rhIL－3血清生物半衰期测定

家兔静注不同剂量ｒｈＩＬ－３，于不同时间取血，用ｒｈＩＬ－３依赖的ＴＦ－１细胞以ＭＴＴ比色分析法测其血清活性。结果表明，ｒｈＩＬ－３在家兔体内呈二房室模型，三个剂量组（１６．５，３３．０，６６．０μｇ·ｋｇ－１）ｒｈＩＬ－３活性变化规律相同。血清ｒｈＩＬ－３生物半衰期呈剂量非依赖性，ｔ１／２＝１．７０±０．０８ｍｉｎ，ｔ１／２β＝１３．２９±１．４７ｍｉｎ。     

家兔静注依托泊甙的药物动力学研究

采用改良的ＨＰＬＣ法测定家兔血清中的依托泊甙，同时检测到两个代谢物，基本确定为顺依托泊甙和反依托泊甙羟基酸。家兔静注依托泊甙的药物动力学符合二室开放模型，其主要参数为：Ｔ１／２α＝３．００±１．９１ｍｉｎ，Ｔ１／２β＝５８．９３±４５．３５ｍｉｎ，Ｖｃ＝０．３８±０．２５Ｌ／ｋｇ，Ｃｌ＝０．０２±０．０１Ｌ·ｋｇ－１·ｍｉｎ－１，ＡＵＣ＝７４１．４０±３８２．６０μｇ·ｍｌ－１·ｍｉｎ－１。     

家兔静注水杨醛-N'-(2-呋喃硫羰基)腙铜配合物的药物动力学

目的：研究水杨醛－Ｎ′－（２－呋喃硫羰基）腙铜配合物（ＣＳＦＣ）在兔体内的药物动力学。方法：１０只家兔静脉注射ＣＳＦＣ５ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１，用反相ＨＰＬＣ法测定血清药物浓度。结果：ＣＳＦＣ的血药浓度－时间曲线符合二室开放模型，主要药动学参数为：Ｔ１２α＝３．４±１．７ｍｉｎ，Ｔ１２β＝６５．５±１４．６ｍｉｎ，Ｋ１２＝０．１１８３±０．０６６９ｍｉｎ－１，Ｋ２１＝０．０２２８±０．００６５ｍｉｎ－１，Ｋ１０＝０．１２０２±０．０４０７ｍｉｎ－１，Ｖ０＝０．３０５±０．１８４Ｌ·ｋｇ－１，ＣＬ＝１．８９６±０．４７０Ｌ·ｋｇ－１·ｈ－１，ＡＵＣ＝１７０．１±５７．０ｍｇ·ｍｉｎ－１·Ｌ－１。结论：ＣＳＦＣ在兔体内分布迅速而广泛，消除也较快。家兔静注５ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１，可维持抗结核杆菌有效血浓度６ｈ。     

大剂量氨甲喋呤治疗儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病的药代动力学

本文运用放射免疫分析（ｒａｄｉｏｉｍｍｕｎｏａｓｓａｙ，ＲＩＡ）的方法测定１０例大剂量氨甲喋呤（Ｍｅｔｈｏｔｒｅｘａｔｅ，ＭＴＸ３９／ｍ２）１２小时静滴治疗儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病患儿的血药浓度，结果用《实用药代动力学计算程序３ｐ８７》判断符合二室模型，计算出药动学参数ｔ１／２α（ｈ）＝０．３９５４±０．０４６８，和ｔ１／２（ｈ）＝４．５６４７±０．０９１４，Ｋ１２（ｈ－１）＝０．５±０．０９３１。Ｋ２１（ｈ－１）＝０．２２４１±０．００９５，Ｋ１０（ｈ－１）＝１．１９９３±０．１２１３。     

3－酮－地索高诺酮在家兔体内的药物动力学

以高效液相色谱分析法测定按２ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１剂量给家兔皮下注射３－酮－地索高诺酮后０．２５～２４ｈ的血药浓度，其血药浓度－时间曲线符合二室开放模型，药物动力学方程为Ｃ＝２５７．０７ｅ－０．７１ｔ＋４２．２３ｅ－０．０５ｔ－２９９．３０ｅ－０．９３ｔ主要药物动力学参数：Ｔｋａ０．７８±０．１７ｈ，Ｔα１．２０±０．３０ｈ，Ｔβ１２．０９±４．１８ｈ，ＡＵＣ１３１２．９０±３８７．４５μｇ·ｈ￣（－１）·Ｌ￣（－１），Ｔ＿（ｍａｘ）１．６９±０．３９ｈ，Ｃ（ｍａｘ）＝１２８．２１±５０·７１μｇ·Ｌ￣（－１），Ｖ／Ｆ９．５０±４．３９Ｌ·ｋｇ（－１）。采用平衡透析法测得３－酮－地索高诺酮与兔血浆蛋白的结合率在８１．０９％～８４．６０％之间。     

蛇毒神经生长因子在大鼠体内的药物代谢动力学与周围神经分布

用［１２５Ｉ］标记结合高效液相色谱法和酸沉法研究大鼠体内蛇毒神经生长因子（ｖＮＧＦ）药物代谢动力学．［１２５Ｉ］ｖＮＧＦ体外有刺激神经突起生长活性．药后血清存在游离和结合［１２５Ｉ］ｖＮＧＦ及［１２５Ｉ］降解物．１２ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１ｉｖ后ｔ１／２α为０．１３ｈ，ｔ１／２β为３．８ｈ；１２和４８ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１ｉｍ后ｔ１／２β为７．１和４．１ｈ，ＡＵＣ与剂量呈正比，ＣＬＳ相近，生物利用度为０．６２．体外［１２５Ｉ］ｖＮＧＦ与血清最大结合率２４．６％±０．４％，平衡解离常数３．２±０．３ｎｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１．ｉｍ后颈上神经节，注药侧和对侧坐骨神经放射性明显高于血清，注药侧最高，不被１００倍非标ｖＮＧＦ抑制．主要经尿排泄，２ｄ排出约８６％．     

家兔敌敌畏代谢动力学与胆碱酯酶抑制毒效动力学的关系

用比色法测定全血中敌敌畏浓度求得其ｉｖ及ｉｇ的房室模型及系列毒代动力学参数．ｉｖ时呈三房室分布，ｔ１／２β＝１７２ｍｉｎ，Ｖｃ＝０．６１Ｌｋｇ－１；ｉｇ时呈二房室分布，ｔ１／２β＝１２６ｍｉｎ，ｋａ＝０．４９ｍｉｎ－１，Ｆ＝０．３９０．用Ｅｌｍａｎ氏法测定全血胆碱酯酶活性求得敌敌畏的毒效动力学参数．证明两种动力学的曲线型基本一致且同步变化，但毒效动力学曲线的斜率较小．敌敌畏ｉｇ中毒时ｉｖ碘解磷定，对敌敌畏毒代动力学没有影响，但对毒效动力学有明显影响，使斜率增加约３倍．离体实验敌敌畏抑制全血胆碱脂酶活性的浓度－效应关系与在体者基本一致，故离体的浓度－效应关系配合以在体的时间－效应关系，可推测出在体的时间－浓度关系．     

氨氯地平片在健康人和高血压患者中的药物动力学

采用反相高效液相色谱法测定了健康志愿者及高血压患者共３３名单剂量口服５ｍｇ苯磺酸氨氯地平片后的血清药物浓度，研究了该药在中国人体内的药物动力学。经ＰＫＢＰ－Ｎ１程序拟合表明，氨氯地平主要呈现二房室模型。其主要药动学参数分别为：健康人Ｔ１／２α＝０．６±０．５ｈ，Ｔ１／２β＝３５±９ｈ，Ｔｍａｘ＝８±４ｈ，Ｃｍａｘ＝２．４±０．８ｎｇ／ｍｌ；中青年高血压患者Ｔ１／２α＝０．６±０．４ｈ，Ｔ１／２β＝３６±９ｈ，Ｔｍａｘ＝１１±４ｈ，Ｃｍａｘ＝２．３±１．２ｎｇ／ｍｌ；老年高血压患者Ｔ１／２α＝０．４９±０．３３ｈ，Ｔ１／２β＝４２±１４ｈ，Ｔｍａｘ＝１０±４ｈ，Ｃｍａｘ＝２．８±１．４ｎｇ／ｍｌ。结果表明，中国人体内的氨氯地平药动学参数与报道的外国人相似。     

慢性染铅对大鼠海马区神经细胞Ca2+浓度及Ca2+-ATP酶活性的影响

目的：观察慢性染铅对大鼠海马区神经细胞Ｃａ２＋浓度及Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶活性的影响。方法：用０．１５％醋酸铅饲养大鼠建立慢性染铅动物模型,参照Ｄｉｌｄｙ法和徐友涵法测定海马神经细胞Ｃａ２＋浓度及Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶活性。结果发现：细胞内Ｃａ２＋浓度,染铅组（２０３．８３±３０．５０）ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ,对照组（９７．６２±１９．８３）ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ,ｔ＝８．３１Ｐ＜０．００５;Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶活性,染铅组（３２６．４２±４０．０６）ｎｍｏｌ（Ｐｉ）·ｍｇ－１·ｍｉｎ－１,对照组（２５３．０７±２５．４０）ｎｍｏｌ（Ｐｉ）·ｍｇ－１·ｍｉｎ－１,ｔ＝３．５４,Ｐ＜０．０１。结论：慢性染铅可使大鼠海马区神经细胞内Ｃａ２＋浓度升高,Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶活性增强     

家兔静注水杨醛-N'-(2-呋喃硫羰基)腙铜配合物的药物动力学

目的：研究水杨醛－Ｎ′－（２－呋喃硫羰基）腙铜配合物（ＣＳＦＣ）在兔体内的药物动力学。方法：１０只家兔静脉注射ＣＳＦＣ５ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１，用反相ＨＰＬＣ法测定血清药物浓度。结果：ＣＳＦＣ的血药浓度－时间曲线符合二室开放模型，主要药动学参数为：Ｔ１２α＝３．４±１．７ｍｉｎ，Ｔ１２β＝６５．５±１４．６ｍｉｎ，Ｋ１２＝０．１１８３±０．０６６９ｍｉｎ－１，Ｋ２１＝０．０２２８±０．００６５ｍｉｎ－１，Ｋ１０＝０．１２０２±０．０４０７ｍｉｎ－１，Ｖ０＝０．３０５±０．１８４Ｌ·ｋｇ－１，ＣＬ＝１．８９６±０．４７０Ｌ·ｋｇ－１·ｈ－１，ＡＵＣ＝１７０．１±５７．０ｍｇ·ｍｉｎ－１·Ｌ－１。结论：ＣＳＦＣ在兔体内分布迅速而广泛，消除也较快。家兔静注５ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１，可维持抗结核杆菌有效血浓度６ｈ。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.