B超引导下空芯针腋窝淋巴结穿刺在早期乳腺癌中的应用

探讨B超引导下空芯针腋窝淋巴结穿刺对早期乳腺癌的临床价值。46例腋窝淋巴结临床查体阳性的早期乳腺癌患者行B超引导下空芯针淋巴结穿刺病理学筛选,明确诊断后行乳腺改良根治及前哨淋巴结活检(SLNB)。病理诊断穿刺结果阳性者15例,阴性者31例。淋巴结阴性组行SLNB,阴性者28例,阳性者1例。穿刺结果的假阴性率为3.2%。B超引导下空芯针淋巴结穿刺可作为评估早期乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结有无转移的一种方法。     

超声引导下麦默通旋切系统与BARD活检针在乳腺触诊阴性病灶诊断中的价值

目的比较超声引导下麦默通旋切系统与BARD活检针在乳腺触诊阴性病灶诊断中的价值。方法选择本院经乳腺钼靶X线检查、乳腺超声检查发现而临床触诊结果为阴性的90例乳腺肿瘤患者(2017年1月至2019年1月)进行回顾性研究,所有患者均接受BARD活检针穿刺活检、超声引导下麦默通旋切活检,以手术病理诊断结果为参照,计算和比较BARD活检针穿刺活检、超声引导下麦默通旋切活检对乳腺癌的诊断灵敏度、特异度、准确率,分析其与手术病理诊断结果之间的一致性,并比较两种活检方法下患者的并发症发生率。结果①90例乳腺肿瘤患者中,有30例患者经手术病理诊断证实为乳腺癌,其余60例乳腺肿瘤为良性病变。以手术病理诊断结果为参照,超声引导下麦默通旋切活检对乳腺癌的诊断灵敏度、特异度、准确率均较BARD活检针穿刺活检更高(P0.05);超声引导下麦默通旋切活检与手术病理诊断结果之间的一致性良好,而BARD活检针穿刺活检与手术病理诊断结果间的一致性中等。②超声引导下麦默通旋切活检的并发症总发生率较BARD活检针穿刺活检更低(P0.05)。结论超声引导下麦默通旋切系统活检可提高触诊阴性乳腺病灶的定性诊断准确性,还可提高其穿刺活检的安全性。     

乳腺癌的早期诊断

目的:探讨早期乳腺癌的临床特点及诊断方法,为提高早期乳腺癌的诊断率提供参考依据.方法:回顾性分析78例早期乳腺癌的临床资料,术前均行超声、钼靶x线、超声定位穿刺活检.结果:78例病人中乳腺腺体局限性增厚47例(60.3％),可触及结节者仅29例(37.2％);无任何体征者2人(2.5％).超声联合钼靶x线及超声定位穿刺活检对早期乳腺癌的诊断符合率分别为91.02％,92.30％,与单纯超声及钼靶x线检查相比有显著性差别.结论:高危年龄妇女乳腺增生伴症状加重、乳腺局限性增厚是早期乳腺癌的重要表现;及时对乳腺结节、局限性增厚、钼靶x线致密影等可疑病灶行组织学穿刺活检或超声联合钼靶检测可提高早期乳腺癌的诊断率.     

MRI引导下乳腺病灶真空辅助穿刺活检术的应用

目的探讨MRI引导真空辅助穿刺活检术在BI-RADS 4类乳腺病变中的应用价值。方法对9例MRI诊断为BI-RADS 4类乳腺病变的患者行MR引导真空辅助穿刺活检术。采用1.5T MR仪,8通道专用乳腺MR活检线圈,乳腺适度加压后固定于定位装置内;定位扫描采用矢状位3D动态增强扫描,将数据传至乳腺活检专用定位工作站,由工作站自动计算活检位置及进针深度。以14.5cm、8G真空辅助活检针进行穿刺。结果 9例中,8例病灶准确定位,并成功取得组织病理结果;1例因病灶位置表浅、工作站不能定位而终止活检。每例取组织6~20条,共取96条;每例操作时间为30~65min。组织病理学结果:乳腺浸润性导管癌2例,腺病3例,导管内乳头状瘤1例,硬化性腺病合并导管扩张1例,腺病伴不典型增生1例。结论 MR引导下乳腺病变真空抽吸活检术用于BI-RADS 4类乳腺病变安全可行,能够取得足够的组织用于病理学评估。     

钼靶摄片立体穿刺定位乳腺活检术

目的 探讨X线立体穿刺钢丝标记定位活检术用于无体征的早期乳腺癌诊断的可行性。方法 对18例钼靶X片上有可疑病灶而无任何临床体征的患者,在X线立体定位下穿刺病灶并用金属导丝标记,标记后根据导丝位置切除病灶,并进行快速冰冻活检,明确诊断。结果 18例中,7例恶性,11例良性。与术后病检报告一致。对无体征的早期乳腺癌诊断准确率为100％。结论 X线立体穿刺钢丝标记定位活检技术解决了只有影像学改变的乳腺病灶切除活检术中精确定位的难题,是诊断无体征的早期乳腺癌的理想诊断技术。     

超声引导经皮穿刺活检诊断乳腺占位性病变的可行性及有效性分析

目的:探讨乳腺占位性病变诊断中超声引导经皮穿刺活检的可行性及有效性。方法:选取2017年1月—2018年11月我院收治的102例乳腺占位性病变患者,对患者进行超声引导经皮穿刺活检和超声活检诊断,并以病理诊断为参考依据。分析乳腺占位病变超声诊断价值和乳腺占位性病变超声经皮穿刺活检的诊断价值,比较超声活检诊断和乳腺占位性病变超声引导诊断价值。结果:超声诊断与病理诊断结果无明显差异(P>0.05),超声引导活检诊断与病理诊断结果无明显差异(P>0.05),超声活检诊断和乳腺占位性病变超声引导诊断在灵敏度、特异度、符合率、漏诊率和误诊率方面存在显著差别(P<0.05),超声引导经皮穿刺活检的诊断效能优于超声诊断。结论:对乳腺癌患者进行超声引导经皮穿刺活检,不仅诊断效果理想,而且大大降低了患者诊断过程的漏诊率和误诊率,提高了诊断准确度,降低了并发症的发生。     

早期乳腺癌30例分析

目的 探讨早期乳腺癌的临床特点及诊断方法，为提高早期乳腺癌的诊断率提供参考依据。方法 回顾性分析30例早期乳腺癌的临床资料。结果 30例病人中乳腺局限性增厚18例（60％），可触及结节者仅11例（37％）；有乳腺增生病史伴增生症状加重者22例（73．3％）。钼靶X线单纯钙化12例（40％），肿块结节影5例（17％）。24例（80％）超声检出边界不规则低回声结节，79％的结节内或周围可测到血流信号。11例通过空芯针穿刺获得诊断，19例由超声或钼靶定位后手术活检确诊。结论 高危年龄妇女乳腺增生伴症状加重、乳腺局限性增厚是早期乳腺癌的重要表现；彩色多普勒超声对早期乳腺癌的诊断价值优于钼靶X线检查；及时对乳腺结节、局限性增厚、钼靶X线致密影等可疑病灶行组织学穿刺活检或超声以及钼靶定位后手术活检，可提高早期乳腺癌的诊断率。     

乳腺X线立体定位穿刺活检术对早期乳腺癌的诊断价值

目的探讨乳腺X线立体定位穿刺活检术（SMCNB）对早期乳腺癌诊断的应用。方法对21例钼钯X线摄片诊断为可疑早期乳腺癌患者应用SMCNB。将手术病理结果与穿刺取材病理结果相比较。结果与手术病理结果比较，SMCNB诊断阳性率为85．71％，无假阳性。结论SMCNB对早期乳腺癌活检定位准确，操作简单，安全可靠。     

在健康体检中发现触诊阴性早期乳腺癌

目的:探讨在健康体检中发现触诊阴性早期乳腺癌的最佳有效途径.方法:特女性乳腺受检者4216人分为两组,第一组全部经触诊和彩超检查,必要时行钼靶、穿刺、活检检查.第二组经触诊筛选后,有疑点者行彩超、钼靶、穿刺、活检检查.结果:两组均能检出乳腺癌.触诊阴性乳腺癌的检出率第一组明显高于第二组,有显著性差异.结论:在乳腺的健康体检中,触诊和彩超应为必选项目,缺一不可.另外,定期乳腺复查,按年龄特点选择钼靶,必要时穿刺、活检都将有助于及时发现和确诊早期乳腺癌.     

高频超声检出并定位不能扪及的乳腺癌

目的：探讨高频超声检出乳腺不能扪及病灶的可行性及其定位活检方法。方法：常规高频超声检查以发现临床不能扪及的病灶．拟诊为肿瘤性病灶则在超声引导下行Hookwire穿刺，并由此引导作手术活检。结果：对980例共1247处不能扪及的病灶进行了超声诊断并引导活检。共计查出乳腺癌115处，上皮不典型增生131处。超声对不能扪及的乳腺癌检查的敏感性、特异性分别为69％和88％，良、恶性诊断符合率为96％；对有活检指征的乳腺癌和癌前期病变检出的敏感性、特异性分别为77％和74％。用本法定位方便、手术顺利地找到病灶并完成活检。结论：高频超声可以检出临床不能扪及的乳腺癌及癌前病变，超声引导穿刺定位方法简便易行。     

MR-guided intervention in women at high hereditary risk of breast cancer due to both family and personal history of breast cancer

The purpose of this study was to assess the value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-guided intervention in women with a significant hereditary susceptibility to breast cancer due to both family and personal history of breast cancer (heterozygote risk >20%). Thirty women were referred for MR-guided intervention. MR examinations (1.0 T, T1-weighted 3D FLASH, 0.15 mmol Gd-DTPA/kg body weight, prone position) were performed using a system which allows vacuum-assisted breast biopsy or wire localization. Histologic findings in 41 procedures revealed six invasive carcinomas, eight ductal carcinomas in situ and two atypical ductal hyperplasias. Twenty-three benign histologic results were verified by an MR-guided intervention, retrospective correlation of imaging and histology and by subsequent follow-up. In two lesions the indication dropped as the enhancing lesion was no longer visible on the date of planned intervention. Absent enhancement was confirmed by short-term re-imaging of the non-compressed breast and by follow-up.     

MR-guided biopsy of the prostate: an overview of techniques and a systematic review

CONTEXT: Systematic transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy (TRUSBx) is the gold standard for detecting prostate cancer. This systematic approach is characterized by low sensitivity (39-52%) and high specificity (81-82%). Magnetic resonance (MR)-guided biopsy techniques are becoming more and more available, but there is no current consensus on the optimal technique. OBJECTIVE: This review presents an overview of MR-guided biopsy techniques for prostate cancer detection. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: Current literature was reviewed regarding MR-guided biopsy for prostate cancer detection. A literature search was performed using the commercially available MedLine online search engine. Combinations of the following search and Medical Subject Headings terms were applied to retrieve relevant articles: "magnetic resonance," "prostatic neoplasms," and "biopsy." Review articles and studies describing techniques other than MR-guided biopsy were excluded. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Biopsy of the prostate is an essential procedure for determining optimal treatment. Systematic TRUSBx is the gold standard, but it fails to detect numerous tumors. Diagnostic MR imaging provides more accurate selection of regions in which tumors are suspected. Using these diagnostic images during an MR-directed biopsy procedure improves quality of the biopsy. In open MR scanners, the prebiopsy images often must be registered to the real-time biopsy images because open MR scanners do not provide optimal tissue contrast; thus, the patient must first be examined in a closed MR scanner and then biopsied in an open scanner. The advantage of open MR over closed MR is that the physician has easy patient access. With special equipment, prostate MR-guided biopsy is also possible in a closed system. Closed MR scanners can be used for the prebiopsy scan as well as for the biopsy procedure. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of a diagnostic MR examination and MR-guided biopsy is a promising tool and may be used in patients with previous negative TRUSBx.     

28例隐性乳腺癌的诊治分析

目的：探讨隐性乳腺癌的诊断和治疗方法。方法：对28例隐性乳腺癌患者分别采用乳房X线和乳腺导管选择造影术，对肿块行针刺和切除活检病理免疫组化检查，治疗采用乳腺癌根治术或改良根治术加放化疗。结果：16例患者行乳腺X线检查，异常者7例；6例行乳腺选择性导管造影，异常者4例，13例经免疫组化检查，确诊lO例。术后随访18例，复发死亡5例(其中4例为仅行腋窝肿块切除者)。结论：乳头溢液和乳腺局限性腺体增厚对隐性乳腺癌的诊断有重要价值，活检和免疫组化检查有助于确诊；乳腺癌根治术或改良根治术后应辅以放、化疗。     

Performance of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation and management of clinically low-risk prostate cancer

ObjectiveThe purpose of this article is to review the multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mMRI) of the prostate and MR-guided prostate biopsy, and their role in the evaluation and management of men with low-risk prostate cancer.MethodsWe performed a literature review based on the MEDLINE database search for publications on the role of mMRI (a) in detection and localization of prostate cancer, prediction of tumor aggressiveness and progression and (b) in guiding targeted prostate biopsy.ResultsThe mMRI, particularly diffusion-weighted imaging with T2-weighted imaging, is a useful tool for tumor localization in low-risk prostate cancer as it can detect lesions that are more likely missed on extended biopsy schemes and can identify clinically significant disease requiring definitive treatment. The MR-guided biopsy of the most suspicious lesions enables more accurate and safer approach to guide enrollment into the active surveillance program. However, the MR-guided biopsy is complex. The fusion of MRI data with transrectal ultrasound for the purpose of biopsy provides a more feasible technique with documented accurate sampling.ConclusionAlthough the mMRI is not routinely used for risk stratification and prognostic assessment in prostate cancer, it can provide valuable information to guide management of men with low-risk disease. Incorporation of mMRI into the workup and monitoring of patients with low-risk prostate cancer can help discriminate clinically significant disease from indolent disease. Targeted biopsy of MR-suspicious lesions enables accurate sampling of potentially aggressive tumors that may affect outcomes.     

An unusual presentation of locally recurrent breast cancer: a case report

Recurrent breast carcinoma is usually detected by imaging studies and biopsy. We present a case with unusual clinical presentation and discuss the diagnosis and treatment. While core needle biopsy and fine-needle aspiration are important in the diagnosis of early-stage breast cancer, physical examination and close follow-up are important in the absence of a diagnosis.     

妊娠期乳腺癌

目的：介绍妊娠期乳腺癌的研究进展。方法：复习近年来有关文献并进行综述。结果：妊娠期乳腺癌常被延误诊断，确诊主要靠穿刺细胞学检查和活检。治疗原则同一般乳腺癌，但需考虑胎儿因素；终止妊娠并不能改善预后。结论：妊娠期乳腺癌与普通乳腺癌相比，临床诊断更晚，预后更差，但与同年龄同期乳腺癌比较，两者的预后差异并不明显。早期乳腺癌患者治疗2年后可考虑再次妊娠。     

骨转移生化指标在乳腺癌诊治中的应用

目的：介绍骨生化指标在乳腺癌骨转移诊治中的应用及价值。方法：分析总结近8年来国、内外关于骨生化指标在乳腺癌骨转移诊治中的应用研究。结果：破骨型生化指标氮端肽(NTX)与骨转移的相关性最好，Ⅰ型胶原碳端肽(ICTP)在乳腺癌骨转移诊治中比NTX更有价值；成骨型生化指标在乳腺癌骨转移诊治中的价值不大。结论：骨生化指标尚不能取代影像学及骨活检在乳腺癌骨转移诊治中的地位。     

隐匿性乳腺癌36例诊治分析

目的探讨隐匿性乳腺癌的诊断和治疗方法。方法对36例隐匿性乳腺癌患者分别采用乳房X线、MRI检查,对肿块切除活检病理免疫组化检查;治疗采用乳腺癌根治术、改良根治术或保乳术后加放疗。结果乳腺钼靶的阳性率45．8％（11／24）,MRI的阳性率70％（7／10）;免疫组化检查阳性率62％（18／29）;乳腺癌根治术、改良根治术和保乳术后加放疗的5年生存率分别73．9％、77．8％（P〉0．05）。结论乳腺钼靶和MRI有重要诊断价值,切检和免疫组化检查有助于确诊;乳腺癌根治术或改良根治和保乳术后放疗的5年生存率相同。     

非哺乳期乳腺外周慢性炎症的临床特点

目的总结分析非哺乳期乳腺外周慢性炎症的临床特点,提高对该病的诊治水平。方法回顾性分析2006年1月至2009年12月期间收治的35例非哺乳期乳腺外周慢性炎症患者的临床资料。结果 35例患者无明显发热和局部乳房红肿表现,术前15例诊断为乳腺癌,20例乳腺癌未排除,伴乳房疼痛20例,合并免疫功能下降13例。17例既往有哺乳期乳腺炎病史,与其他患者相比,此组患者年龄较轻,多伴有疼痛症状,较少合并免疫功能低下。14例行空芯针穿刺,12例确定为慢性炎症。27例患者行手术治疗,病理诊断为乳腺慢性炎症、乳腺组织坏死并慢性炎症、肉芽肿性乳腺炎和浆细胞性乳腺炎。手术方法包括病灶完整切除,创面开放引流或置管冲洗,患者均痊愈。结论外周非哺乳期乳腺慢性炎症易与乳腺癌混淆,空芯针穿刺活检是确诊本病的有效手段。与传统术式比较,对有感染灶残留的病灶切除后置管冲洗引流可缩短病程。     

妊娠期乳腺癌的诊断和治疗现状

目的总结目前对妊娠期乳腺癌诊断与治疗的相关研究,为妊娠期乳腺癌的诊断与治疗提供参考依据。方法应用PubMed、Medline和CNKI以＂妊娠期乳腺癌、妊娠期乳腺癌的诊断、妊娠期乳腺癌的治疗＂等为关键词,检索关于妊娠期乳腺癌的诊断与治疗的相关文献并进行综述。结果妊娠期乳腺癌的诊断手段包括彩超、钼靶、核磁共振、穿刺活检等,其治疗包括了手术治疗、化学治疗、内分泌治疗、放射治疗、靶向治疗。但是诊断和治疗手段的使用要考虑到是否对妊娠患者及胎儿的影响。结论通过对相关妊娠期乳腺癌诊断和治疗的研究分析,可以为妊娠期乳腺癌患者妊娠提供安全且合理的诊断和治疗措施,贝伐单抗及拉帕替尼在妊娠期乳腺癌治疗中的使用有待进一步研究。