对比钆塞酸二钠增强MR检查中短反转时间反转恢复序列与化学位移选择序列DWI检出肝细胞癌

目的 对比短反转时间反转恢复（STIR）与化学位移选择（CHESS）序列DWI在钆塞酸二钠（Gd-EOB-DTPA）增强MR检查中对肝细胞癌（HCC）的检出价值。方法 回顾性分析37例经病理证实的HCC患者的资料,所有患者均接受上腹部Gd-EOB-DTPA增强MR检查,并于对比剂注射后13~15 min采集STIR及CHESS序列DWI图像。分别测量肝实质的信号强度（SI）、标准差（SD）、ADC值及HCC病灶的SI、ADC值,计算肝实质的SNR及HCC病灶的CNR;并对2种序列图像中HCC病灶的显示程度及肝脏解剖结构的清晰程度进行评分。进行统计学分析,比较STIR与CHESS-DWI序列间SNR、CNR、ADC值的差异及HCC病灶显示程度评分及肝脏解剖结构显示清晰程度评分的差异,并分析不同医师间评分的一致性。结果 与CHESS序列比较,STIR序列HCC病灶CNR明显增高（P=0.034）,肝实质SNR、ADC值及HCC病灶ADC值明显减低（P均<0.05）。2名医师间HCC病灶显示程度评分及肝脏解剖结构清晰程度评分的一致性均较好（Kappa均≥ 0.75）。医师1及医师2对HCC病灶显示程度评分及肝脏解剖结构清晰程度的评分结果均显示,STIR与CHESS序列间差异有统计学意义（P均<0.001）。STIR序列HCC病灶显示程度评分多为4分、肝脏解剖结构清晰程度评分多为1分,STIR序列HCC病灶显示程度评分及肝脏解剖结构清晰程度评分均以3分为主。结论 Gd-EOB-DTPA增强MR检查中,STIR序列DWI较CHESS序列更有利于HCC的检出。     

对比水-脂分离成像技术与频率选择饱和法在头颈部增强MRI中的脂肪抑制效果

目的 对比分析水-脂分离技术（Dixon技术）与频率选择饱和法（FS）在头颈部增强MRI中的脂肪抑制效果。方法 对接受头颈部增强MR检查的49例患者行Dixon和FS脂肪抑制T1WI。由2名放射科医师评价其脂肪抑制效果,计算并比较2种图像间CNR和磁场中心层面（小脑、延髓）、偏离磁场中心层面（颞叶、咬肌、锁骨）的SNR。结果 49例患者的Dixon图像中,2名医师分别记录了14处和17处脂肪抑制效果不佳的区域,一致性好（Kappa=0.858,P<0.001）;FS图像中分别记录192处和175处脂肪抑制效果不佳区域,一致性好（Kappa=0.890,P<0.001）。在磁场中心层面,Dixon图像噪声小于FS图像（P<0.001）,小脑SNR、延髓SNR及CNR优于FS组（P均<0.05）。在偏离磁场中心层面,Dixon图像噪声小于FS图像（P=0.010）,咬肌SNR优于FS图像（P=0.010）,锁骨SNR小于FS图像（P<0.001）;2种图像颞叶SNR和CNR差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。结论 对于头颈部增强MRI,应用Dixon技术较FS能获得更好的图像质量和脂肪抑制效果。     

几何校正平面回波成像用于改进颅脑弥散加权成像质量

目的 探讨以几何校正平面回波成像(EPIC)改进颅脑弥散加权成像(DWI)图像质量的价值。方法 前瞻性纳入23例颅脑肿瘤患者及37名健康受试者,采集标准平面回波成像(EPI)-DWI及EPIC-DWI;比较2种图像显示全部60人的额窦、眶直回及颞骨岩部附近脑组织情况、脂肪抑制效果、几何形变程度(不匹配距离)、信噪比(SNR)、对比度噪声比(CNR)及表观弥散系数(ADC)的差异,以及23例颅脑肿瘤病灶的几何形变程度及其SNR、CNR和ADC差异。结果 EPIC-DWI显示额窦及眶直回效果优于EPI-DWI(P均＜0.01);2种图像显示颞骨岩部附近脑组织效果差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。EPIC-DWI脂肪抑制效果优于EPI-DWI(P＜0.01)。针对全部60名受检者及23例脑肿瘤患者,EPIC-DWI与T1WI融合图像的不匹配距离显著小于EPI-DWI与T1WI融合图像(P均＜0.01);2种图像SNR、CNR及ADC差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05)。结论 相比EPI-DWI,EPIC-DWI显示解剖结构较好、脂肪抑制更均匀、图像变形更小,使得所获图像质量更佳。     

宽体探测器CT胰腺轴位灌注“一站式”成像的可行性

目的 探讨Revolution CT胰腺轴位灌注"一站式"成像的可行性。方法 收集接受Revolution CT上腹部轴位CT灌注（CTP）扫描的患者13例（CTP组）,测量胰腺的CTP参数,提取最佳时期CTA及3期增强图像,并记录整个灌注期的辐射剂量。收集同期行全腹3期增强及CTA扫描者18例（对照组）,采用螺旋扫描模式。2组患者胰腺均无病变。评价2名观察者测得各CTP参数和对胰十二指肠上动脉（SPDA）图像主观评分的一致性。比较2组SPDA图像的主观评分和CTA图像SPDA以及3期增强图像胰腺的CT值、图像噪声、CNR和SNR。结果 2名观察者测得CTP参数一致性良好（ICC均>0.75）。灌注期有效辐射剂量为（24.52±0.01）mSv。2名观察者对2组CTA图像SPDA的主观评分结果一致性较好（Kappa=0.629、0.769）,2组评分中位数均为5分;CTP组SPDA的CT值、CNR、SNR均高于对照组（P均<0.05）。CTP组静脉期、平衡期的胰腺CT值、CNR、SNR均高于对照组（P均<0.05）。结论 Revolution CT胰腺轴位灌注"一站式"成像,在获得稳定的胰腺CTP定量数据的同时,可提取图像质量相仿甚至更佳的胰腺3期强化图像,并可获得更优质的胰周CTA图像,有很好的临床应用前景。     

能谱CT评价实验小型猪肝血管影像

目的 评价能谱CT不同能量成像条件下实验小型猪肝血管影像图像质量,以确定最佳延迟扫描时间和单能图像。方法 对9头小型猪均行常规宝石能谱成像（GSI）扫描,而后注入对比剂,应用智能追踪（Smart Prep）技术对肝脏行动脉期扫描,延迟35、50、70 s分别釆集能谱CT增强图像。测量各延迟时间肝动脉、门静脉、肝静脉、肝实质CT值,计算门静脉与肝实质CT值的差值、肝静脉与肝实质CT值的差值,获得上述差值的峰值,比较不同延迟时间门静脉、肝静脉、肝实质CT值及其差值,确定小型猪门静脉期及静脉期最佳延迟时间。以5 keV为间距,选取40～140 keV的21个单能图像,测量三期图像的SNR、CNR和噪声,确定三期实验小型猪的最佳单能量图像。2名医师在盲法下对重建图像进行主观图像质量评分,一致性评估采用Kappa检验。结果 不同延迟时间门静脉CT值、肝静脉CT值、门静脉与肝实质CT值的差值、肝静脉与肝实质CT值的差值差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）,不同延迟时间肝实质CT值差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。门静脉与肝实质CT值差值的峰值出现时间为延迟50 s,肝静脉与肝实质CT值差值的峰值出现时间为延迟70 s。在65 keV水平,三期图像SNR和CNR均较高,噪声较低。2名医师对三期重建图像的各项评分均≥3分,且均具有中等以上的一致性（Kappa=0.769、0.609、0.727）。结论 动脉期扫描后延迟50 s是能谱CT观察实验小型猪门静脉期的最佳延迟时间,延迟70 s是观察静脉期的最佳延迟时间;65 keV图像是观察实验小型猪肝动脉期、门静脉期及静脉期的最佳单能图像。     

柔性减影CE-boost技术用于头颈部CT血管成像

目的 观察柔性减影CE-boost技术用于头颈部CT血管成像(CTA)的价值。方法 回顾性收集40例接受头颈部CTA检查患者,采用5分制根据整体图像质量、血管清晰度及血管树完整度对常规CTA(A组)及以CE-boost行后处理后所获图像(B组)进行主观评分,以平均CT值、图像噪声、信噪比(SNR)及对比度噪声比(CNR)对2组图像质量进行客观评价。比较2组主观及客观评价结果。结果 B组针对整体图像质量、血管清晰度及血管树完整度的主观评分均高于A组(P均＜0.001);B组颈部及颅内各级动脉平均CT值、SNR及CNR均高于A组(P均＜0.001)。结论 利用柔性减影CE-boost技术可提高头颈部CTA图像质量。     

3.0T RESOLVE-DWI与SS-EPI DWI在大鼠颅脑成像中的对比分析

目的 探讨高分辨率扩散加权成像（RESOLVE-DWI）在大鼠颅脑胶质瘤成像中的应用价值。方法 选取20只Wistar大鼠建立C6胶质瘤模型,并进行常规MRI、单次激发平面回波成像（SS-EPI） DWI及RESOLVE-DWI序列扫描。分别计算SS-EPI DWI和RESOLVE-DWI图像的SNR、CNR及ADC值,评价图像畸变程度,对图像质量进行主观评分,并进行统计学分析。结果 RESOLVE-DWI解剖结构显示规则,颅脑结构轮廓更加接近真实颅脑结构。RESOLVE-DWI图像的SNR及CNR均明显高于SS-EPI DWI（P均<0.05）。RESLOVE-DWI图像评分高于SS-EPI DWI（P<0.05）。RESLOVE-DWI与SS-EPI DWI图像肿瘤中心区和对侧正常脑组织ADC值差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。RESLOVE-DWI和SS-EPI DWI图像中肿瘤中心区ADC值均明显高于对侧正常脑组织（P均>0.05）。结论 RESOLVE-DWI可提供满足临床诊断需求的DWI及ADC图像,较SS-EPI DWI图像质量明显提高。     

3D自由呼吸Star VIBE序列在儿童腹部增强MR中的应用

目的 探讨3D自由呼吸径向采集K空间放射填充容积内插成像（Star VIBE）序列在儿童腹部MR增强检查中的应用价值。方法 对72例患儿采用超快速小角度激发（tfl）梯度回波序列及3D自由呼吸Star VIBE序列进行腹部增强MR扫描,对2种扫描序列得到的增强T1WI进行主观评分,并测量其SNR和CNR,比较2种图像的差异。结果 3D自由呼吸Star VIBE序列图像呼吸运动伪影、肝内血管和下腔静脉结构显示、胃肠道蠕动伪影、病灶清晰度和整体图像质量评分均高于tfl序列（P均<0.001）。3D自由呼吸Star VIBE序列的SNR为25.14（20.42,30.50）,CNR为9.20（7.36,10.42）,tfl序列的SNR为20.67（19.00,23.50）,CNR为6.08（3.00,8.50）;3D自由呼吸Star VIBE序列的SNR、CNR均高于tfl序列（P均<0.001）。结论 3D自由呼吸Star VIBE序列可明显减少儿童腹部增强MRI运动伪影,增加SNR和CNR,对于诊断儿童腹部病变具有重要临床应用价值。     

RS-EPI与SS-EPI序列在眼眶弥散加权成像中的对照研究

目的 探讨分段读出平面回波成像（RS-EPI）在眼眶DWI中应用的可行性,并与单次激发平面回波成像（SS-EPI）对照。方法 选取42名健康受试者,进行眼眶RS-EPI（RS-EPI组）和SS-EPI（SS-EPI组）扫描。对2组图像的正常解剖结构显示能力、脂肪抑制效果、伪影（主要眶尖和颞骨处）及图像综合质量进行评分;定量分析2组图像中玻璃体SNR、眼球前后和左右方向的几何变形率（GDR）、玻璃体和脑桥的ADC值;并进行统计学分析。结果 RS-EPI对正常解剖结构的显示能力（P=0.0090）、减少伪影能力（P<0.0001）及图像的综合质量（P<0.0001）均优于SS-EPI。两者脂肪抑制效果的差异无统计学意义（P=0.7539）。RS-EPI的眼球前后和左右方向GDR（P=0.0014、0.0017）及SNR（P=0.0040）较SS-EPI显著降低;而两组图像玻璃体、脑桥的ADC值差异均无统计学意义（P=0.1438、0.1262）。结论 眼眶3.0TMR成像中,RS-EPI可提供较常规SS-EPI质量更高的DWI图像。     

基于心电门控技术的体素内不相干运动成像评价正常肝脏图像质量

目的 探讨体素内不相干运动（IVIM）DWI条件下心电门控技术对肝脏图像质量和参数测量的影响。方法 前瞻性收集20名志愿者行IVIM DWI,采用自由呼吸和心电门控扫描,并对所得图像进行主观评分,测量肝左、右叶SNR、ADC值及IVIM各参数值[真扩散系数（D）、假扩散系数（D^*）、灌注分数（f）]。采用Wilcoxon符号秩和检验比较肝脏图像主观质量评分,以配对t检验比较SNR、ADC值及IVIM各参数值,以Bland-Altman方法评价各参数值的一致性。结果 采用心电门控技术所得图像质量主观评分明显高于自由呼吸（P均<0.01）;不同b值时采用心电门控技术测得肝左叶SNR均高于自由呼吸图像（P<0.01）,肝左叶ADC、f值均低于自由呼吸图像（P均<0.05）,而D值则高于自由呼吸图像（P<0.05）。采用心电门控技术肝左叶D、D^*和f值的一致性好于自由呼吸图像。结论 心电门控IVIM DWI可获得较好的图像质量,有效克服心脏搏动对肝左叶各参数值数据测量的影响。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.