。术后黄斑的形态及中心凹神经上皮层厚度与术后视力存在一定关系。结论 OCT能精确探查玻璃体视网膜术后黄斑结构变化，并且在病变的定量随访中有重要意义。     

原发性视网膜色素变性的频域光学相干断层成像特征

目的观察原发性视网膜色素变性即色素性视网膜炎(retinitis pigmentosa,RP)的频域光学相干断层扫描检查(fourier-domain optical coherence tomography,FD-OCT)的图像特征。方法回顾性分析经临床确诊的30例60眼RP患者及30例60眼正常人FD-OCT检查资料,比较分析视网膜厚度及图像特征。结果正常组黄斑中心视网膜厚度为(174.6±14.9)μm;RP组黄斑中心视网膜厚度为(146.0±21.5)μm;RP组黄斑中心视网膜厚度较正常组降低,两组比较差异有统计学意义(t=3.487,P=0.001)。RP患者骨细胞样视网膜色素沉着区FD-OCT图像可见病变区色素上皮层光带断裂,与其相对应的神经上皮层可见增殖移行的色素上皮,黄斑区FD-OCT图像见光感受器内外节连接层反射部分或全部消失伴视网膜色素上皮层萎缩变薄。RP组中伴神经上皮层弥漫水肿5眼;黄斑囊样水肿3眼;黄斑前膜17眼。结论 FD-OCT可显示RP的组织病理改变,其影像学特征对临床诊断及病程估计有重要意义。     

高度近视黄斑区视网膜厚度变化规律的分析

目的:运用光学相干断层成像技术(optical coherence tomography,OCT)对高度近视患者进行黄斑区域不同象限视网膜厚度的测量,分析其分布特点和变化规律,并进一步探讨影响其变化的相关因素。方法:收集高度近视者48例48眼和正常对照组20例20眼,分别测量黄斑中心凹最小厚度、中心凹及周边直径为3mm和6mm两个环形区域内上方、下方、鼻侧、颞侧视网膜平均厚度,比较不同区域视网膜厚度之间的差别。结果:两组旁中心凹上方视网膜神经上皮层最厚,鼻侧与下方次之,颞侧最薄;旁周边中心凹鼻侧视网膜神经上皮层最厚,上方与下方次之,颞侧最薄。高度近视组中旁中心凹范围及旁周边中心凹的颞侧和下方视网膜神经上皮层厚度均较正常对照组显著变薄;高度近视组中旁周边中心凹的鼻侧视网膜神经上皮层厚度较正常对照组薄;高度近视组中旁周边中心凹上方的视网膜神经上皮层厚度较正常对照组无统计学差异(P>0.05);高度近视组中中心小凹及中心凹的视网膜神经上皮层厚度高于正常对照组。结论:黄斑区域视网膜神经上皮层厚度分布存在区域特异性。高度近视眼的视网膜变薄是确实存在的,主要是旁中心凹区,不是在中心凹。     

黄斑部视网膜前膜的光学相干断层扫描图像特征

目的 :探讨黄斑部视网膜前膜的光学相干断层扫描 (opticalcoherencetomographyOCT)图像特征及临床诊断价值。方法 :对临床拟诊或诊断为黄斑部视网膜前膜患者 15例 15眼行OCT ,直接、间接检眼镜 ,眼底照相或FFA检查。结果 :黄斑部视网膜前膜的OCT图像表现为视网膜表面高反光带 ,厚薄不一 ,或紧贴于黄斑表面 ,或与其相连。绝大多数中心凹厚度增加。结论 :OCT可活体显示黄斑前膜 ,评价手术效果 ,为黄斑前膜的临床诊断提供了更加明确客观的信息     

高度近视眼黄斑体积的分区测定

目的:应用光学相干断层成像(OCT)技术研究高度近视眼黄斑部视网膜神经上皮层体积的变化。方法:将高度近视眼68例68眼和正常对照者59例59眼分为高度近视组和对照组,OCT测量黄斑中心凹最薄处神经上皮层厚度以及后极部视网膜地形图各个区域体积,比较两组结果的差异性。结果:高度近视眼组黄斑中心凹最薄处神经上皮层厚度145.7±20.2μm,正常对照组为151.9±26.7μm,两者差异无显著性(P=0.276)。高度近视眼组黄斑部视网膜神经上皮层体积为6.761±0.579mm3,正常对照组为7.262±0.508mm3,高度近视眼组黄斑体积明显小于正常组(P=0.006)。结论:OCT能够对黄斑部神经上皮层体积进行分区精确测量,可以作为研究高度近视眼后极部视网膜变化的手段之一。     

视网膜色素变性患者的多焦视网膜电图与视网膜光学相干断层扫描的观察分析

目的研究视网膜色素变性(RP)患者的多焦视网膜电图(mERG)与视网膜光学相干断层扫描(OCT)的特性及图像特征。方法对已确诊的6例(12只眼)原发性视网膜色素变性患者和10例(20只眼)正常人的视网膜进行多焦视网膜电图与视网膜光学相干断层扫描检查,并对所得数据进行统计分析。结果RP患者视网膜黄斑中心凹厚度平均值低于正常人,但两者之间无显著差异性,RP患者OCT的视网膜断层反射像与正常反射像相比有较明显的改变;RP患者的多焦视网膜电图各环的反应密度均低于正常人,且有显著性差异,4~6环的潜伏期与正常人相比显著延长。结论多焦视网膜电图可有效地评价RP患者黄斑区及周边视网膜的功能,RP患者OCT的断层扫描像与其已知的视网膜病变特点相一致。     

特发性黄斑前膜在频域相干光断层扫描下的临床观察

目的观察特发性黄斑前膜的频域相干光断层扫描（OCT）特征以及与患者视力的相互关系。方法收集2010年10月至2013年6月在我院门诊确诊的特发性黄斑前膜患者的临床资料,共182例（212只眼）,年龄35~88岁,平均（66.08±9.25）岁,所有患者均进行最佳矫正视力、眼底和OCT检查。根据OCT检查所见对黄斑前膜进行分类,分析中心凹形态及黄斑部视网膜神经上皮层体积与视力的关系,采用SPSS13.0软件对患者的各项OCT检查结果进行统计学分析。结果 （1）特发性黄斑前膜的OCT图像特征表现为视网膜神经上皮层表面厚薄不一的高反光带,部分与视网膜内表面完全紧密粘连或分离。黄斑前膜的中心凹形态改变有5种表现,中心凹正常型33只眼（15.7%）,伴有板层裂孔17只眼（8.0%）,伴有假性黄斑裂孔16只眼（7.5%）,伴有弥漫水肿121只眼（57.0%）,伴有囊样水肿25只眼（11.8%）。（2）中心凹正常组与其它中心凹形态组的视网膜神经上皮层体积比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。（3）黄斑部视网膜神经上皮层体积与视力呈负相关（r=0.029,P〈0.01）。结论黄斑前膜患者视力与黄斑部视网膜神经上皮层体积具有负相关性,0CT作为黄斑前膜可靠的诊断方法,在临床上可以减少漏诊,并可以为手术提供更详细的信息。     

OCT与FFA/ICGA在Sargardt病中的应用分析

目的利用OCT与FFA/ICGA研究Stargardt病黄斑区组织结构的变化以及对视网膜功能的影响,探讨OCT与FFA/ICGA在该病研究中的价值。方法对7例(14只眼)Stargardt病患者进行FFA/ICGA检查,利用OCT观察黄斑部结构改变,测量黄斑中心凹的厚度、黄斑容积及黄斑6mm平均容积,并对结果进行统计学分析。结果Stargardt病患眼视力低下,OCT观察Stargardt病患者黄斑区神经上皮层结构紊乱、变薄。中心凹厚度、黄斑容积及黄斑6mm平均容积与正常人有显著性差异。FFA表现为横椭圆形强透见荧光,部分合并有暗脉络膜背景荧光。ICGA则显示脉络膜毛细血管层不同程度萎缩。黄斑中心凹厚度、黄斑容积与矫正视力成正相关。结论OCT与FFA/ICGA均可观察Stargardt病患者黄斑区组织结构的变化,对测患者的视网膜功能变化、对Stargardt病的诊断与病理机制的研究具有重要意义。     

Optical coherence tomography images of retinitis pigmentosa

The retinas of 3 patients with typical retinitis pigmentosa (RP) were evaluated by optical coherence tomography (OCT), fluorescein angiography (FA), and fundus photography (FP). OCT showed that retinal thickness was decreased in the areas of the retina affected by RP, and nearly normal in the unaffected macular area. Reflectivity was partially decreased in the affected retinal areas and pigment masses were hyper-reflective. Reflectivity of the macular area was nearly normal except in the fovea, where it was decreased because of edema. Cystic spaces of the fovea were evident in Patient 1.     

Macular diseases--application of automated static perimetry and optical coherence tomography

The usefulness of automated static perimetry and optical coherence tomography in the management of macular diseases has been described. Scotomata in eyes with central serous chorioretinopathy could be evaluated with central 10-degree automated static perimetry. The degree of visual field defects in eyes with the disease varied greatly with mean deviation of -10 dB or less in as many as 10% of the subjects. Although retinitis pigmentosa is a diffuse retinal dystrophy, eyes with a moderately advanced stage of retinitis pigmentosa should be managed as a macular disease, because the functioning retina is confined within the vascular arcade. The progressive nature in this stage of the disease could be demonstrated with a central 10-degree automated static perimetry measured once or twice a year and the use of univariate linear regression of mean deviation, in half of the patients with a mean follow-up period of 5 years. Functional recovery in eyes with exudative age-related macular degeneration after laser surgery or submacular surgery could be evaluated with central 10-degree automated static perimetry. Eyes with increased mean deviation in spite of reduced visual acuity after therapeutic intervention should also be evaluated. Macular function could also be evaluated using a color test. A newly developed color saturation discrimination test was applied to patients with age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, and cone dystrophy. The degree of dyschromatopsia was less in eyes with age-related macular degeneration than in those with retinitis pigmentosa or cone dystrophy with the same level of acuity loss. The highly protrusive nature of the orange-red nodule in eyes with idiopathic polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy was demonstrated with dimensional measurement with OCT. The degree of protrusion was greater than in eyes with serous pigment epithelial detachment, which suggests that the polypoidal lesion is covered with rigid tissues including Bruch's membrane. Parafoveal retinal sensitivity obtained with automated static perimetry was studied in correlation with retinal thickness measured using OCT in eyes with branch retinal vein occlusion showing macular edema without macular non-perfusion or massive retinal hemorrhages. The increased retinal thickness due to macular edema is closely correlated with retinal sensitivity both at the fovea and in the parafoveal area. Eighty-nine phakic eyes of 46 patients with retinitis pigmentosa patients were studied to detect cystoid macular edema using OCT. Cystoid lesions were observed in the macula in 12 eyes in 6 (13%) of 46 patients. Some eyes with OCT-proven cystoid macular edema did not show dye pooling in the fluorescein angiogram. The width of the total area of cystoid lesions was positively correlated with best-corrected visual acuity but the thickness of the neurosensory retina at the center of the fovea was not. OCT findings of successfully repaired macular holes were categorized into 3 groups. Eyes with U-type showed a normal foveal contour and a dark layer corresponding to the outer segment of photoreceptors. Eyes with V-type showed a notch in the surface of repaired neurosensory retina without a dark layer on the retinal pigment epithelium. Those with W-type showed a defect of the neurosensory retina, where the retinal pigment epithelium was exposed. The visual results were excellent in eyes with U-type, but poor in those with W-type.     

Vitreoretinal surgery for cystoid macular edema associated with retinitis pigmentosa

PURPOSE: To evaluate the anatomic and functional outcome of vitreoretinal surgery in eyes with retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and macular edema. DESIGN: Prospective noncomparative case series. PARTICIPANTS: Twelve consecutive eyes of eight patients with RP and a documented decrease in visual acuity (VA) to 20/60 or worse caused by macular edema refractory to medical therapy. METHODS: Pars plana vitrectomy was performed in the 12 eyes, followed by posterior hyaloid dissection, removal of the posterior inner limiting membrane after staining with indocyanine green, and gas tamponade. Preoperative best-corrected VAs ranged from 20/60 to 20/400 (mean, 20/115). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Changes in VA and foveal thickness as determined by optical coherence tomography (OCT). RESULTS: The mean preoperative retinal thickness at the fovea was 477 micro m. Optical coherence tomography showed a decrease in macular thickness of >40% in 10 eyes (83.3%), with a mean postoperative foveal thickness of 260 micro m. The mean VA increased from 20/115 to 20/45, with an average of three lines of improvement. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that vitreoretinal surgery may effectively manage macular edema in RP.     

视网膜色素变性的视网膜电图与光学相干断层扫描的观察分析

目的:观察视网膜色素变性(retinitis pigmentosa,RP)的全视野视网膜电图(global electroretinogram,ERG)、多焦视网膜电图(multifocal electroretinogram,mfERG)及视网膜光学相干断层扫描(optical coherence tomography,OCT)的图像特征及临床意义。方法:对临床确诊的RP患者组15例30眼和正常对照组15例30眼进行全视野ERG,mfERG与OCT检查,并对数据进行统计分析。结果:RP患者组全视野ERG显示b波潜伏期与正常对照组相比显著延长且b波振幅与正常对照组相比显著降低;mfERG各环的反应密度均低于正常对照组,且有显著性差异,3～5环的潜伏期与正常对照组相比显著延长。RP患者组OCT显示视网膜黄斑中心凹厚度平均值低于正常对照组,但二者比较,差异无统计学意义。结论:ERG可有效评价RP患者黄斑区及周边视网膜的功能,RP患者OCT断层扫描像与其已知的视网膜病变特点相一致。     

Optical coherence tomography biomarkers of photoreceptor degeneration in retinitis pigmentosa

Purpose

Several parameters on optical coherence tomography (OCT) have been suggested as biomarkers for photoreceptor degeneration in retinitis pigmentosa (RP). This study is to compare the spatial distribution of the changes of OCT biomarkers in RP patients.

Methods

OCT line scans of the horizontal meridian were conducted in 22 eyes of 22 RP patients and 30 eyes of 30 healthy controls. Longitudinal reflectance profiles were obtained using ImageJ at every 5 pixels. The following parameters on OCT were quantitatively measured: (1) relative optical intensity (ROI) of ellipsoid zone (EZ) and interdigitation zone (IZ); (2) thickness of outer nuclear layer (ONLT), photoreceptor (PRT), inner segment (IST) and outer segment (OST). The variations of these parameters across different regions were analyzed.

Results

From fovea to perifoveal region, all the OCT biomarkers declined before disappeared, except IST and IZ-ROI. There was no identifiable declining zone for the IST and IZ-ROI between the normal and disappeared zones in some patients. The most central biomarker was the reduction of OST and IZ-ROI, followed by the PRT, EZ-ROI, then IST and finally ONLT. All these biomarkers had significant correlations with best-corrected visual acuity, except ONLT.

Conclusion

In retinitis pigmentosa, EZ-ROI, IZ-ROI, PRT, OST, IST and ONLT are valuable biomarkers of photoreceptor degeneration. Changes of OST and IZ-ROI are located most centrally and may be the early biomarkers.

     

Optical coherence tomography of cystoid macular edema associated with retinitis pigmentosa.

PURPOSE: To detect cystoid macular edema in consecutive eyes with retinitis pigmentosa by means of optical coherence tomography and to study the correlation between cross-sectional structures and angiographic findings in cystoid macular edema. METHODS: In a prospective study, cross-sectional images through the fovea were evaluated by means of optical coherence tomography in 89 phakic eyes of 46 patients with retinitis pigmentosa. Eyes showing cystoid appearance in the macula in the optical coherence tomographic images were further studied with measurement of the dimensions of cystoid lesions and with a fluorescein angiogram either at 18 minutes after dye injection or later. RESULTS: Cystoid lesions were observed in the macula in optical coherence tomographic images in 12 eyes in six (13%) of 46 patients. In these eyes, the width of total area of the cystoid lesions was positively correlated with the grade of fluorescein angiogram (Spearman rank correlation coefficient, r = .629; P = .029), but the thickness of the neurosensory retina at the center of the fovea was not. Among three variables for grading cystoid macular edema, consisting of angiographic grade, thickness of the neurosensory retina at the center of the fovea, and width of total area of the cystoid lesions, only the last measure was significantly correlated with best-corrected visual acuity (Pearson correlation coefficient, r = .693; P = .012). CONCLUSION: Cystoid macular edema in eyes with retinitis pigmentosa could easily be detected with the use of optical coherence tomography independent of the angiographic degree of dye leakage. The size of cystoid lesions demonstrated in the optical coherence tomographic images, especially the thickness of the neurosensory retina at the center of the fovea, was not necessarily correlated with the angiographic grading of dye leakage. Measurement of the width of total area of the cystoid lesions in the optical coherence tomographic images is significantly correlated with the loss of visual acuity.     

无黄斑水肿的NPDR患者中心凹区mfERG与视网膜厚度的研究

目的：分析非增生性糖尿病视网膜病变(nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy,NPDR)无黄斑水肿的患者黄斑中心凹区视网膜功能及厚度间的关系。

方法：选取NPDR患者20例35眼患眼为糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy,DR)组,行多焦视网膜电图(multifocal electronic retinography, mfERG)及Spectralis 相干断层扫描(Spectralis optical coherence tomography,Spectralis OCT)检查。以15例20眼正常眼为OCT对照组,以19例20眼正常眼为mfERG对照组,OCT对照组做Spectralis OCT检查,mfERG对照组做mfERG检查。

结果：与对照组相比,DR组黄斑中心凹mfERG1环的P1波反应密度减小,P1波及N1波隐含期改变无统计学意义; DR组无水肿的黄斑中心凹视网膜厚度、神经上皮层厚度仍有显著增加。

结论：应用mfERG可以在视网膜无可见明显结构改变之前发现视网膜功能上的异常变化; Spectralis OCT可以测量视网膜各层厚度,反映视网膜精细结构变化,验证视网膜功能上的异常改变,二者联合应用为极早期发现糖尿病视网膜病变视功能改变提供有效的证据,并为及时治疗提供资料。     

Optic nerve head, retinal nerve fiber layer, and macular thickness measurements in young patients with retinitis pigmentosa

Purpose: To evaluate optic nerve head (ONH) parameters, peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, and macular thickness by using Cirrus HD spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) in young patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Methods: ONH parameters, RNFL thickness, and macular thickness were measured and compared between 36 eyes from 36 young RP patients (RP group; mean age, 23.08 years) and 70 eyes from 70 healthy young subjects (control group; mean age, 22.66 years) using Cirrus HD-OCT. The effects of the presence of optic disc pallor and the severity of visual field (VF) defects on OCT parameters were also evaluated. Results: The RP group had a greater rim area, smaller cup-to-disc ratio, smaller cup volume, thicker RNFL, and thinner macula than the control group (p ≤ 0.024). ONH parameters were not affected by the presence of optic disc pallor (p ≥ 0.239). Eyes with more severe VF defects (mean deviation ≤ -13.88 dB) had thinner average macular areas than eyes with less severe VF defects (mean deviation ≥ -13.88 dB; p = 0.002). Meanwhile, the ONH parameters and average peripapillary RNFL thickness were not significantly different between the two groups (p ≥ 0.275). Conclusions: Young eyes with RP exhibited different OCT parameters compared to healthy eyes. Among the various OCT parameters, only macular thickness was associated with disease severity. These findings should be considered when evaluating young RP patients.     

Optical coherence tomography in the follow up of macular edema treatment in retinitis pigmentosa

Macular edema is frequently responsible for loss of central vision in patients affected with retinitis pigmentosa (RP). This macular edema can be treated with acetazolamide. Our purpose was to evaluate optical coherence tomography (OCT) examination in the follow-up of macular edema in RP. In addition, we tried to evaluate the minimal efficient dose of acetazolamide, using means other than fundus examination or fluorescein angiography. We report the cases of 5 patients affected with typical retinitis pigmentosa and fundus appearance of macular edema. These patients received oral acetazolamide treatment (500 mg/d). The OCT examinations were performed before and during treatment, which allowed us to demonstrate, quantify and monitor the progression of macular edema during treatment. OCT appears to be a useful tool in the follow-up of patients affected with macular edema and RP. This noninvasive examination contributes to improving our strategy in treating patients.