Monoclonal Sperm Antibodies: Their Potential for Investigation of Sperms as Target of Immunological Contraception

ABSTRACT: We generated 149 hybridoma cell lines secreting antibodies against human spermatozoal antigens of which antibodies from 136 hybridoma lines also reacted with seminal plasma constituents. The occurrence of common antigeneic determinants on spermatozoa and seminal plasma was further demonstrated by competitive inhibition ELISA tests. We found that seven hybridoma clones secreted antibodies reactive with spermatozoa but nonreactive with seminal plasma. Antibodies from 5 clones were sperm-agglutinating and from 15 clones sperm-immobilizing. Localization of sperm antigens reactive with the monoclonal antibodies was demonstrated by indirect immunoperoxidase staining. A synthetic decapeptide, earlier shown to be reactive with naturally occurring human iso- and autosperm antibodies, was shown to be reactive with the monoclonal antibody VII-5 in ELISA tests.     

Antigenic peptides of the epizootic hematopoietic necrosis virus

The epizootic hematopoietic necrosis virus (EHNV) is a strain of the Iridovirus genus, which includes viruses seriously affecting native and aquacultured fish and amphibians. Despite its growing importance as a threat to fish farming, very little information is available on the biochemical and immunological nature of this virus. To identify and characterize the main antigenic determinants of EHNV, a panel of murine monoclonal antibodies was produced upon parenteral inoculation with live virus. A total of 124 primary hybridoma cultures from two fusions was found to produce antibodies reacting with EHNV by ELISA, but no neutralizing monoclonal antibody was detected. Twenty hybridoma cultures were randomly chosen for further study, and the antibodies secreted were analyzed by Western blotting, radioimmunoprecipitation, and immunostaining of infected cells. Only three MAbs immunoprecipitated the 50-kDa EHNV major capsid protein (MCP) from infected cell lysates, but they did not stain this protein in Western blotting. Eight and five further MAbs recognized peptides of approximately 15 and 18 kDa, respectively. Four antibodies could not be mapped into any viral protein, although they specifically immunostained virus-infected cells and reacted with purified EHNV virions by ELISA. These latter MAbs and the three antibodies directed at the MCP are likely to recognize conformation-dependent epitopes on the virus capsid proteins.     

SARS冠状病毒N蛋白单克隆抗体的制备及鉴定

目的 制备SARS冠状病毒(SARS-CoV)N蛋白特异性单克隆抗体(McAb)，为SARS的快速诊断及致病机制的研究提供实验材料。方法 用纯化的重组SARS-CoVN蛋白免疫BALB/c小鼠，经细胞融合和亚克隆后获得分泌针对N蛋白的杂交瘤细胞株，用Western blot和间接免疫荧光法检测这些细胞株分泌的单克隆抗体特异性，并将N蛋白分3段表达初步定位单克隆抗体识别表位所在区域。结果 通过细胞融合和3轮克隆化，筛选出分泌抗N蛋白的6个杂交瘤细胞株。Western blot及免疫荧光显示，获得的McAb可与SARS-CoVN蛋白及SARS-CoV发生特异性反应，有4个细胞株分泌的抗体的识别位点位于N蛋白N端，2个位于C端。结论 获得了SARS-CoV特异性单克隆抗体并进行了初步定位，可用于SARS的早期诊断及致病机制研究。     

抗肠道病毒EV71型外壳蛋白VP1单克隆抗体的制备和鉴定

目的 制备具有中和活性的抗肠道病毒EV71型外壳蛋白VP1的单克隆抗体.方法 人工合成SP55和SP70(分别包含VP1的第163-177,208-222位氨基酸)两段VP1的多肽,分别免疫BALB/c小鼠,常规杂交瘤技术进行细胞融合,用间接酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)筛选阳性杂交瘤细胞并测定效价.用分泌的单抗和EV71病毒在RD细胞上进行中和试验以检验其中和活性.结果 得到2株能稳定分泌抗肠道病毒EV71型VP1蛋白单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株,2株单抗的中和效价分别为1:8和1:16.结论 成功制备出2株具有中和活性的抗肠道病毒EV71型VP1蛋白单克隆抗体,为其下一步应用打下基础.     

The use of Bcl-2 over-expression to stabilize hybridomas specific to the HERG potassium channel

We encountered a high degree of clonal hybridoma loss in the course of generating antibodies specific for the hERG potassium channel. A protein that is crucial for controlling heart rhythm, is abundant in parts of the brain and is abnormally expressed in some tumors. Intracellular domains of the protein were used for immunogens and generated adequate antibody responses in mice. Subsequent hybridomas created using Ag8 myeloma fusion partner yielded clones that secreted specific antibody but none could be successfully maintained in culture. A variety of mechanisms, including polyploidy inherent to hybridoma development or production of cytotoxic antibodies, may be responsible for eventual loss of cell viability by mechanisms that may include apoptosis. When spleen cells were fused to the NSO myeloma cell line that stably over-expresses the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, hybridoma clones were generated that remained viable in culture with high level of hERG-specific antibody production. When the parental NSO cell line not over-expressing Bcl-2 was used, no stable hybridomas were produced. Antibodies secreted by NSO-Bcl-2 hybridomas were specific for hERG and performed well in immunoblot, immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence assays. This work demonstrates a feasible option when faced with antigens that seem to be associated with clonal instability in the process of generating monoclonal antibodies.     

诺如病毒表达衣壳蛋白单克隆抗体的制备、鉴定和初步应用

目的:建立能稳定分泌抗诺如病毒(Norovirus)N蛋白的单克隆抗体(mAb)细胞株, 制备抗诺如病毒核衣壳蛋白的mAb, 为诺如病毒的早期快速检测及致病机制的研究提供实验材料.方法:用E.coli表达的GⅡ组广州株NVgz01(DQ369797)Norovirus-N蛋白免疫BALB/c小鼠, 通过PEG使小鼠脾细胞和Sp2/0细胞融合, 使用HAT选择性培养基培养融合细胞, 用间接ELISA和Western blot测定mAb的效价、免疫球蛋白亚型和mAb的特异性, 并将各mAb之间进行配对.结果:通过细胞融合和克隆化, 共筛选出4株分泌抗Norovirus-N蛋白抗体的杂交瘤细胞株N2C3、 N7C2、 N4B1、 N8A9.间接ELISA和Western blot检测结果表明, 这4株mAb都可以与E.coli表达的GⅡ组广州株Norovirus-N蛋白产生特异性反应, 并且能与天然粪便标本中的GⅡ组Norovirus产生特异性反应.配对结果显示N2C3和N7C2之间配对, 对表达蛋白和天然病毒都具有较强的检测灵敏度.结论:获得了诺如病毒GⅡ组特异性mAb, 为制备免疫诊断试剂盒及致病机制的研究奠定了基础.     

Use of hybridoma monoclonal antibodies in the detection of antigenic differences between rabies and rabies-related virus proteins. I. The nucleocapsid protein

Twenty-one hybridoma cultures, obtained through the fusion of mouse myeloma cells with splenocytes of BALB/c mice immunized with either rabies virus or Mokola virus, secreted monoclonal antibodies specific for the nucleocapsid of the inducer virus. They displayed different specificities for the nucleocapsids of rabies and rabies-related viruses and could be classified into eight groups which are likely to correspond to different antigenic determinants on the nucleocapsid. Four strains of fixed rabies virus (CVS, ERA, Flury-LEP and Kelev) could not be differentiated by the nucleocapsid-specific hybridoma antibody. The Flury-HEP virus (derived from Flury-LEP) as well as the rabies-related viruses Mokola, Lagos bat and Duvenhage, showed marked differences in their reactivities with hybridoma antibodies to nucleocapsid. A selected panel of three of these hybridomas may be used for a rapid differential diagnosis among all members of the Lyssavirus group.     

Monoclonal antibodies against Neisseria gonorrhoeae: production of antibodies directed against a strain-specific cell surface antigen.

Hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies against an apparent strain-specific cell surface antigen of Neisseria gonorrhoeae were produced. Spleen cells from BALB/c mice immunized with whole gonococci were fused with mouse myeloma cell line Sp2/0, and hybrid cells were selected in culture. One hybridoma that secreted antibodies reactive with the immunizing strain was cloned by limiting dilution to obtain cell lines secreting monoclonal antibodies. These antibodies reacted with purified outer membranes from the immunizing strain as well as with whole gonococci. Binding of antibodies to whole gonococci was highly strain specific, with most gonococcal strains showing less than 1% of the binding with the immunizing strain. Antibodies did not bind to the other Neisseria species tested. Binding of monoclonal antibodies to whole gonococci of the immunizing strain was not dependent on state of piliation. The extent of antibody binding did vary in different colonial variants of the immunizing strain. Antibody bound to cells from colonies that were transparent or of intermediate opacity, but did not bind to cells from deeply opaque colony variants.     

Hybridoma cell lines secreting monoclonal antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease virus type Asia-1

Various immunizing regimens, cell culture requirements and cell fusion conditions were examined for efficient production of hybridomas secreting anti-foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) antibodies. A highly sensitive streptavidin-biotin-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for screening of hybridomas for specific antibody production as well as for determining the serotype specificity of the antibodies. Six hybridoma cell lines generating antibodies to FMDV type Asia-1 (vaccine strain 63/72) were produced by fusion of SP2/0 mouse myeloma cells and spleen cells from mice immunized with the inactivated viral antigen. The monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) from four producer clones reacted in ELISA specifically with the intact virus antigen of type Asia-1 without any cross-reactivity with strains of other virus types 0, A and C. Two other clones positive for anti-Asia-1 virus antibodies in ELISA cross-reacted with type C virus strain. The MoAb from three of the four Asia-1 virus type specific clones neutralized the infectivity of the immunizing viral strain. One neutralizing MoAb reacted with the separated VP1 from the immunizing viral strain in immunoblotting.     

Generation of murine monoclonal antibodies which cross-neutralize human enterovirus genogroup B isolates

A live enterovirus 71 (EV71) isolate designated, EV71/E59, with genotype B4 produced in Vero cells and purified over a sucrose gradient was used as the immunogen to generate EV71-specific murine monoclonal antibodies. Four hybridoma clones derived from the fusion of splenocytes of EV71/E59-preimmunized BALB/c (H-2^d) mice and the NS-1 myeloma cells that exhibit stable growth were selected for detailed characterization. The proof that the hybridomas produced are indeed true independent clones was based on the obervations that they expressed different complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) in their κ light chain genes. Purified ascitic fluids produced by the individual clones reacted against the viral capsid protein, VP1, in Western blot; and recognized distinct sites of a common epitope localized at the C-terminal half of VP1. Each of the monoclonal antibodies exhibited potent neutralizing activities against the immunizing virus strain, as well as two other isolates namely, N0781-TW-01, and N2838, of subgenogroups B4 and B5, respectively, that were found commonly in recent outbreaks in Taiwan. It was also observed the monoclonal antibodies acted cooperatively in neutralizing the EV71/E59 virus.     

Analysis of Campylobacter jejuni antigens with monoclonal antibodies

To develop monoclonal reagents for antigenic analysis and serotyping of Campylobacter spp., hybridoma cell lines were produced by fusion of mouse myeloma cells and spleen cells from mice immunized with Formalin-treated Campylobacter jejuni organisms. An enzyme immunoassay was used for preliminary screening of the cell culture supernatants and ascites. Twenty-nine clones which reacted with the immunogen were obtained. Seven of these clones were positive in passive hemagglutination tests with sheep erythrocytes coated with boiled saline extract of whole bacteria; four of these reacted with the purified polysaccharide preparation and with the autoclaved saline extract, but not with lipopolysaccharide prepared from the immunogen strain. Two of the antipolysaccharide clones agglutinated live bacteria in slide tests. Four additional clones gave positive slide agglutination tests with live bacteria, but in tube testing no clones agglutinated Formalin-treated bacteria. No cross-reactions with unrelated bacteria were seen, but several clones reacted in the enzyme immunoassay with many of the 24 Campylobacter strains studied. The clone which gave the highest mean enzyme immunoassay values with Campylobacter coli and C. jejuni strains also reacted with Campylobacter fetus subsp. veneralis and C. fetus subsp. fetus strains. This clone also gave the highest enzyme immunoassay value with an acid glycine extract of the immunogen, which indicates the presence of common antigens in the extract. The results suggest that monoclonal antibodies may be used to devise serotyping schemes for Campylobacter spp.     

Monoclonal antibodies to the v-fes product and to feline leukemia: virus P27 interspecies-specific determinants encoded by feline sarcoma viruses

Monoclonal antibodies to p27 gag and v-fes specific determinants on the gag-onc poly-protein encoded by Snyder-Theilen feline sarcoma virus (ST-FeSV) were prepared. In order to obtain hybridoma clones specific to the antigenic determinants encoded by the FeSV genome, Lou rats were immunized with ST-FeSV-transformed, virus-nonproducing syngeneic cells, and boosted with either the same cells or affinity-purified feline leukemia virus (FeLV) p27. Three distinct clones reactive to both FeLV p27 and p85gag-fes, and one clone specific for a p85fes determinant were established. The anti-p27 monoclonal antibodies also reacted with the polyproteins p95gag-fes and p83gag-fgr, from Gardner-Arnstein (GA) and Theilen-Pedersen (TP1) FeSV, respectively. The anti-p27 monoclonal antibodies reacted with MuLV p30 and RD114 p28 but not with RSV, MMTV, or BLV. These results indicated that the part of the p27 gag gene that is preserved in ST-, GA, and TP1-FeSV encodes interspecies-specific p27 determinants.     

Monoclonal hybridoma anti-cardiolipin antibodies from SLE mice.

To determine whether the anti-cardiolipin antibodies are identical with the lupus anticoagulant and other antibodies to phospholipids and DNA, we prepared monoclonal hybridoma autoantibodies to cardiolipin from SLE-prone MRL/lpr mice and characterized their specificity. Using a somatic cell hybridization technique, we established three hybridoma clones which produce antibodies to cardiolipin (CAL-1: IgG2b, k, CAL-2: IgM, k and CAL-3: IgM, k). These hybridoma antibodies preferentially reacted with cardiolipin and phosphatidylserine, weakly reacted with phosphatidylinositol, but not with other phospholipids such as phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylethanolamine and VDRL antigen. Two hybridoma anti-cardiolipin antibodies bound to ssDNA and were found to act as the lupus anticoagulant when mixing activated partial thromboplastin time with cephalin. These autoantibodies may prove to be good tools for elucidating mechanisms of thrombosis, thrombocytopenia, fetal loss and other related manifestations found in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.     

Murine monoclonal antibodies specific for virulent Treponema pallidum (Nichols).

Murine anti-Treponema pallidum (Nichols) lymphocyte hybridoma cell lines secreting monoclonal antibodies against a variety of treponemal antigens have been generated. Hybridomas isolated were of three major types: those that were directed specifically against T. pallidum antigens, those that were directed against treponemal group antigens (as evidenced by their cross-reactivity with T. phagedenis biotype Reiter antigens), and those that cross-reacted with both treponemal as well as rabbit host testicular tissue antigens. The majority (31 of 39 clones) of these anti-T. pallidum hybridomas, which produced monoclonal antibodies of mouse isotypes immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1), IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3 or IgM, were directed specifically against T. pallidum and not other treponemal or rabbit antigens tested by radioimmunoassay. Four of these T. pallidum-specific hybridomas secreted monoclonal antibodies with greater binding affinity for "aged" rather than freshly isolated intact T. pallidum cells, suggesting a possible specificity for "unmasked" surface antigens of T. pallidum. Six anti-T. pallidum hybridomas produced complement-fixing monoclonal antibodies (IgG2a, IgG2b, or IgM) that were capable of immobilizing virulent treponemes in the T. pallidum immobilization (TPI) test; these may represent biologically active monoclonal antibodies against treponemal surface antigens. Three other hybridomas secreted monoclonal antibodies which bound to both T. pallidum and T. phagedenis biotype Reiter antigens, thus demonstrating a possible specificity for treponemal group antigens. Five hybridoma cell lines were also isolated which produced IgM monoclonal antibodies that cross-reacted with all treponemal and rabbit host testicular tissue antigens employed in the radioimmunoassays. This report describes the construction and characteristics of these hybridoma cell lines. The potential applications of the anti-T. pallidum monoclonal antibodies are discussed.     

Common Peptide Epitope in Mumps Virus Nucleocapsid Protein and MHC Class II-Associated Invariant Chain

The present study describes a 7 amino acid-long sequence (YQQQGRL) which is identical in HLA-associated invariant chain and mumps virus nucleocapsid protein and is additionally followed by one conservative amino acid pair. As such a long amino acid homology is extremely rare in two evolutionarily unrelated proteins the possibility that it could induce immunological cross-reactivity was evaluated. Several antigenicity indices suggested high antigenic potential within this region. Synthetic peptides containing this sequence were reactive with 31% of monoclonal antibodies specific for mumps virus nucleocapsid protein in ELISA. High antibody levels against this epitope were found in 7% of mumps-seropositive human sera and antibody levels clearly increased after natural mumps infections and mumps vaccinations. Rabbit antibodies raised against a synthetic invariant chain peptide AYF-LYQQQGRLDKL-C reacted with corresponding nucleocapsid peptide RFAKYQQQGRLEAR-C and antibodies against the nucleocapsid peptide reacted with the invariant chain peptide. Rabbit antibodies against the invariant chain peptide also reacted with nucleocapsid molecules in formaldehyde-fixed mumps virus-infected cells, and antibodies against the nucleocapsid peptide reacted with invarianl chains expressed in methanol-fixed cells. One monoclonal antibody specific for the nucleocapsid molecule also reacted with cells expressing invariant chains. In immunoprecipitation rabbit antibodies against the invariant chain peptide bound to invariant chains while antibodies against the nucleocapsid peptide did not. The results suggest tha t there is antigenic similarity in mumps virus nucleocapsid molecule and HLA-associated invariant chain which may cause immunological cross-reactivity between these molecules.     

抗人肝再生增强因子单克隆抗体的研制

目的　利用纯化的重组人肝再生增强因子(hALR)制备抗hALR的单克隆抗体,建立hALR的检测方法。方法 采用杂交瘤技术制备单克隆抗体,经ELISA和免疫印迹证明其特异性。结果获得了4株分泌抗hALR特异性抗体的杂交瘤 细胞系;无血清培养液效价为1×10-2,腹水效价为1×10-5;亚类鉴定表明2株单克隆抗体为IgGl,另2株为IgG2b;免疫印迹 显示抗体结合抗原的分子量与hALR相符,为特异性抗hALR抗体。结论通过杂交瘤技术,获得了抗hALR的单克隆抗体 为以后的工作奠定了基础。     

A Murine Monoclonal Multireactive Immunoglobulin Kappa Light Chain

N12.12 is a monoclonal immunoglobulin (Ig) kappa light chain (KLC) secreted by a B-celI hybridoma derived from spleen cells of a normal SJA mouse. No heavy chain was detected in the culture supernatant of this hybridoma using an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and after polyacrylamide gel eleclrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of the ³⁵S-methionin biosynthetically labelled proteins secreted by the cells. It was shown that NI2. I2 KLC reacted with mouse actin, trinitrophenylated bovine serum album in (TNP₂₅-BSA) and weakly with bovine myoglobin. The binding of the NI2.12 'monoclonal antibody' to mouse actin or to TNP₂₅-BSA was inhibited specifically by both antigens with a dissociation constant (K_D) for binding to mouse actin of 10⁻⁷M. The results indicate that a free KLC can bind both to mouse and to non-mouse molecules, thus exhibiting binding characteristics usually attributed to natural multireaetive antibodies.     

Fine specificity and idiotypic expression of monoclonal antibodies directed against poly(Tyr,Glu)-poly(DLAla)--poly(Lys) and its ordered analogue (Tyr-Tyr-Glu-Glu)-poly(DLAla)--poly(Lys).

In order to study the repertoire of poly(Tyr,Glu)-poly(DLAla)--poly(Lys) [(T,G)-A--L] specific antibodies, monoclonal antibodies were prepared by fusing myeloma cells with spleen cells from C3H.SW mice immunized with (T,G)-A--L and boosted with (Tyr-Tyr-Glu-Glu)-poly(DLAla)--poly(Lys)](T-T-G-G)-A--L]. Eleven clones which secreted homogeneous antibodies were obtained. In general, two families of monoclonal antibodies were detected: those which bind exclusively (T-T-G-G)-A--L and those which bind both (T-T-G-G)-A--L and (T,G)-A--L. Analysis for idiotypic expression revealed that only two antibodies (clones no. 103 and 160), which were found to be similar in their fine specificity, cross-reacted with antibodies against the major idiotypes of (T,G)A--L specific antibodies. Guinea-pig antibodies against clone no. 160 reacted with the polyclonal (T,G)-A--L specific antibodies, whereas antibodies against 103 monoclonal antibodies did not react with C3H.SW anti-(T,G)-A--L antibodies, but did cross-react with four other monoclonal antibodies. It appears that the idiotypic determinants expressed on polyclonal (T,G)-A--L specific antibodies are heterogeneous, and consist of at least two serologically different idiotypes detected by clones no. 103 and 160.     

Monoclonal autoantibodies to histones from autoimmune NZB/NZW F1 mice

Fusion of spleen cells from autoimmune NZB/NZW female mice with drug-resistant myeloma cells (clones NSI/1, X63-Ag8.653 and NSO/1) produced hybrid clones which secreted antibodies to various nuclear components. Roughly 50% of the anti-nuclear hybridomas produced antibodies reacting with DNA, 20% with RNA and 30% reacted with other nuclear antigens. Two hybridomas of the latter group were cloned and studied in detail. They secreted antibodies which produced bright fluorescence staining of nuclei and metaphase chromosomes. The specificity of the antibodies was determined by testing them in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and a radioimmunoassay against individual acid- and salt-extracted histones, against histones mixed two and three at a time and against histone complexes isolated as such from chromatin. One of the monoclonal antibodies was specific for histone H2B and reacted with the histone free in solution or when present as a H2A-H2B complex. The second monoclonal antibody recognized a specific conformation in the H3-H4 complex that was present only when the complex was obtained from chromatin by salt extraction. The same conformation, however, could be induced by adding histone H2B to a mixture of acid-extracted H3 and H4. Our findings show that the autoimmune syndrome in NZB/NZW mice resembles human systemic lupus erythematosus not only in the incidence of antibodies to DNA and RNA, but also in the production of autoantibodies to histones.     

用软琼脂糖培养与免疫吸附法制备鸡胚视网膜单克隆抗体

细胞融合后,在软琼脂糖培养基上形成杂交瘤克隆,如将附有细胞或其他抗原的滤膜置于培养基表面,杂交瘤细胞分泌的抗体通过扩散与滤膜上的抗原结合,经与~(125)Ⅰ标记的第二抗体反应后,将滤膜进行放射自显影以显示阳性克隆的位置。用本法能快速大规模筛选特异性杂交瘤克隆,已用此法得到多株针对鸡胎视网膜的单克隆抗体。